Essential astrophysics
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Heidelberg [u.a.]
Springer
2013
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| Schriftenreihe: | Undergraduate lecture notes in physics
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Essential astrophysics |c Kenneth R. Lang |
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| adam_text | IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
1 OBSERVING THE UNIVERSE 1
1.1 WHAT DO ASTRONOMERS AND ASTROPHYSICISTS DO? 1
1.2 OUR PLACE ON EARTH 2
1.3 LOCATION IN THE SKY 4
1.4 MEASURING ANGLE AND SIZE 9
1.5 THE LOCATIONS OF THE STARS ARE SLOWLY CHANGING 10
1.6 WHAT TIME IS IT? 15
1.7 TELLING TIME BY THE STARS 17
1.8 OPTICAL TELESCOPES OBSERVE VISIBLE LIGHT 19
1.9 TELESCOPES THAT DETECT INVISIBLE RADIATION 23
1.10 UNITS USED BY ASTRONOMERS AND ASTROPHYSICISTS 27
1.11 PHYSICAL CONSTANTS 30
2 RADIATION 33
2.1 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 33
2.2 THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM 37
2.3 MOVING PERSPECTIVES 40
2.4 THERMAL (BLACKBODY) RADIATION 44
2.5 HOW FAR AWAY IS THE SUN, AND HOW BRIGHT, BIG AND HOT IS IT? 50
2.5.1 DISTANCE OF THE SUN 50
2.5.2 HOW BIG IS THE SUN? 54
2.5.3 THE UNIT OF ENERGY 54
2.5.4 THE SUN S LUMINOSITY 55
2.5.5 TAKING THE SUN S TEMPERATURE 55
2.5.6 HOW HOT ARE THE PLANETS? 56
2.6 THE ENERGY OF LIGHT 59
2.7 RADIATION SCATTERING AND TRANSFER 61
2.7.1 WHY IS THE SKY BLUE AND THE SUNSETS RED? 61
2.7.2 RAYLEIGH SCATTERING 62
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/1028419082
IMAGE 2
X CONTENTS
2.7.3 THOMSON AND COMPTON SCATTERING 63
2.7.4 RADIATION TRANSFER 65
3 GRAVITY 69
3.1 CEASELESS, REPETITIVE PATHS ACROSS THE SKY 69
3.2 UNIVERSAL GRAVITATIONAL ATTRACTION 73
3.3 MASS OF THE SUN 80
3.4 TIDAL EFFECTS 81
3.4.1 THE OCEAN TIDES 81
3.4.2 TIDAL LOCKING INTO SYNCHRONOUS ROTATION 85
3.4.3 THE DAYS ARE GETTING LONGER 85
3.4.4 THE MOON IS MOVING AWAY FROM THE EARTH 87
3.4.5 A PLANET S DIFFERENTIAL GRAVITATIONAL ATTRACTION ACCOUNTS FOR
PLANETARY RINGS 90
3.5 WHAT CAUSES GRAVITY? 93
4 COSMIC MOTION 99
4.1 MOTION OPPOSES GRAVITY 99
4.1.1 EVERYTHING MOVES 99
4.1.2 ESCAPE SPEED 99
4.2 ORBITAL MOTION 101
4.3 THE MOVING STARS 105
4.3.1 ARE THE STARS MOVING? 105
4.3.2 COMPONENTS OF STELLAR VELOCITY 105
4.3.3 PROPER MOTION 107
4.3.4 RADIAL VELOCITY 107
4.3.5 OBSERVED PROPER MOTIONS OF STARS 109
4.3.6 MOTIONS IN STAR CLUSTERS ILL
4.3.7 RUNAWAY STARS 114
4.4 COSMIC ROTATION 116
4.4.1 UNEXPECTED PLANETARY ROTATION 116
4.4.2 THE SUN S DIFFERENTIAL ROTATION 120
4.4.3 STELLAR ROTATION AND AGE 124
5 MOVING PARTICLES 125
5.1 ELEMENTARY CONSTITUENTS OF MATTER 125
5.2 HEAT, TEMPERATURE, AND SPEED 130
5.2.1 WHERE DOES HEAT COME FROM? 130
5.2.2 THERMAL VELOCITY 132
5.2.3 COLLISIONS 134
5.2.4 THE DISTRIBUTION OF SPEEDS 135
5.3 MOLECULES IN PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES 138
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS XI
5.4 GAS PRESSURE 141
5.4.1 WHAT KEEPS OUR ATMOSPHERE UP? 141
5.4.2 THE IDEAL GAS LAW 142
5.4.3 THE EARTH S SUN-LAYERED ATMOSPHERE 144
5.4.4 PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE, AND DENSITY INSIDE THE SUN. . . 148 5.5
PLASMA 149
5.5.1 IONIZED GAS 149
5.5.2 PLASMA OSCILLATIONS AND THE PLASMA FREQUENCY 152
5.5.3 ATOMS ARE TORN APART INTO PLASMA WITHIN THE SUN. . . 153 5.6 SOUND
WAVES AND MAGNETIC WAVES 154
5.6.1 SOUND WAVES 154
5.6.2 MAGNETIC WAVES 156
6 DETECTING ATOMS IN STARS 159
6.1 WHAT IS THE SUN MADE OUT OF? 159
6.2 QUANTIZATION OF ATOMIC SYSTEMS 165
6.3 SOME ATOMS ARE EXCITED OUT OF THEIR LOWEST-ENERGY GROUND STATE 173
6.4 IONIZATION AND ELEMENT ABUNDANCE IN THE SUN AND OTHER STARS 176
6.5 WAVELENGTHS AND SHAPES OF SPECTRAL LINES 180
6.5.1 RADIAL MOTION PRODUCES A WAVELENGTH SHIFT 180
6.5.2 GRAVITATIONAL REDSHIFT 181
6.5.3 THERMAL MOTION BROADENS SPECTRAL LINES 183
6.5.4 ROTATION OR EXPANSION OF THE RADIATING SOURCE CAN BROADEN SPECTRAL
LINES 184
6.5.5 CURVE OF GROWTH 185
6.5.6 MAGNETIC FIELDS SPLIT SPECTRAL LINES 186
7 TRANSMUTATION OF THE ELEMENTS 191
7.1 THE ELECTRON, X-RAYS AND RADIUM 191
7.2 RADIOACTIVITY 193
7.3 TUNNELING OUT OF THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS 196
7.4 THE ELECTRON AND THE NEUTRINO 199
7.5 COSMIC RAYS 202
7.6 NUCLEAR TRANSFORMATION BY BOMBARDMENT 209
8 WHAT MAKES THE SUN SHINE? 215
8.1 CAN GRAVITATIONAL CONTRACTION SUPPLY THE SUN S LUMINOSITY? 215
8.2 HOW HOT IS THE CENTER OF THE SUN? 217
8.3 NUCLEAR FUSION REACTIONS IN THE SUN S CORE 219
8.3.1 MASS LOST IS ENERGY GAINED 219
8.3.2 UNDERSTANDING THERMONUCLEAR REACTIONS 225
IMAGE 4
XII CONTENTS
8.3.3 HYDROGEN BURNING 231
8.3.4 WHY DOESN T THE SUN BLOW UP? 237
8.4 THE MYSTERY OF SOLAR NEUTRINOS 237
8.4.1 THE ELUSIVE NEUTRINO 237
8.4.2 SOLAR NEUTRINO DETECTORS BURIED DEEP UNDERGROUND 239
8.4.3 SOLVING THE SOLAR NEUTRINO PROBLEM 242
8.5 HOW THE ENERGY GETS OUT 244
8.6 THE FAINT-YOUNG-SUN PARADOX 252
8.7 THE SUN S DESTINY 253
9 THE EXTENDED SOLAR ATMOSPHERE 255
9.1 HOT, VOLATILE, MAGNETIZED GAS 255
9.1.1 THE MILLION-DEGREE SOLAR CORONA 255
9.1.2 VARYING SUNSPOTS AND EVER-CHANGING MAGNETIC FIELDS 258
9.1.3 CORONAL LOOPS 261
9.1.4 WHAT HEATS THE CORONA? 266
9.1.5 CORONAL HOLES 268
9.2 THE SUN S VARYING WINDS 268
9.2.1 THE EXPANDING SUN ENVELOPS THE EARTH 268
9.2.2 PROPERTIES OF THE SOLAR WIND 271
9.2.3 WHERE DO THE TWO SOLAR WINDS COME FROM? 274
9.2.4 WHERE DOES THE SOLAR WIND END? 275
9.3 EXPLOSIONS ON THE SUN 276
9.3.1 SOLAR FLARES 276
9.3.2 CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS 281
9.4 SPACE WEATHER 283
9.4.1 EARTH S PROTECTIVE MAGNETOSPHERE 283
9.4.2 TRAPPED PARTICLES 287
9.4.3 EARTH S MAGNETIC STORMS 288
9.4.4 SOLAR EXPLOSIONS THREATEN HUMANS IN OUTER SPACE 289
9.4.5 DISRUPTING COMMUNICATION 290
9.4.6 SATELLITES IN DANGER 291
9.4.7 FORECASTING SPACE WEATHER 292
10 THE SUN AMONGST THE STARS 293
10.1 COMPARISONS OF THE SUN WITH OTHER STARS 293
10.1.1 HOW FAR AWAY ARE THE STARS? 293
10.1.2 HOW BRIGHT ARE THE STARS? 296
10.1.3 HOW LUMINOUS ARE THE STARS? 298
10.1.4 THE TEMPERATURES OF STARS 303
10.1.5 THE COLORS OF STARS 304
IMAGE 5
CONTENTS AM
10.1.6 THE SPECTRAL SEQUENCE 305
10.1.7 RADIUS OF THE STARS 306
10.1.8 HOW MASSIVE ARE THE STARS? 310
10.2 MAIN -SEQUENCE AND GIANT STARS 318
10.2.1 THE HERTZSPRUNG-RUSSELL DIAGRAM 318
10.2.2 THE LUMINOSITY CLASS 321
10.2.3 LIFE ON THE MAIN SEQUENCE 323
10.2.4 THE RED GIANTS AND SUPERGIANTS 326
10.3 NUCLEAR REACTIONS INSIDE STARS 329
10.3.1 THE INTERNAL CONSTITUTION OF STARS 329
10.3.2 TWO WAYS TO BURN HYDROGEN IN MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS 335
10.3.3 HELIUM BURNING IN GIANT STARS 340
10.4 USING STAR CLUSTERS TO WATCH HOW STARS EVOLVE 343
10.5 WHERE DID THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS COME FROM? 348
10.5.1 ADVANCED NUCLEAR BURNING STAGES IN MASSIVE SUPERGIANT STARS 348
10.5.2 ORIGIN OF THE MATERIAL WORLD 349
10.5.3 THE OBSERVED ABUNDANCE OF THE ELEMENTS 350
10.5.4 SYNTHESIS OF THE ELEMENTS INSIDE STARS 351
10.5.5 BIG-BANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS 353
10.5.6 THE FIRST AND SECOND GENERATION OF STARS 354
10.5.7 COSMIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE ORIGIN OF THE ELEMENTS. . . 355
11 THE MATERIAL BETWEEN THE STARS 357
11.1 GASEOUS EMISSION NEBULAE 357
11.2 SOLID DUST PARTICLES IN INTERSTELLAR SPACE 366
11.3 RADIO EMISSION FROM THE MILKY WAY 369
11.4 INTERSTELLAR HYDROGEN ATOMS 375
11.5 INTERSTELLAR MOLECULES 378
12 FORMATION OF THE STARS AND THEIR PLANETS 381
12.1 HOW THE SOLAR SYSTEM CAME INTO BEING 381
12.1.1 THE NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS 381
12.1.2 COMPOSITION OF THE PLANETS 382
12.1.3 MASS AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM 385
12.2 STAR FORMATION 388
12.2.1 GIANT MOLECULAR CLOUDS 388
12.2.2 GRAVITATIONAL COLLAPSE 389
12.2.3 TRIGGERING GRAVITATIONAL COLLAPSE 392
12.2.4 PROTOSTARS 395
12.2.5 LOSING MASS AND SPIN 398
IMAGE 6
XIV CONTENTS
12.3 PLANET-FORMING DISKS AND PLANETS AROUND NEARBY STARS 400
12.3.1 THE PLURALITY OF WORLDS 400
12.3.2 PROTO-PLANETARY DISKS 400
12.3.3 THE FIRST DISCOVERIES OF EXOPLANETS 403
12.3.4 HUNDREDS OF NEW WORLDS CIRCLING NEARBY STARS .... 408
12.3.5 SEARCHING FOR HABITABLE PLANETS 409
13 STELLAR END STATES 411
13.1 A RANGE OF DESTINIES 411
13.2 PLANETARY NEBULAE 412
13.3 STARS THE SIZE OF THE EARTH 418
13.3.1 THE DISCOVERY OF WHITE DWARF STARS 418
13.3.2 UNVEILING WHITE DWARF STARS 419
13.3.3 THE HIGH MASS DENSITY OF WHITE DWARF STARS 420
13.4 THE DEGENERATE ELECTRON GAS 423
13.4.1 NUCLEI PULL A WHITE DWARF TOGETHER AS ELECTRONS SUPPORT IT 423
13.4.2 RADIUS AND MASS OF A WHITE DWARF 427
13.5 EXPLODING STARS 429
13.5.1 GUEST STARS, THE NOVAE 429
13.5.2 WHAT MAKES A NOVA HAPPEN? 430
13.5.3 A RARE AND VIOLENT END, THE SUPERNOVAE 433
13.5.4 WHY DO SUPERNOVA EXPLOSIONS OCCUR? 436
13.5.5 WHEN A NEARBY STAR DETONATES ITS COMPANION 437
13.5.6 STARS THAT BLOW THEMSELVES UP 438
13.5.7 LIGHT OF A BILLION SUNS, SN 1987A 439
13.5.8 WILL THE SUN EXPLODE? 443
13.6 EXPANDING STELLAR REMNANTS 443
13.7 NEUTRON STARS AND PULSARS 450
13.7.1 NEUTRON STARS 450
13.7.2 RADIO PULSARS FROM ISOLATED NEUTRON STARS 453
13.7.3 X-RAY PULSARS FROM NEUTRON STARS IN BINARY STAR SYSTEMS 460
13.8 STELLAR BLACK HOLES 465
13.8.1 IMAGINING BLACK HOLES 465
13.8.2 OBSERVING STELLAR BLACK HOLES 466
13.8.3 DESCRIBING BLACK HOLES 467
14 A LARGER, EXPANDING UNIVERSE 471
14.1 THE MILKY WAY 471
14.1.1 A FATHOMLESS DISK OF STARS 471
14.1.2 THE SUN IS NOT AT THE CENTER OF OUR STELLAR SYSTEM 473
14.1.3 THE ROTATING GALACTIC DISK 479
IMAGE 7
CONTENTS
14.1.4 WHIRLING COILS OF THE MILKY WAY 482
14.1.5 A CENTRAL SUPER-MASSIVE BLACK HOLE 484
14.1.6 DARK MATTER ENVELOPS THE MILKY WAY 486
14.2 THE DISCOVERY OF GALAXIES 487
14.3 THE GALAXIES ARE MOVING AWAY FROM US AND FROM EACH OTHER 491
14.4 GALAXIES GATHER AND STREAM TOGETHER 500
14.4.1 CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES 500
14.4.2 DARK MATTER IN CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES 502
14.4.3 COSMIC STREAMS 508
14.4.4 GALAXY WALLS AND VOIDS 510
14.5 LOOKING BACK INTO TIME 512
14.6 USING EINSTEIN S GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY TO EXPLAIN THE
EXPANSION 517
15 ORIGIN, EVOLUTION, AND DESTINY OF THE OBSERVABLE UNIVERSE 523
15.1 HOTTER THAN ANYTHING ELSE 523
15.2 THREE DEGREES ABOVE ABSOLUTE ZERO 526
15.2.1 AN UNEXPECTED SOURCE OF NOISE 526
15.2.2 BLACKBODY SPECTRUM 527
15.2.3 AS SMOOTH AS SILK 529
15.2.4 COSMIC RIPPLES 529
15.3 THE BEGINNING OF THE MATERIAL UNIVERSE 532
15.3.1 THE FIRST THREE MINUTES 532
15.3.2 FORMATION OF THE FIRST ATOMS, AND THE AMOUNT OF INVISIBLE DARK
MATTER 535
15.3.3 HISTORY OF THE EXPANDING UNIVERSE 537
15.4 THE FIRST STARS AND GALAXIES 541
15.4.1 PULLING PRIMORDIAL MATERIAL TOGETHER 541
15.4.2 WHEN STARS BEGAN TO SHINE 542
15.5 THE EVOLUTION OF GALAXIES 545
15.5.1 ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI 545
15.5.2 SUPER-MASSIVE BLACK HOLES 550
15.5.3 GAMMA-RAY BURSTS 552
15.6 DARK ENERGY, THE COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT, AND HOW IT ALL ENDS 554
15.6.1 DISCOVERY OF DARK ENERGY 554
15.6.2 USING THE COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT TO DESCRIBE DARK ENERGY 555
15.6.3 WHEN STARS CEASE TO SHINE 560
16 REFERENCES 561
IMAGE 8
XVI CONTENTS
APPENDIX I: CONSTANTS 607
APPENDIX II: UNITS 609
APPENDIX III: FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS 611
AUTHOR INDEX 615
SUBJECT INDEX 619
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Lang, Kenneth R. 1941- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)108378039 |
| author_facet | Lang, Kenneth R. 1941- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Lang, Kenneth R. 1941- |
| author_variant | k r l kr krl |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041415512 |
| classification_rvk | US 2000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)859018115 (DE-599)DNB1028419082 |
| dewey-full | 523.01 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 523 - Specific celestial bodies and phenomena |
| dewey-raw | 523.01 |
| dewey-search | 523.01 |
| dewey-sort | 3523.01 |
| dewey-tens | 520 - Astronomy and allied sciences |
| discipline | Physik Geographie |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV041415512 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-02-03T17:41:49Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3642359620 9783642359620 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026862718 |
| oclc_num | 859018115 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-20 DE-83 DE-11 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-20 DE-83 DE-11 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | XXI, 635 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Undergraduate lecture notes in physics |
| spellingShingle | Lang, Kenneth R. 1941- Essential astrophysics Astrophysik (DE-588)4003326-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4003326-0 |
| title | Essential astrophysics |
| title_auth | Essential astrophysics |
| title_exact_search | Essential astrophysics |
| title_full | Essential astrophysics Kenneth R. Lang |
| title_fullStr | Essential astrophysics Kenneth R. Lang |
| title_full_unstemmed | Essential astrophysics Kenneth R. Lang |
| title_short | Essential astrophysics |
| title_sort | essential astrophysics |
| topic | Astrophysik (DE-588)4003326-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Astrophysik |
| url | http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=4198100&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026862718&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT langkennethr essentialastrophysics |