Fundamentals of Arabic grammar = Uṣūl an-naḥw al-ʿarabī

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1. Verfasser: Sawaie, Mohammed (VerfasserIn)
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Veröffentlicht: London [u.a.] Routledge 2014
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adam_text Fundamentals of Arabic grammar Fundamentals of Arabic Grammar provides an authoritative guide to Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) grammar. It has been organised to promote a thorough understanding of MSA grammar and presents its complexities in a cohesive and user-friendly format, filling many gaps left by other textbooks. Explanations are clear, full and accessible and extensive cross-referencing, two generous indexes and six appendices provide users with easy access to the information they require. No prior knowledge of linguistic terminology is required. Features include: • Expert treatment of a full range of grammar topics and structures, including the case system, IDhaafa, the equational sentence, quantifiers and the vocative, gener- ously spread across thirty-eight chapters • Special attention to parts of speech, such as nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs and prepositions, given at the beginning of the book to acquaint students with the basic units of Arabic and provide a solid foundation for further learning • A wide range of contemporary examples drawn from real life to provide a solid context for grammar points, further supported by word glosses and idiomatic translations of sentences • Grammatical terms given in both Arabic and English • A wide variety of supplementary learning resources such as practice sheets, exer- cises and verb tables available to download free at http://www.routledge.com/ books / details/9780415710046/ • A substantial bibliography incorporating primary Arabic grammar sources in addition to secondary sources in Arabic and in English. Fundamentals of Arabic Grammar has been field tested over a number of years and has been written by a highly experienced teacher of Arabic. It will be an essential resource for students and teachers of Arabic at all university levels and is suitable for use both as a companion reference text in Arabic language courses and as a standalone text in independent grammar classes. Mohammed Sawaie is Professor of Arabic in the Department of Middle Eastern and South Asian Languages and Cultures at the University of Virginia, USA. Contents. Acknowledgements xxi Introduction xxii Symbols used xxvi The verb system in Arabic 1 1.1 The performer of action 1 1.2 Verb tenses 1 1.3 Intransitive verbs versus transitive verbs 2 1.3.1 Intransitive verbs 2 1.3.2 Transitive verbs 2 1.4 Nouns as direct objects 3 1.5 Pronouns as direct objects 4 1.6 Gender 4 1.7 Number in verbs 5 1.8 Verb voice 5 1.8.1 The active voice 5 1.8.2 The passive voice 5 1.9 Verb forms or patterns 6 1.9.1 Form I verbs 6 1.9.2 Augmented verbs (Forms II-X) 8 1.9.3 Quadriliteral verbs 13 1.10 Verb moods 14 1.10.1 Indicative mood 14 1.10.2 Subjunctive mood 14 1.10.3 Jussive mood 15 1.10.4 Imperative mood 15 viii FUNDAMENTALS OF ARABIC GRAMMAR Nouns 16 2.1 Types of nouns 16 2.2 Gender 17 2.3 Number 18 2.4 Determination of nouns 19 2.5 Function of nouns 21 2.6 The five nouns 25 The case system in Arabic 26 3.1 The case system in English 26 3.2 The case system in Arabic 27 3.3 The nominative case 27 3.3.1 Nominative singular nouns 28 3.3.2 Nominative dual nouns 28 3.3.3 Nominative plural nouns 29 3.4 The accusative case 29 3.4.1 Accusative singular nouns 30 3.4.2 Accusative dual nouns 30 3.4.3 Accusative plural nouns 31 3.5 The genitive case 31 3.5.1 Genitive singular nouns 32 3.5.2 Genitive dual nouns 32 3.5.3 Genitive plural nouns 32 Adjectives 33 4.1 Common forms of adjectives 33 4.1.1 Regular adjectives 33 4.1.2 Color words and traits as adjectives 33 4.1.3 Nisba adjectives 35 4.1.4 Other types of adjective 37 4.2 Noun-adjective agreement 37 4.2.1 Noun-adjective agreement in the singular 37 4.2.2 Noun-adjective agreement in the dual 38 4.2.3 Human noun-adjective agreement in the plural 39 4.2.4 Non-human noun-adjective agreement in the plural 40 CONTENTS ix 5 Pronouns 41 5.1 Personal pronouns 41 5.1.1 Singular independent personal pronouns 42 5.1.2 Singular suffixal personal pronouns 42 5.1.3 Dual independent personal pronouns 45 5.1.4 Dual suffixal personal pronouns 45 5.1.5 Plural independent personal pronouns 46 5.1.6 Plural suffixal personal pronouns 46 5.2 Demonstrative pronouns 48 5.2.1 Singular demonstrative pronouns 48 5.2.2 Dual demonstrative pronouns 48 5.2.3 Plural demonstrative pronouns 49 6 Prepositions and adverbs functioning as prepositions 50 6.1 Bound prepositions 50 6.2 Independent prepositions 51 6.2.1 Prepositions that precede nouns or pronouns 51 6.2.2 Prepositions that precede nouns but not pronouns 53 6.2.3 Prepositions that can precede nouns signaling time reference 53 6.3 j and j in oath-making 53 6.4 Particles functioning as prepositions 54 6.5 Adverbs functioning as prepositions 54 6.6 Interrogative particles 55 7 Adverbs 56 7.1 Adverbs of time 56 7.2 Adverbs of place 61 7.3 Adverbs of degree 63 7.4 Placement of adverbs 64 8 The UDhaafa-construct 66 8.1 The first noun in IDhaafa 66 8.2 The second noun in IDhaafa 67 FUNDAMENTALS OF ARABIC GRAMMAR 8.3 IDhaafa function in sentences 68 8.4 Multiple first nouns in IDhaafa 68 8.5 Adjective IDhaafa (quasi- or pseudo- 69 8.6 Modification of IDhaafa 70 8.7 J construct for clarification of IDhaafa elements 72 8.7.1 Multiple noun IDhaafa and J construct 72 8.8 Use of instead of J 74 8.9 The negative noun 74 8.9.1 JJ-with nouns 75 8.9.2 fi- with pronouns 75 8.9.3 jsi- with adjectives 76 8.9.4 after prepositions 77 8.9.5 ** rs* with the definite article 77 8.9.6 ff V and 77 8.10 IDhaafa using elements other than 78 The equational sentence 79 9.1 Personal pronouns as subjects 79 9.1.1 Personal pronouns (as subjects) + proper nouns (as predicates) 79 9.1.2 Personal pronouns + common nouns 80 9.1.3 Personal pronouns + adjectives 81 9.1.4 Proper nouns or personal pronouns + prepositional phrases or adverbs 82 9.2 Demonstrative pronouns 83 9.2.1 Demonstrative pronouns + proper nouns 83 9.2.2 Demonstrative pronouns with common nouns as predicates 83 9.2.3 Demonstrative pronouns modifying subjects of equational sentences 84 9.3 Common nouns as subjects 85 9.3.1 Common nouns + prepositional phrases or adverbs 85 9.3.2 Common nouns + adjectives 86 9.4 Subject-predicate inversion 86 9.4.1 Interrogative particles 87 9.4.2 Prepositional or adverbial phrases 91 CONTENTS xi 9.5 Modifying subjects and predicates 92 9.5.1 Modifying subjects by adjectives 92 9.5.2 Modifying predicates by adjectives 94 9.6 Ji 95 9.7 Categorical negation 95 10 Kaana and its sisters 97 10.1 Negation of equational sentences 99 10.1.1 Negation of the equational sentence in the singular 99 10.1.2 Negation of the equational sentence in the dual 100 10.1.3 Negation of the equational sentence in the plural 101 10.2 Nouns or adjectives as predicates 102 10.2.1 Singular nouns and adjectives as predicates 102 10.2.2 Dual nouns and adjectives as predicates 103 10.2.3 Plural nouns and adjectives as predicates 103 10.3 The equational sentence in past tense 104 10.3.1 The equational sentence in past tense in the singular 105 10.3.2 The equational sentence in past tense in the dual 106 10.3.3 The equational sentence in past tense in the plural 107 10.4 Negation of kaana 107 10.4.1 U + past tense of ÔÎS՜ 108 10.4.2 + jussive of jlS՜ 109 10.5 Other sisters of ôlS 109 11 Verbal sentences: past tense 111 11.1 Sentence structure 111 11.2 Sentences with intransitive verbs 112 11.3 Sentences with transitive verbs 112 11.4 Past tense singular 115 11.4.1 Form I verbs 115 11.4.2 Augmented verbs (Forms II-X) 127 11.4.3 Quadriliteral verbs 145 11.5 Singular suffix pronouns: direct object 145 11.6 Dual verb conjugation: the past tense 146 11.6.1 Hollow verbs 148 11.6.2 Defective verbs 149 11.6.3 Doubled verbs 150 FUNDAMENTALS OF ARABIC GRAMMAR 11.7 Sentence structure 150 11.8 Dual suffix pronouns: direct object 151 11.9 Plural verb conjugation: the past tense 152 11.9.1 Hollow verbs 153 11.9.2 Defective verbs 154 11.9.3 Doubled verbs 155 11.10 Plural suffix pronouns: direct object 156 11.11 Past tense negation 157 Present tense indicative 158 12.1 Present tense singular 158 12.1.1 Form I verbs 159 12.1.2 Augmented verbs (Forms II-X) 165 12.2 Present tense dual 175 12.2.1 Hollow verbs 176 12.2.2 Defective verbs 177 12.2.3 Doubled verbs 178 12.3 Present tense plural 178 12.3.1 Form I verbs 179 12.3.2 Form V verbs 183 12.3.3 Form VI verbs 183 12.3.4 Form VII verbs 184 12.3.5 Form VIII verbs 184 12.3.6 Form IX verbs 184 12.3.7 Form X verbs 185 12.4 Present tense negation 186 Present tense subjunctive 187 13.1 Singular subjunctive verbs 187 13.1.1 J .¿¿ 3 (.¿5 ilJ -“in order to,” “for the ^ ·» «· purpose of” 187 13.1.2 ° e- ol 188 13.2 Dual subjunctive verbs 195 13.3 Plural subjunctive verbs 196 13.4 Negation of the subjunctive 197 CONTENTS 14 The future tense 199 14.1 Future tense singular 199 14.2 Future tense dual 200 14.3 Future tense plural 200 14.4 Future tense negation 201 14.4.1 Singular 201 14.4.2 Dual 202 14.4.3 Plural 202 15 Jussive verbs 204 15.1 Negation with lam 204 15.1.1 Verbs in the singular 204 15.1.2 Verbs in the dual 208 15.1.3 Verbs in the plural 212 16 Passive voice 216 16.1 Past tense 216 16.1.1 Defective verbs 221 16.1.2 Doubled verbs 222 16.2 Present tense 222 16.2.1 Hollow verbs 223 16.2.2 Defective verbs 224 16.2.3 Doubled verbs 225 16.3 Subjunctive verbs in the passive voice 225 16.4 Future tense 226 17 Imperative verbs 227 17.1 Form I imperative verbs 228 17.1.1 Middle vowel fat-Ha or kasra 228 17.1.2 Middle vowel hamza 230 17.1.3 Waaw-beginning verbs 230 17.1.4 Hollow verbs 232 17.1.5 Defective verbs 234 17.1.6 Doubled verbs 236 FUNDAMENTALS OF ARABIC GRAMMAR 17.2 Form II-X imperative verbs 238 17.2.1 Form II verbs 238 17.2.2 Form III verbs 239 17.2.3 Form IV verbs 239 17.2.4 Form VII verbs 240 17.2.5 Form VIII verbs 241 17.2.6 Form X verbs 242 17.2.7 Form V verbs 242 17.2.8 Form VI verbs 243 17.3 Indirect imperative 244 17.4 Negative imperative 245 17.5 Warnings 245 Past continuous tense 247 18.1 A state in the past 247 18.2 Past habitual action 247 18.3 Past continuous 248 18.3.1 Past continuous tense negation 249 Past perfect tense 251 Conditionals 254 20.1 Particles with varying tenses 254 20.1.1 131 “if” S 254 20.1.2 jJ “were,” “had... been” 256 20.1.3 ¿1 “if” 257 20.2 S Particles with the jussive mood 258 20.2.1 “whoever” 259 20.2.2 U “whatever” 259 20.2.3 “whatever” 260 20.2.4 “wherever” 260 20.2.5 js “whenever” 260 l * 20.2.6 (j 1 “whoever, whichever” 262 20.2.7 kS“however” 262 20.2.8 £s - “wherever” 262 CONTENTS XV ’Inna and its sisters 263 21.1 ¿53 “but” 263 21.2 oS/ “because” S 264 21.3 01 “Indeed” and “that” s 265 21.4 0l “that” 266 21.5 jjJ “perhaps” 269 21.6 jt5 “as if, as though” 269 21.7 cJj “if only” 270 Relative pronouns 272 22.1 Singular relative pronouns 272 22.1.1 and ^xJl replacing subject nouns ** X ♦* 272 %M^s 22.1.2 and replacing object nouns 22.1.3 ^JJl and ^31 replacing nouns governed by 274 prepositions 274 22.1.4 replacing non-human plural nouns ♦♦ 275 22.1.5 Relative pronouns without antecedents 276 22.2 Dual relative pronouns 277 22.2.1 01-UJl and OlxUl replacing subject nouns ^ S S s 22.2.2 and ¿^xUl replacing direct object nouns 278 and objects of prepositions 278 22.3 Plural relative pronouns ^S 280 22.3.1 ¿¿ill 280 22.3.2 ¿1/JiUl /^1 _^JJ1 / J! U1 281 22.4 Relative clauses with indefinite antecedents 283 22.5 Relative clauses without antecedents 285 22.5.1 ¿5 and U as relative pronouns 285 Agentive nouns 288 23.1 Form I verbs 288 23.1.1 Hollow verbs 288 23.1.2 Defective verbs 289 23.1.3 Doubled verbs 290 xvi FUNDAMENTALS OF ARABIC GRAMMAR 23.2 Form II֊X verbs 290 23.2.1 Hollow verbs in JJutLil ֊ J (Forms II-X) 292 23.2.2 Doubled verbs in JilxJd ֊ JJU (Forms II-X) Jpli *¿1 ^ 292 23.3 Functions of agentive nouns 293 23.3.1 Agentive nouns functioning as nouns 293 23.3.2 Agentive nouns functioning as adjectives 295 23.3.3 Agentive nouns functioning as transitive verbs 295 24 Passive participles 297 24.1 Derivation of passive participles 297 24.1.1 ¿¿¿(Form I) 297 24.1.2 - Jii (Forms II-X) 298 24.2 Functions of passive participles 301 24.2.1 Passive participles as adjectives 301 24.2.2 Passive participles as nouns 302 24.3 Passive participle phrases ^ 303 iZ £ 24.3.1 Passive participle phrases used with o) 303 0 * 24.3.2 Passive participle phrases used with ¿1 303 25 Verbal nouns: maSdars 305 25.1 Derivation of maSdars 306 25.1.1 ¿Jo (Form I) maSdars 306 25.1.2 Jii - ¿¿cil (Forms II-X) maSdars 311 25.1.3 Quadriliteral verb maSdars 321 25.1.4 Color word maSdars 322 25.1.5 Miim-begmning maSdars 322 25.1.6 Abstract nouns of quality 323 25.2 Behavior of maSdars 323 25.2.1 Definite and indefinite maSdars 324 25.3 Cognate Objects 324 25.4 MaSdars with direct objects 325 25.5 MaSdars with prepositions 326 CONTENTS 25.6 MaSdars substituting for ¿1 / £jUil JJLiJl + ¿1 326 25.7 Objects of purpose 327 25.8 Negation of maSdars with *Jip 329 Diminutive nouns 330 Comparative adjectives 334 27.1 The function of adjectives 334 27.2 Comparative adjectives 335 27.3 Comparative of color words 337 27.4 Superlative adjectives 338 27.5 Superlative adjectives of color 341 Plural nouns 342 28.1 Regular masculine plurals 342 28.1.1 JJ i (Form I) active participle plurals 343 28.2 Regular feminine plurals 346 28.3 Irregular (broken) plurals 347 28.4 Place noun plurals 351 28.5 Instrument noun plurals 353 28.6 The five nouns and their plurals 357 28.7 Unit noun plurals 359 28.8 Plural nouns of single occurrence 360 28.9 Profession noun plurals 362 28.10 Nouns of intensity and their plurals 363 28.11 Plural nouns and adjectives 363 28.12 Collective/mass nouns 367 Indeclinable nouns/diptotes 368 29.1 Indeclinable plural nouns 369 29.2 Indeclinable adjectives 370 29.3 Indeclinable proper nouns 371 29.4 Indeclinable compound proper nouns 371 FUNDAMENTALS OF ARABIC GRAMMAR 30 Numbers 372 30.1 “One” and “two” 372 30.2 “Three” to “ten” 374 30.2.1 The counted noun from “three” to “ten” for indefinite nouns 374 30.3 Cardinal numbers as adjectives for definite nouns 377 30.4 “Eleven” and “twelve” 378 30.5 “Thirteen” to “nineteen” 379 30.6 The tens (“twenty,” “thirty,” etc.) 379 30.7 “Twenty-one” to “ninety-nine” 380 30.8 Hundred(s) 382 30.8.1 “Two hundred” 382 30.9 Thousand(s) 384 30.9.1 “Two thousand” 384 30.9.2 Thousands and dates 385 30.10 Million(s) 386 30.11 Ordinal numbers “first” to “tenth” as adjectives 388 30.12 Ordinal numbers as adverbs 389 30.13 Lists of cardinal and ordinal numbers 390 30.13.1 Cardinal and ordinal numbers from 1 to 10 390 30.13.2 Cardinal numbers with counted nouns 390 30.13.3 Ordinal numbers with counted nouns 391 30.14 Fractions 391 31 Quantifiers 393 31.1 AS 393 U » 31.1.1 JS plus indefinite singular nouns: “each and every” 393 - 31.1.2 JS plus definite singular nouns: “the whole of” 393 31.1.3 J5 plus definite plural nouns: “all of” 394 31.2 “some of” 394 31.3 ^ “all of” 395 31.4 çJàJLa “most of” 395 31.5 “both” 396 31.6 hk “both” 396 31.7 SJlc- “many, a number of” 397 S 31.8 The quantifiers as adjectives 397 CONTENTS xix 32 Haal clauses (accusative of circumstance) 399 32.1 A nominal sentence as a subordinate clause 399 32.2 Verbal sentences without JU-I jl 400 32.3 Equational sentences 401 32.4 Use of active participles, passive participles or nouns 402 32.5 Use of prepositional phrases 402 32.6 Negation of Haal clause 403 32.7 Haal clauses in the past tense 404 33 Tamyiiz (accusative of specification) 405 33.1 Comparisons using tamyiiz 405 33.2 Numerals 11 to 99 and tamyiiz 406 33.3 Weights, measures, and tamyiiz 406 33.4 *£ “how much,” “how many” and tamyiiz 407 34 Exception 408 34.1 Vi y 408 34.2 U 409 34.3 jS 410 34.4 ?» · 410 34.5 411 34.6 L 412 34.7 412 34.8 LM 413 34.9 0 s s s ՝ 413 35 Vocative 414 35.1 l «* 414 35.2 0 ^ ijjü “lamentation” 417 35.3 418 35.4 418 35.5 Ljif L / L 419 35.6 419 XX FUNDAMENTALS OF ARABIC GRAMMAR 36 Exclamation 420 36.1 U plus comparative adjectives 420 36.2 L... Lo plus verbal phrases 421 36.3 o - 422 36.4 d/Jt 422 36.5 ‘A 423 36.6 XJù and 424 Apposition 425 37.1 Substitution of a noun for the whole 425 37.2 Substitution of a part for the whole 426 37.3 Comprehensive substitution 426 37.4 Correcting oneself 426 Emphasis 427 38.1 O ^ (_r֊^ / Cj* 427 38.1.1 in the dual 428 38.1.2 in the plural 428 38.2 oli “self” 429 38.3 Emphasis by pronoun repetition 429 Appendix A: hollow verbs 431 Appendix B: defective verbs 435 Appendix C: doubled verbs 436 Appendix D: JupIs verbs (Form III) 438 Appendix E: JJel verbs (Form IV) 440 ■tf f֊ Appendix F: verbs requiring the use of ’anna ¿ 1 441 y· t֊ Appendix G: phrases requiring the use of ’anna jl 444 » c֊ Appendix H: phrases requiring the use of ’an jl 445 Bibliography 446 Index 1: English grammatical terms 448 Index 2: Arabic grammatical terms 453
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id DE-604.BV041551933
illustrated Not Illustrated
indexdate 2024-09-27T16:26:41Z
institution BVB
isbn 9780415710039
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language English
lccn 2013017461
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physical XXV, 457 S.
publishDate 2014
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publishDateSort 2014
publisher Routledge
record_format marc
spellingShingle Sawaie, Mohammed
Fundamentals of Arabic grammar = Uṣūl an-naḥw al-ʿarabī
Grammatik
Arabic language Grammar
Arabic language Textbooks for foreign speakers English
Arabisch (DE-588)4241223-7 gnd
Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd
subject_GND (DE-588)4241223-7
(DE-588)4021806-5
title Fundamentals of Arabic grammar = Uṣūl an-naḥw al-ʿarabī
title_alt Uṣūl an-naḥw al-ʿarabī
title_auth Fundamentals of Arabic grammar = Uṣūl an-naḥw al-ʿarabī
title_exact_search Fundamentals of Arabic grammar = Uṣūl an-naḥw al-ʿarabī
title_full Fundamentals of Arabic grammar = Uṣūl an-naḥw al-ʿarabī Mohammed Sawaie
title_fullStr Fundamentals of Arabic grammar = Uṣūl an-naḥw al-ʿarabī Mohammed Sawaie
title_full_unstemmed Fundamentals of Arabic grammar = Uṣūl an-naḥw al-ʿarabī Mohammed Sawaie
title_short Fundamentals of Arabic grammar
title_sort fundamentals of arabic grammar usul an nahw al ʿarabi
title_sub = Uṣūl an-naḥw al-ʿarabī
topic Grammatik
Arabic language Grammar
Arabic language Textbooks for foreign speakers English
Arabisch (DE-588)4241223-7 gnd
Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd
topic_facet Grammatik
Arabic language Grammar
Arabic language Textbooks for foreign speakers English
Arabisch
url http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026997655&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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