Propagandă şi politică externă românească în secolul XX
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Iaşi
Inst. European
2013
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| Schriftenreihe: | Colectia Academica
191 : Seria Istorie |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819579952432939008 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Cuprins
Prefaţă
(Alberto BASCIANI)
/ 9
Introducere
/13
Partea întâi RELAŢIA VEST
Imaginea României Mari în societatea americană interbelică. între
diplomaţie, propagandă şi mici strategii personale. Cazul societăţii
„Friends
of Roumania
/17
Relaţiile
romàno-americane
şi organizarea
„Friends of
Roumania
/17
Tipurile de activităţi derulate de
„Friends of
Roumania
/ 20
Eşecul asociaţiei. Fraudă sau dezinteres?
/25
Propaganda României comuniste în America, Ia începutul Războiului Rece
(1950)/31
Resurse şi instrumente de propagandă
/31
Evoluţia buletinului Legaţiei
RPR - „Romanian News
/35
Diplomaţii României comuniste şi presa americană
/ 44
Circulaţia cărţilor. Cinematografia de propagandă
/ 46
Diplomaţia culturală în relaţiile
romàno-americane,
după admiterea României
în ONU
/ 51
Aspecte culturale în relaţiile
romàno-americane
până la moartea lui
Stalin
/51
Moartea lui
Stalin,
dezgheţul în relaţiile Est-Vest şi noile oportunităţi culturale
/ 55
Ministrul Silviu Brucan şi noile iniţiative culturale şi ştiinţifice ale României
/ 60
Prezenţa culturală americană în România anului
1956 / 69
Concluzii
/ 69
Ortodoxie şi comunităţi româneşti în America. Legaţia
RPR
şi supravegherea
conaţionalilor
din SUA
/73
Rezistenţa anticomunistă românească din America
/ 73
Intervenţia guvernului comunist în alegerea unui episcop român
/75
Cunoaşterea şi manipularea comunităţilor româneşti din America. Cazul
Quebec
/ 78
Cazul
Detroit
şi
Pittsburg / 82
Infiltrarea şi folosirea comunităţilor româneşti din America
/ 86
Ritualuri diplomatice în timpul Războiului Rece. Instalarea lui Silviu Brucan
ca ministru plenipotenţiar al României comuniste la Washington
(1956) / 93
Numirea lui Silviu Brucan: semn al „dezgheţului politic între Bucureşti şi
Washington
/ 93
Primirea ministrului român la secretarul de Stat J.F.
Dulles
şi preşedintele
Eisenhower.
Forţarea destinderii
romano-americane
/ 96
Activitatea ministrului Brucan la începutul deţinerii funcţiei
/ 99
Partea a Ii-a. RELAŢIA EST
Primele relaţii postbelice dintre comuniştii români şi
est-germani
(1948) /105
Echipe de fotbal şi ansambluri folclorice. Relaţiile
nonpolitice ale
României
cu statele estice, la începutul Războiului Rece
/117
Contextul internaţional
/117
Bulgaria/
120
Albania
/123
Iugoslavia
/124
Ungaria/
127
Cehoslovacia/
128
Polonia/
131
Germania de Est (RDG)
/134
Rolul relaţiilor
nonpolitice
între statele comuniste
/137
Politica solidarităţii estice. Relaţiile Republicii Populare Române cu blocul
comunist la începutul Războiului Rece
(1955) / 143
Contextul internaţional
/143
URSS
/ 147
Iugoslavia/
158
Bulgaria/
160
Ungaria/
162
Albania/
164
Cehoslovacia
/ 165
Polonia/
167
Germania de Est (RDG)
/ 170
România şi blocul estic
/172
Racordarea României comuniste
la URSS
în
1955.
Aspecte culturale şi
nonpolitice
/177
România şi hegemonul Estului
/177
Educaţie, ştiinţă, economie
/ 179
Sport,
turism, cultură
/ 182
„Luna prieteniei
romàno-sovietice
/187
Vasalizarea României prin instrumente
nonpolitice
/ 193
Partea a
Ill
-а.
ISTORICII, ISTORIA ŞI PROPAGANDA EXTERNĂ
Istorie şi propagandă externă în vremea României Mari. Basarabia şi cazul
Alexandru Boldur
/199
Utilizarea istoricului Alexandru Boldur în propaganda oficială a României
/199
Ancheta internaţională privind Basarabia şi răspunsul rusesc
/ 205
Statul român nu-şi onorează promisiunile financiare
/ 208
Concluzii
/212
Discurs istoric şi diplomaţie. Sărbătorirea Marii Uniri în Polonia
(1928) / 215
Contextul internaţional şi insecuritatea României la
10
ani de la Unire
/215
Celebrarea Marii Uniri în Polonia. Reafirmarea alianţei
antiruse
/ 222
Războiul ideilor. Istoricii şi propaganda pentru teritoriile româneşti în
timpul celui deal Doilea Război Mondial
(1941-1942) / 227
Mijloacele de propagandă în perioada interbelică
/ 227
Ştiinţa istoriei ca armă de propagandă. Cărţi şi autori
/ 230
Conferinţe istorice, răspândirea de articole şi acţiuni pro-româneşti în ţările
aliate
/233
Concluzii
/ 238
Propaganda românească prin cultură şi istorie în Italia celui de-al Doilea
Război Mondial
(1941) / 241
Propaganda prin cărţi, reviste şi „ora românească la Radio Roma
/241
Contrapropaganda
maghiară în Italia
/ 245
Imaginea României în presa italiană
/ 248
Concluzii
/ 250
Propaganda în Europa „prietenă , în favoarea Basarabiei
(1941) / 253
Importanţa Basarabiei pentru români, în contextul războiului
/ 253
Acţiuni de propagandă românească la Roma, Vichy şi Berlin
/ 256
Partea a
IV
-а.
ARTIŞTII, ARTA ŞI IDEOLOGIA ÎN ERA POSTBELICĂ.
ÎNTRE AMICI ŞI INAMICI EXTERNI
Identităţi naţionale şi conflict ideologic în caricaturile şi grafica românească din
timpul Războiului Rece
(1950-1955) / 263
Caricatura politică
-
sursă pentru domeniul Istoriei
/ 263
Cum descifrăm imaginile ideologizate folosite de propaganda PCR
/ 266
Inamicul
-
imagini populare şi false identităţi
/ 268
Românii
-
construcţia ideologică a unei noi identităţi
/ 273
Concluzii
—
arta grafică în subordinea partidului unic
/ 275
Imaginea adversarului în caricaturile politice ale Războiului Rece
/ 277
Caricatura politică şi modelul sovietic
/277
Caricatura politică românească. Graficieni, teme, simboluri, mesaj
/ 280
Concluzii
/ 287
Realismul socialist, modelele sovietice şi metamorfoza artiştilor români la
începutul regimului comunist
/ 291
Realismul Socialist şi România
/291
Problemele artei şi artiştilor din România
/ 294
Tentaţii şi stimulente oferite artiştilor români
/ 302
Concluzii
/306
Strategii de
iđeologizare
a artei în România, după cel de-al Doilea Război
Mondial
/309
Modalităţi de infiltrare a ideologiei în lumea artiştilor
/310
Implicarea artiştilor în „lupta pentru pace
/317
Preluarea modelelor sovietice
/ 320
Dificultăţile strategiei de
iđeologizare a
artei
/323
Concluzii
/ 324
Bibliografie
/ 327
Indice de nume
/ 339
Abstract
/ 349
Resume
/ 351
8
Abstract
For modern
Romania, Foreign Policy was always a question of both
prestige and survival, and for this reason it was always given a sizeable
importance. In principle, Bucharest s diplomatic relations had to present to
Europe the objectives considered to be major at that point by the Romanian
state and had to maintain a useful network of alliances. In the 20th Century the
public interest which could be developed and strengthened by external activities
could be summed up in a couple of major problems. Generally speaking these
problems concerned the protection and defence of the Romanian state, keeping
the borders from
1918
and keeping the provinces attached to Romania after the
Peace Conference in Paris. There were also campaigns which aimed to protect
the organisational ideology of the state, whether it had dynastic, traditionalist
and democratic tendencies before
1945
or a Marxist tendency after
1947.
The use of propaganda in promoting the aims of the Foreign Policy can
be clearly seen in the whole of the 20th Century. Romania adopted the methods
used in the West first of all, adapted them to their own specifications and
possibilities and used them with greater or lesser efficiency, depending on the
financial resources and the ability of the people who were applying them. The
unfriendly actions of the neighbouring states forced Bucharest to take more and
more complex measures in their propaganda. In this context it is telling that the
professional propaganda structure, however it was named, was assigned to the
foreign affairs minister right from the first part of the 20th Century. This
indicates that Romanians fully realised the importance of creating and sharing
a positive image with a Europe which saw a harsh and detailed competition
between the different national images and interests.
This paper aims to investigate several important moments in the history
of Romania in the 20th century, to analyse what were the methods and objectives
of propaganda of those responsible for foreign affairs. The text shows different
types of behaviour of the diplomats and people responsible for Bucharest s
international relations in different historical periods. One part of the text
analyses the Romanian State s recruitment of historians and of the science of
history for propaganda in Europe. The scientific arguments were considered
more useful and more credible than political ones, in a period when the changes
in the eastern borders were causing chaos for the peoples caught up in the
games of the Great Powers. Historians, thrown into the great political fight on
349
PROPAGANDA
ŞI POLITICĂ EXTERNĂ ROMÂNEASCĂ ÎN SECOLUL
XX
the
continent
tried to spread at a European level autochthon theories about the
Romanian character of Bessarabia and Transylvania.
Two other sections look into Communist Romania s policies about the
East and the West, at a time when the vassal states of Moscow had completely
lost any initiative in international relations. If we compare analytically the two
types of diplomacy, we can see they indicate atypical attitudes for countries
who internationally speaking were guided more by ideology than national
interest. Communist Romania also had a Marxist solidarity policy in the eastern
space at the beginning of the cold war, building political, cultural, economic and
sports ties, often imposed with the sisters who were also on the path of
communist society. Bucharest s attitude towards the West, however, was the
opposite; a rebellious and impulsive, often irresponsible attitude which irritated
even the American interests and diplomats. The small
Danubian
State seemed to
have made for itself a supreme ideal in exporting ideology, trying to attract to
Marxism not only Romanians in the west but also the westerners themselves.
One last analysis looks at the propaganda achieved with the help of
ideological art. This was mostly used in configuring national images, presenting
a peaceful face of communism and, at the same time, demonising or ridiculing
their opponents. Graphic art and caricatures were the most used by Romanians,
based on the soviet model, to spread hate and to impose on society the obsessive
themes of the eastern concentration camp : the fight for peace, destroying
occidental militarism, stopping money loving capitalism, uncovering spies and
sympathisers of the Vatican, America and England. Art was deflected by
communists from its natural purposes and made to serve propaganda, for ideals
which were foreign to the people but were necessary for the Soviet Union and
the elite of the Romanian Communist Party. Art, with its human face and inciting
aesthetics was meant to be more accepted by the masses than unattractive
political theories.
As a conclusion one could say that propaganda methods in Romanian
foreign affairs became more complex, but sometimes also more brutal and
intrusive over the 20th Century. They also served objectives that were very
different from one period to another. If in the first part of the 20th Century the
aim was for the West to become more familiarised with the image of Greater
Romania and for the keeping of the borders of
1918,
during the communist
period the point of external propaganda was purely ideological: stabilizing the
regime, promoting the realisations of communism and fighting the
bourgeois enemies.
Keywords: Communist Romania, foreign affairs, propaganda, ideology, diplomacy
350
Resumé
La politique externe a été pour la Roumanie moderne, non seulement
une question de prestige mais aussi de survie, et c est pour cette raison qu on lui
a constamment accordé une importance particulière. En principe, les relations
diplomatiques de Bucarest devaient faire connaître à l Europe les objectifs que
l Etat roumain considérait, à un moment donné, comme les plus importants et
maintenir un réseau utile d alliances. Au
XXe
siècle, les intérêts publics qui
pouvaient être développés et consolidés par des activités extérieures peuvent
être synthétisés en quelques grandes catégories. En général, ces activités
visaient la défense et la conservation de l État roumain dans son intégrité, le
maintien des frontières de
1918
et des provinces annexées à la Roumanie après
la Conférence de Paix de Paris. À ces intérêts, on a ajouté les campagnes pour la
protection de l ,,idéologie organisatrice de l État, que ce fût une idéologie aux
nuances dynastiques, traditionalistes et démocratiques, avant
1945,
ou bien
qu elle eût un caractère marxiste, après
1947.
L utilisation de la propagande pour promouvoir les objectifs de
politique étrangère est évidente pendant tout le
XXe
siècle. La Roumanie a
emprunté les méthodes expérimentées d abord dans l Occident, les a adaptées à
son spécifique et à ses propres possibilités et les a utilisées plus ou moins
efficacement, en fonction des ressources financières qu elle avait à la
disposition et de la qualité des gens qui les mettaient en application. Les actions
inamicales des États voisins ont forcé les autorités de Bucarest d adopter des
mesures de propagande de plus en plus complexes. Dans ce contexte, le fait que,
dès le début du
XXe
siècle, la structure professionnelle de propagande, quel que
fût le nom qu elle portait, a été attachée au ministère des Affaires Étrangères est
très suggestif. Cela montre que les Roumains étaient parfaitement conscients de
l importance de „fabriquer et disséminer des images favorables de leur pays
dans une Europe où il y avait une compétition acerbe et argumentée des images
et des intérêts nationaux divergents.
Notre ouvrage se propose d examiner plusieurs moments importants de
l histoire de la Roumanie du
XXe
siècle, et d analyser les méthodes et les
objectifs de propagande utilisés par les responsables de la politique étrangère.
Le texte surprend divers types de comportement des diplomates et des décideurs
des relations internationales de Bucarest, pendant des étapes historiques
différentes. Une section de l ouvrage analyse l intégration des historiens et de la
351
PROPAGANDĂ ŞI POLITICĂ EXTERNĂ ROMÂNEASCĂ ÎN SECOLUL
XX
science de l histoire dans
la propagande
européenne que menait l État roumain.
Les arguments scientifiques étaient considérés plus utiles et crédibles que ceux
politiques dans une époque où la modification des frontières de l Est provoquait
de nombreux drames aux peuples entraînés dans le jeu des grandes puissances.
Lancés dans la grande bataille politique continentale, les historiens ont essayé
de propager au niveau européen les théories autochtones concernant le caractère
roumain de la Bessarabie et de la Transylvanie.
Deux autres sections investiguent sur la politique de la Roumanie com¬
muniste dans l Ouest de l Europe et à l Est, dans une époque où les États soumis
au pouvoir de Moscou avaient complètement perdu toute initiative dans les
relations internationales. Mis en parallèle, les deux types de diplomatie indiquent
des attitudes extérieures atypiques des pays qui, au niveau international, étaient
guidés plutôt par l idéologie que par les intérêts nationaux. La Roumanie com¬
muniste menait elle aussi, au début de la Guerre froide, une politique de la
solidarité marxiste dans l espace oriental, en construisant des liaisons politiques,
culturelles, économiques et sportives, maintes fois forcées, avec les pays-,,frères
trouvés sur la voie de la société communiste. En échange, à l égard de l Ouest
les autorités de Bucarest avaient une attitude rebelle et impulsive, très souvent
irresponsable qui irritait même la diplomatie et les intérêts de l Amérique. Il
semblait que le petit État danubien s était fait un idéal suprême de l exportation
d idéologie, en essayant d attirer vers le marxisme non seulement les Roumains
de l Occident, mais aussi les Occidentaux mêmes.
Une dernière analyse vise la propagande réalisée à l aide de l art
idéologique. Celui-ci servait le plus à la configuration des images nationales, à
la présentation du visage „serein du communisme et, également, à rendre une
image démoniaque des adversaires ou à les ridiculiser. Surtout la graphique et la
caricature ont été utilisées par les Roumains, d après le modèle soviétique, pour
mobiliser les masses, pour répandre la haine et pour imposer dans la société les
thèmes obsédants du „camp de l Est; la lutte pour la paix, la destruction du
militarisme occidental, l arrêt du capitalisme véreux, le dévoilement des espions
et des sympathisants du Vatican, de l Amérique et de l Angleterre. L art a été
détourné par les communistes de ses buts naturels et mis au service de la
propagande, pour servir à des idéaux étrangers au peuple, mais qui étaient
nécessaires à l Union Soviétique et à l élite du Parti Communiste Roumain. Car,
grâce à son „visage humain et à son esthétisme incitant, l art était plus accepté
par les masses que les théories politiques répugnantes.
En guise de conclusion, on peut dire que les méthodes de propagande
utilisées dans la politique étrangère roumaine sont devenues, au cours du
XX
siècle, plus complexes, mais aussi plus brutales et inopportunes. En même
temps, elles ont servi à des objectifs très différents d une étape à l autre. Si dans
la première partie du
XXe
siècle on désirait familiariser les occidentaux avec
352
Résumé
l image de la Grande Roumanie et la conservation des frontières de
1918,
pendant la période communiste le but de la propagande étrangère était purement
idéologique: stabiliser le régime, promouvoir „les réalisations du communisme
et combattre les ennemis „bourgeois .
Mots-clés: Roumanie communiste, politique étrangère, propagande, idéologie, diplomatie
353
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Nistor, Paul 20./21. Jh |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1059433869 |
| author_facet | Nistor, Paul 20./21. Jh |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Nistor, Paul 20./21. Jh |
| author_variant | p n pn |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041649026 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 4630 NQ 8230 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)873490952 (DE-599)BVBBV041649026 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1918-2000 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1918-2000 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Rumänien |
| id | DE-604.BV041649026 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-24T04:01:37Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789736119958 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027089682 |
| oclc_num | 873490952 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-188 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-M496 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-188 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-M496 |
| physical | 353 S. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Inst. European |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Colectia Academica |
| series2 | Colectia Academica |
| spellingShingle | Nistor, Paul 20./21. Jh Propagandă şi politică externă românească în secolul XX Colectia Academica Propaganda (DE-588)4076374-2 gnd Kulturpolitik (DE-588)4033581-1 gnd Diplomatie (DE-588)4012402-2 gnd Selbstdarstellung (DE-588)4122349-4 gnd Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4076374-2 (DE-588)4033581-1 (DE-588)4012402-2 (DE-588)4122349-4 (DE-588)4003846-4 (DE-588)4050939-4 |
| title | Propagandă şi politică externă românească în secolul XX |
| title_auth | Propagandă şi politică externă românească în secolul XX |
| title_exact_search | Propagandă şi politică externă românească în secolul XX |
| title_full | Propagandă şi politică externă românească în secolul XX Paul Nistor |
| title_fullStr | Propagandă şi politică externă românească în secolul XX Paul Nistor |
| title_full_unstemmed | Propagandă şi politică externă românească în secolul XX Paul Nistor |
| title_short | Propagandă şi politică externă românească în secolul XX |
| title_sort | propaganda si politica externa romaneasca in secolul xx |
| topic | Propaganda (DE-588)4076374-2 gnd Kulturpolitik (DE-588)4033581-1 gnd Diplomatie (DE-588)4012402-2 gnd Selbstdarstellung (DE-588)4122349-4 gnd Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Propaganda Kulturpolitik Diplomatie Selbstdarstellung Außenpolitik Rumänien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027089682&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027089682&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV035808626 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nistorpaul propagandasipoliticaexternaromaneascainsecolulxx |