Pollution causes, effects and control
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Pollution |b causes, effects and control |c edited by R. M. Harrison |
| 250 | |a 5. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge |b RSC Publ. |c 2014 | |
| 300 | |a XX, 558 S. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Previous edition: 2001 | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819673055955255296 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Twenty years on from the first edition of Pollution and the topic remains high in the
public awareness. Environmental pollution is now a major area of research, consultancy
and technological development and is a priority for the political agendas of both the
developed and developing worlds.
The fifth editbn of this book is fully updated, and includes an entirely new chapter on
climate change, presenting an authoritative view on this topic. Chapters in fast moving
areas have been completely revised and several newcomers have joined the original set of
authors.
This popular book has proved invaluable as a teaching resource for two decades and is
frequently used as a reference by practitioners in the field. Readers of earlier editions will
benefit from coverage of new pollutants, such as nanomaterials, as well as the legislative
changes that have occurred since the fourth edition in
2001.
Extracts from reviews of the 4th edition:
*...
an ¡deal
generai
introductory text at both the undergraduate and postgraduate level, as well
as an excellent reference text for the environmental scientist, chemist, and consultant.
Chemical Educator,
2001
*_
very valuable as a reference work.
International Journal of Environment and Pollution,
2002
Editor: Roy
M
Harrison, BSc, PhD, DSc (Birmingham), FRSQ
CChem, FRMetS,
Hon MFPH, Hon FFOM, Hon MCIEH
Roy M. Harrison is Queen Elizabeth II Birmingham Centenary Professor of
Environmental Health in the University of Birmingham. His more than
400
publications are mainly in the field of environmental chemistry, although his current
work includes studies of human health impacts of atmospheric pollutants as well as
research into the chemistry of pollution phenomena.
Front cover image courtesy of
Repina
Valeriya
/
Shutterstock
ISBN
978-1-84973-648-0
RSC Publishing
ww.rscorq books
Contents
List of Contributors
xix
Chapter
1
Chemical Pollution of the Aquatic Environment by Priority Pollutants and its
Control
1
Oliver A.H. Jones and Rachel L. Gomes
1.1
Introduction
............................................ 1
1.2
Pollution Control Philosophy
............................... 3
1.2.1
Integrated Control Measures
.......................... 7
1.2.2
Trans-boundary Considerations
........................ 7
1.2.3
Complementary and Supplementary Control Measures
....... 8
1.2.4
Life-cycle Considerations
............................. 8
1.2.5
The Impacts of Chemical Mixtures
...................... 9
1.3
Regulation of Direct Discharge Sources
........................ 9
1.3.1
The Water Framework Directive
........................ 9
1.3.2
REACH Regulations
................................ 14
1.4
Regulation of Diifuse Sources
............................... 16
1.5
Case Studies
............................................ 20
1.5.1
Disinfection By-Products (DBPs)
....................... 20
1.5.2
Oestrogenic Chemicals
............................... 21
1.5.3
Pesticides
......................................... 23
1.5.4
Emerging Contaminants of Concern (ECC)
................ 24
1.6
Conclusions
............................................ 25
References
................................................. 26
Chapter
2
Chemistry and Pollution of the Marine Environment
29
Martin R. Preston
2.1
Introduction
............................................ 29
2.2
General Features of the Oceanic Environment
................... 30
2.2.1
Sources of Chemicals to the Oceans
..................... 30
2.2.2
Circulation Patterns
................................. 31
2.2.3
Sea Water Reactivity
-
Biogeochemical Processes
........... 31
Pollution: Causes, Effects and Control, 5th Edition
Edited by
R M
Harrison
©
The Royal Society of Chemistry
2014
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
vii
viii Contents
2.3
Sources,
Movement and Behaviour of Individual Pollutants or Classes of
Pollutant
.............................................. 32
2.3.1
Oil
............................................. 32
2.3.2
Sewage and Nutrients
................................ 38
2.3.3
Persistent Organic Compounds
......................... 43
2.3.4
Trace Metals
...................................... 49
2.3.5
Radioactivity
...................................... 52
2.3.6
The Effects of Artificial Radioactivity on the Marine
Environment
...................................... 55
2.4
Conclusions
............................................ 56
References
................................................. 56
Chapter
3
Drinking Water Quality and Health
60
John K. Fawell
3.1
Introduction
............................................ 60
3.2
Drinking Water Sources
................................... 61
3.3
Drinking Water Treatment and Supply
........................ 61
3.4
Sources of Contamination
.................................. 62
3.5
Drinking Water Guidelines and Standards
...................... 63
3.6
Microbiological Contaminants
.............................. 65
3.7
Chemical Contaminants
................................... 67
3.7.1
Inorganic Contaminants
.............................. 67
3.7.2
Organic Contaminants
............................... 72
3.8
Water Safety Plans (WSPs)
................................. 76
3.9
Conclusions
............................................ 76
References
................................................. 77
Chapter
4
Water Pollution Biology
80
William M.
Mayes
4.1
Introduction
............................................ 80
4.1.1
The Role of Biology in Understanding Water Pollution
....... 80
4.1.2
Pollution Types and Interactions
........................ 81
4.2
Organic Pollution
........................................ 82
4.3
Eutrophication
.......................................... 87
4.3.1
Nutrient Pollution in Lakes
........................... 87
4.3.2
Nutrient Enrichment in Rivers and Groundwaters
........... 89
4.3.3
Managing Nutrient Pollution
.......................... 90
4.4
Acidification
............................................ 91
4.4.1
Acidification from Above: Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides
........ 91
4.4.2
Recovery from Acidification
........................... 93
4.4.3
Acidification from Below: Acid Mine Drainage
............. 94
4.5
Toxic Chemicals
......................................... 94
4.5.1
Modes of Action of Toxic Chemicals
.................... 94
4.5.2
Bioaccumulation
and Biomagnification
................... 97
4.6
Thermal Pollution
....................................... 99
4.6.1
Anthropogenic Impacts on Thermal Regime
............... 99
4.6.2
Climate Change
.................................... 100
viii Contents
2.3
Sources,
Movement and Behaviour of Individual Pollutants or Classes of
Pollutant
.............................................. 32
2.3.1
Oil
............................................. 32
2.3.2
Sewage and Nutrients
................................ 38
2.3.3
Persistent Organic Compounds
......................... 43
2.3.4
Trace Metals
...................................... 49
2.3.5
Radioactivity
...................................... 52
2.3.6
The Effects of Artificial Radioactivity on the Marine
Environment
...................................... 55
2.4
Conclusions
............................................ 56
References
................................................. 56
Chapter
3
Drinking Water Quality and Health
60
John K. Fawell
3.1
Introduction
............................................ 60
3.2
Drinking Water Sources
................................... 61
3.3
Drinking Water Treatment and Supply
........................ 61
3.4
Sources of Contamination
.................................. 62
3.5
Drinking Water Guidelines and Standards
...................... 63
3.6
Microbiological Contaminants
.............................. 65
3.7
Chemical Contaminants
................................... 67
3.7.1
Inorganic Contaminants
.............................. 67
3.7.2
Organic Contaminants
............................... 72
3.8
Water Safety Plans (WSPs)
................................. 76
3.9
Conclusions
............................................ 76
References
................................................. 77
Chapter
4
Water Pollution Biology
80
William M.
Mayes
4.1
Introduction
............................................ 80
4.1.1
The Role of Biology in Understanding Water Pollution
....... 80
4.1.2
Pollution Types and Interactions
........................ 81
4.2
Organic Pollution
........................................ 82
4.3
Eutrophication
.......................................... 87
4.3.1
Nutrient Pollution in Lakes
........................... 87
4.3.2
Nutrient Enrichment in Rivers and Groundwaters
........... 89
4.3.3
Managing Nutrient Pollution
.......................... 90
4.4
Acidification
............................................ 91
4.4.1
Acidification from Above: Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides
........ 91
4.4.2
Recovery from Acidification
........................... 93
4.4.3
Acidification from Below: Acid Mine Drainage
............. 94
4.5
Toxic Chemicals
......................................... 94
4.5.1
Modes of Action of Toxic Chemicals
.................... 94
4.5.2
Bioaccumulation
and Biomagnification
................... 97
4.6
Thermal Pollution
....................................... 99
4.6.1
Anthropogenic Impacts on Thermal Regime
............... 99
4.6.2
Climate Change
.................................... 100
Contents ix
4.7
Radioactivity
.......................................... 101
4.8
Oil
.................................................. 102
4.9
Emerging Contaminants
.................................. 102
4.9.1
Nanomaterials
................................... 103
4.9.2
Human and Veterinary Medicines
..................... 104
4.10
Biological Monitoring of Pollution in Freshwaters
............... 105
4.10.1
Laboratory Monitoring Techniques
.................... 105
4.10.2
Field Monitoring Techniques
........................ 105
4.11
Conclusions
........................................... 110
References
.................................................
Ill
Chapter
5
Sewage and Sewage Sludge Treatment
115
Elise Cartmell
5.1
Introduction
............................................ 115
5.1.1
Objectives of Sewage Treatment
........................ 116
5.1.2
The Importance of Wastewater Reuse
.................... 117
5.1.3
Criteria for Sewage Treatment
......................... 118
5.1.4
Composition of Sewage
.............................. 119
5.2
Sewage Treatment Processes
................................ 120
5.2.1
Preliminary Treatment
............................... 120
5.2.2
Primary Sedimentation
............................... 121
5.2.3
Secondary (Biological) Treatment
....................... 123
5.2.4
Secondary Sedimentation
............................. 132
5.3
Sludge Treatment and Reuse
................................ 132
5.3.1
Sources of Municipal Sludge
........................... 133
5.3.2
Sludge Recycling Options
............................. 133
5.3.3
Pre-treatment Handling
.............................. 134
5.3.4
Sludge Treatment Processes
........................... 134
References
................................................. 138
Chapter
6
Treatment of Toxic Wastes
140
Stuart T. Wagland and Simon J. T. Pollard
6.1
Introduction
............................................ 140
6.1.1
Definition of Toxic and Hazardous Wastes
................ 141
6.1.2
Sources
.......................................... 142
6.1.3
Case Study: Detection of Hazardous Materials used in the
Preservation of Wood
............................... 143
6.2
Treatment and Management Routes
.......................... 144
6.2.1
Introduction and Overview
............................ 144
6.2.2
Case Study: Animal Carcass Disposal following Disease
Outbreak
......................................... 144
6.2.3
Thermal Processes
.................................. 147
6.2.4
Chemical Processes
................................. 150
6.3
Environmental and Health Management
....................... 152
6.3.1
Case Study: Severe Environmental Consequences of Poor
Hazardous Waste Management (Spodden Valley, UK)
........ 152
References
................................................. 153
x
Contents
Chapter
7
Air Pollution: Sources, Concentrations and Measurements
157
Roy M. Harrison
7.1
Introduction
............................................ 157
7.2
Specific Air Pollutants
.................................... 158
7.2.1
Sulfur Dioxide
..................................... 158
7.2.2
Suspended Paniculate Matter
.......................... 159
7.2.3
Oxides of Nitrogen
.................................. 165
7.2.4
Carbon Monoxide
.................................. 168
7.2.5
Hydrocarbons
..................................... 169
7.2.6
Secondary Pollutants: Ozone and Peroxyacetyl Nitrate
........ 171
7.3
Temporal Patterns of Airborne Concentration
................... 172
7.4
Air Quality Management
.................................. 174
7.5
Indoor Air Quality
....................................... 177
7.6
International Perspective
................................... 177
7.7
Appendix
.............................................. 177
7.7.1
Air Pollutant Concentration Units
...................... 177
References
................................................. 180
Chapter
8
Chemistry of the Troposphere
182
Roy M. Harrison
8.1
Introduction
............................................ 182
8.1.1
Pollutant Cycles
.................................... 183
8.2
Atmospheric Chemical Transformations
........................ 186
8.2.1
The Importance of the Hydroxyl Radical (OH)
............. 186
8.3
Atmospheric Oxidants
.................................... 187
8.3.1
Formation of Ozone
................................ 187
8.3.2
Formation of PAN
................................. 192
8.3.3
NO, Compounds
................................... 193
8.4
Atmospheric Acids
....................................... 193
8.4.1
Weak Acids
....................................... 193
8.4.2
Strong Acids
...................................... 194
8.4.3
Sulfuric Acid
...................................... 194
8.4.4
Nitric Acid
....................................... 196
8.4.5
Hydrochloric Acid
.................................. 196
8.4.6
Methanesulfonic Acid (MSA)
.......................... 197
8.5
Atmospheric Bases
....................................... 197
8.6
Atmospheric Aerosols and Rainwater
......................... 198
8.6.1
Atmospheric Particles
................................ 198
8.6.2
Rainwater
........................................ 200
8.6.3
Inter-relationships between Pollutants, Environmental Effects and
Impacts
.......................................... 201
References
................................................. 202
Chapter
9
Chemistry and Pollution of the Stratosphere
204
A. Robert MacKenzie and Francis D. Pope
9.1
Introduction
.................................________.
^v.
... 204
Contents
xi
9.2
Stratospheric Ozone Chemistry
............................. 206
9.2.1
Gas-Phase Chemistry
.............................. 207
9.2.2
Heterogeneous Chemistry
........................... 211
9.3
Natural Sources of Trace Gases
............................ 213
9.4
Anthropogenic Sources of Trace Gases
....................... 214
9.4.1
Direct Injection of Pollutants into the Stratosphere
......... 214
9.5
Antarctic Ozone
....................................... 215
9.6
Arctic Zone
........................................... 217
9.7
Mid-Latitude Ozone
.................................... 219
9.8
Legislation
........................................... 220
9.9
Geoengineering
........................................ 221
9.10
Conclusions
.......................................... 222
Acknowledgements
.......................................... 223
References
................................................ 223
Chapter
10
Atmospheric Dispersal of Pollutants and the Modelling of Air Pollution
225
Martin L. Williams
10.1
Introduction
.......................................... 225
10.2
Dispersion and Transport in the Atmosphere
.................. 226
10.2.1
Mechanical Turbulence
............................ 226
10.2.2
Turbulence and Atmospheric Stability
.................. 226
10.2.3
Boundary Layer and Mixing Heights
.................. 228
10.2.4
Building, Topographical and Street Canyon Effects
........ 230
10.2.5
Removal Processes
-
Dry and Wet Deposition
............ 231
10.3
Modelling of Air Pollution Dispersion
....................... 231
10.3.1
Modelling in the Near-field
.......................... 232
10.3.2
Operational Models
............................... 235
10.3.3
Emission Inventories
.............................. 236
10.3.4
Modelling beyond Urban Scales
-
Long Range Transport and
Chemical Transport Models
......................... 237
10.3.5
Uncertainty and Accuracy of Models
.................. 239
References
................................................ 241
Chapter
11
Air Pollution and Health
244
Robert L. Maynard and Jon Ayres
1
1.1
Introduction
.......................................... 244
11.2
Exposure to Air Pollution
................................ 245
11.3
Epidemiological Methods Applied in the Air Pollution Field
....... 246
11.3.1
Time Series Methods
.............................. 246
11.3.2
Cohort Studies
................................... 249
11.3.3
Intervention Studies
............................... 250
11.4
Individual Air Pollutants
................................. 251
11.4.1
Particulate Matter
................................ 251
11.4.2
Problems with Mass as a Metric of Dose
................ 252
11.4.3
Other Possible Metrics of Dose
..................... 252
11.4.4
World Health Organisation Air Quality Guidelines for
Particulate Matter
................................ 253
xii
Contents
11.4.5
Nitrogen Dioxide
................................. 254
11.4.6
Sulfur Dioxide
................................... 256
11.4.7
Ozone
......................................... 258
11.4.8
Carbon Monoxide
................................ 260
1
1.4.9
Carcinogenic Air Pollutants
......................... 261
11.5
Conclusion
........................................... 263
References
................................................ 263
Chapter
12
Impacts of Air Pollutants on Crops, Trees and Ecosystems
268
Mike Ashmore
12.1
Introduction
.......................................... 268
12.2
Methods of Investigation
................................. 270
12.3
Sulfur Dioxide and Sulfur Deposition
........................ 272
12.4
Nitrogen Oxides, Ammonia and
N
Deposition
................. 273
12.5
Ozone
............................................... 276
12.6
Interactions between Pollutants
............................ 279
12.6.1
Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides
................... 279
12.6.2
Interactions between Ozone and Elevated CO2
Concentrations
.................................. 280
12.7
Interactions with Biotic and Abiotic Factors
................... 280
12.7.1
Climate
........................................ 280
12.7.2
Interactions with Pests and Diseases
................... 281
12.8
Critical Loads and Levels
................................. 283
12.9
Effects on Ecosystem Services
.............................. 285
References
................................................ 289
Chapter
13
Control of Pollutant Emissions from Road Transport
297
Claire
Holman
13.1
Introduction
.......................................... 297
13.2
Engines
.............................................. 301
13.2.1
Introduction
.................................... 301
13.2.2
Spark Ignition/Petrol Engines
........................ 302
13.2.3
Compression Ignition/Diesel Engines
.................. 303
13.3
Controlling Regulated Emissions
........................... 303
13.3.1
Introduction
.................................... 303
13.3.2
Exhaust After-treatment
............................ 306
13.4
Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions
........................ 311
13.5
Fuel Quality
.......................................... 312
13.6
Alternative Fuels
....................................... 314
13.6.1
Introduction
.................................... 314
13.6.2
Natural Gas
.................................... 315
13.6.3
Electric Vehicles
................................. 316
13.6.4
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
............................ 316
13.6.5
Biofuels
........................................ 317
13.6.6
Hydrogen
...................................... 320
13.7
Particle Emissions
...................................... 320
13.8
Non-exhaust Particles
................................... 321
Contents
Xlii
13.9
In-service Emissions
.................................... 322
13.10
Conclusions
.......................................... 324
Acknowledgements
.......................................... 324
References
................................................ 324
Chapter
14
Climate Change
Keith P. Shine
326
14.1
Historical and Political Background
......................... 326
14.2
Scientific Background
.................................... 328
14.3
Observed Changes in Climate
.............................. 329
14.4
Changes in Atmospheric Composition and Radiative Forcing
....... 332
14.5
Modelling Climate Change
................................ 335
14.6
Attribution of Climate Change over Past
150
Years
.............. 336
14.7
Modelling Future Climate Change
.......................... 337
14.8
Conclusions
........................................... 337
References
................................................ 338
Chapter
15
Soil Pollution and Risk Assessment
Chris D. Collins
340
15.1
Introduction
.......................................... 340
15.2
Sources of Soil Pollutants
................................. 342
15.2.1
Potentially Toxic Elements
.......................... 342
15.2.2
Organic Pollutants
................................ 344
15.2.3
Nanoparticles
................................... 345
15.3
Pathways of Pollutants in Soils
............................. 345
15.3.1
PTEs
.......................................... 346
15.3.2
Organic Pollutants
................................ 347
15.3.3
Nanoparticles
................................... 349
15.4
Consquences of Soil Pollution
-
Risk Assessment
............... 349
15.4.1
Fine Tuning the Risk Assessment
..................... 350
15.5
Remediation of Contaminated Soils
......................... 351
15.6
Conclusions
........................................... 352
References
................................................ 353
Chapter
16
Solid Waste Management
Gev Eduljee
356
16.1
Introduction
.......................................... 356
16.2
An Integrated Approach to Waste Management
................ 357
16.2.1
The Waste Management Hierarchy
.................... 357
16.2.2
An Integrated Approach
........................... 358
16.3
Technical Options for Waste Prevention and Recycling
........... 359
16.3.1
Opportunities for Waste Avoidance and Minimization
...... 359
16.3.2
Collection and Sorting
............................. 360
16.4
Policy Options to make Waste Prevention and Recycling Work in
Practice
.............................................. 361
16.4.1
Introduction
.................................... 361
16.4.2
Producer Responsibility
............................ 362
xiv
Contents
16.4.3
Eco-labelling
.................................... 364
16.4.4
Charges and Economic Incentives
..................... 365
16.4.5
Persuasion Measures
.............................. 368
16.4.6
Integrated Product Policy (IPP)
...................... 369
16.5
Bulk Waste Reduction Technologies and Final Disposal
....... 370
16.5.1
Combustion/Incineration
........................... 371
16.5.2
Other Thermal Processes
........................... 371
16.5.3
Composting
..................................... 372
16.5.4
Anaerobic Digestion
.............................. 373
16.5.5
Mechanical Biological Treatment
(МВТ)
................ 374
16.5.6
Landfilling
...................................... 374
16.5.7
Environmental Considerations
....................... 375
16.6
Integrated Waste Management Strategies
..................... 377
16.6.1
Revisiting the Waste Management Hierarchy
............. 377
16.6.2
Principles of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
.............. 378
16.6.3
Selecting the Best Environmental Option for Individual
Materials
....................................... 379
16.6.4
Waste Management and Climate Change
............... 380
16.6.5
Waste Management Strategy for Northern Ireland
......... 380
16.6.6
Recycling and Recovery of Plastics in Germany
........... 382
References
................................................ 382
Chapter
17
System Approaches: Life Cycle Assessment and
Industrial
Ecology
385
Roland Clift
17.1
Introduction: Changing Paradigms
.......................... 385
17.2
Environmental System Analysis
............................ 386
17.2.1
Economy and Environment
......................... 386
17.2.2
Life Cycle Assessment
............................. 387
17.2.3
Material Flow Accounting
.......................... 398
17.3
Applications and Aspirations
.............................. 399
17.3.1
Industrial Ecology and the Circular Economy
............ 399
17.3.2
Clean Technology and Pollution Prevention
............. 400
17.3.3
Life Cycle Management
............................ 405
17.4
The Green Economy
.................................... 412
References
................................................ 412
Chapter
18
The Environmental Behaviour of Persistent Organic Pollutants
417
Stuart
Horrad
and
Mohamed
Abou-Elwąfa
Abdallah
18.1
Introduction
.......................................... 417
18.1.1
Definition of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
......... 418
18.1.2
Scope
......................................... 419
18.1.3
Chemical Structure and Nomenclature
................. 419
18.2
Adverse Effects
........................................ 421
18.2.1
PCDD/Fs
...................................... 421
18.2.2
PCBs
.......................................... 424
18.2.3
PBDEs
........................................ 424
18.2.4
HBCDs
........................................ 425
Contents xv
18.3
Measurement Techniques
................................. 425
18.3.1
Sampling Methodology
............................ 425
18.3.2
Analytical Methodology
............................ 428
18.4
Sources
.............................................. 429
18.4.1
PCDD/Fs
...................................... 430
18.4.2
PCBs
.......................................... 431
18.4.3
PBDEs
........................................ 432
18.4.4
HBCD
........................................ 433
18.5
Important Physicochemical Properties and their Influence on
Environmental Behaviour
................................. 433
18.5.1
Equilibrium Partitioning Coefficients
................... 434
18.5.2
Aqueous Solubility
................................ 435
18.5.3
Environmental Persistence
.......................... 436
18.5.4
Vapour Pressure
................................. 436
18.5.5
General Comments
............................... 436
18.6
Modelling Environmental Behaviour
......................... 437
18.6.1
The
Fugacity
Concept
............................. 437
18.6.2
Equilibrium Partitioning Modelling Approaches
.......... 438
18.6.3
Pharmacokinetic Models of Human Exposure
............ 439
References
................................................ 439
Chapter
19
Radioactivity in the Environment
442
С
Nicholas Hewitt
19.1
Introduction
.......................................... 442
19.2
Radiation and Radioactivity
............................... 442
19.2.1
Types of Radiation
............................... 442
19.2.2
The Energy Changes of Nuclear Reactions
.............. 444
19.2.3
Rates of Radioactive Decay
......................... 444
19.2.4
Activity
........................................ 445
19.2.5
Radioactive Decay Series
........................... 445
19.2.6
Production of Artificial Radionuclides
.................. 446
19.2.7
Nuclear Fission
.................................. 447
19.2.8
Beta Decay of Fission Products
...................... 448
19.2.9
Units of Radiation Dose
........................... 448
19.3
Biological Effects of Radiation
............................. 450
19.3.1
General Effects
.................................. 450
19.3.2
Biological Availability and Residence Times
............. 450
19.3.3
Radiation Protection of Terrestrial Ecosystems
........... 451
19.4
Natural Radioactivity
................................... 451
19.4.1
Cosmic Rays
.................................... 451
19.4.2
Terrestrial Gamma Radiation
........................ 452
19.4.3
Radon and its Decay Products
....................... 452
19.4.4
Radioactivity in Food and Water
..................... 453
19.5
Medical Applications of Radioactivity
....................... 453
19.6
Pollution from Nuclear Weapons Explosions
................... 454
19.7
Pollution from Electric Power Generation Plant and other Nuclear
Reactors
............................................. 455
19.7.1
Emissions Resulting from Normal Reactor Operation
...... 455
19.7.2
Pollution Following Reactor Accidents
................. 458
xvi Contents
19.7.3
Radioactive
Waste
Treatments and Disposal
............. 461
19.7.4
Fuel Reprocessing
................................ 462
19.8
Pollution from Non-nuclear Processes
........................ 463
Acknowledgements
.......................................... 464
Bibliography
............................................... 464
Chapter
20
Health Effects of Environmental Chemicals
465
Juana
Maria
Delgado-
Saborit and Roy M. Harrison
20.1
Introduction
.......................................... 465
20.2
Catastrophic Exposure
................................... 466
20.2.1
Seveso, Italy
.................................... 466
20.2.2
Bhopal, India
................................... 468
20.3
Localized Contamination Incidents
.......................... 468
20.3.1
Toxic Oil Syndrome
............................... 468
20.3.2
Rice Oil Contamination by Polychlorinated Biphenyls
(PCBs)
........................................ 469
20.3.3
Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBBs) in Cattle Feed
.......... 470
20.3.4
Mercury Poisoning in Minamata and Niigata
............ 470
20.3.5
Methylmercury Poisoning in Iraq
..................... 471
20.3.6
Aluminium Contamination of Drinking Water in North
Cornwall
....................................... 471
20.3.7
Epping Jaundice
-
Chemical Contamination of Food during
Storage
........................................ 472
20.3.8
Love Canal, USA
................................ 473
20.3.9
Exxon Valdez,
MV
Braer, Prestige and other Major Oil Spill
Accidents
...................................... 473
20.4
Generalized Environmental Pollution
........................ 474
20.4.1
Indoor Air Pollution
.............................. 474
20.4.2
Metals
......................................... 477
20.4.3
Asbestos and Man-made Mineral Fibres (MMMF)
........ 478
20.4.4
Pesticides
....................................... 479
20.4.5
Endocrine Disrupters (see also Chapters
1
and
3).......... 481
20.4.6
Nanoparticles
................................... 481
20.5
Conclusions
........................................... 484
References
................................................ 485
Chapter
21
The Legal Control of Pollution
492
Richard Macrory and William Howarth
21.1
Introduction
.......................................... 492
21.2
The Purposes and Mechanisms of Environmental Law
............ 494
21.3
Sources of Law and Institutional Responsibilities
............... 496
21.3.1
National Law
................................... 496
21.3.2
European Union Law
............................. 497
21.3.3
International Law
................................ 500
21.4
Private Rights and Civil Remedies
.......................... 503
21.5
Legal Models of Pollution Regulation
........................ 507
21.5.1
The Law on Statutory Nuisances
..................... 507
21.5.2
Water Pollution and Water Quality Law
................ 509
Contents xvii
21.5.3 Integration
of
Pollution
Control and Environmental Permitting
512
21.5.4
Procedural Environmental Rights
..................... 514
21.6
Concluding Observations
................................. 518
References
................................................ 518
Chapter
22
The Regulation of Industrial Pollution
522
Martin G. Bigg
22.1
Introduction
.......................................... 522
22.2
Background
........................................... 523
22.2.1
Alkali Act
..................................... 523
22.2.2
Regulators
..................................... 524
22.2.3
Integrated Pollution Control
........................ 525
22.2.4
Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control
............ 528
22.3
Environmental Permitting Regulations
....................... 530
22.3.1
Introduction
................................... 530
22.3.2
Permitting
..................................... 534
22.3.3
Planning
...................................... 534
22.3.4
Risk-based Regulation
............................ 535
22.3.5
Advice and Guidance
............................. 535
23.3.6
Environmental Management Systems
................. 537
22.3.7
Competency
.................................... 539
22.3.8
Consultation and Public Engagement
................. 541
22.3.9
Enforcement
................................... 542
22.3.10
Civil Sanctions
.................................. 543
22.4
Future Regulation of Industrial Pollution
..................... 544
References
................................................ 547
Subject Index
551
|
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| discipline | Allgemeines Biologie Soziologie Geographie |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV041454455 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-24T03:56:56Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781849736480 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026900956 |
| oclc_num | 861320181 |
| open_access_boolean | |
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| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-824 |
| physical | XX, 558 S. |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
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| publisher | RSC Publ. |
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| spellingShingle | Pollution causes, effects and control Umweltchemikalie (DE-588)4117281-4 gnd Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 gnd Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 gnd Auswirkung (DE-588)4112646-4 gnd Umweltschaden (DE-588)4117286-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4117281-4 (DE-588)4186812-2 (DE-588)4121813-9 (DE-588)4112646-4 (DE-588)4117286-3 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Pollution causes, effects and control |
| title_auth | Pollution causes, effects and control |
| title_exact_search | Pollution causes, effects and control |
| title_full | Pollution causes, effects and control edited by R. M. Harrison |
| title_fullStr | Pollution causes, effects and control edited by R. M. Harrison |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pollution causes, effects and control edited by R. M. Harrison |
| title_short | Pollution |
| title_sort | pollution causes effects and control |
| title_sub | causes, effects and control |
| topic | Umweltchemikalie (DE-588)4117281-4 gnd Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 gnd Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 gnd Auswirkung (DE-588)4112646-4 gnd Umweltschaden (DE-588)4117286-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Umweltchemikalie Umweltverschmutzung Umwelttoxikologie Auswirkung Umweltschaden Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026900956&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026900956&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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