Economics
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| 020 | |a 9781464128738 |9 978-1-4641-2873-8 | ||
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| 084 | |a QC 072 |0 (DE-625)141242: |2 rvk | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Krugman, Paul R. |d 1953- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)121368033 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Economics |c Paul Krugman ; Robin Wells |
| 250 | |a 3. ed., international ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a New York, NY |b Worth [u.a.] |c 2013 | |
| 300 | |a Getr. Zählung |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Theorie |2 stw | |
| 650 | 7 | |a USA |2 stw | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Wirtschaftstheorie |2 stw | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Wirtschaft | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Economics | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Preface
xxv
part
1
What !s Economics?
introduction The Ordinary Business of Life
1
Chapter
1
First Principles
5
chapter
2
Economic Models: Trade-offs
and Trade
25
Appendix Graphs in Economics
49
part
2
Supply and Demand
chapter
3
Supply and Demand
65
chapter
4
Consumer and Producer Surplus
101
Chapter
5
Price Controls and Quotas: Meddling
with Markets
127
Chapter
6
Elasticity
155
part
3
individuals and Markets
Chapter
7
Taxes
181
chapter
8
International Trade
211
pa
rt
4
Ее
υ η
o m
ι
c s
and
0
с с
ι
s i o n
Making
chapter
9
Decision Making by Individuals
and Firms
243
PART
5
The Consumer
Chapter
26
Chapter
10
The Rational Consumer
269
Appendix
Appendix
Consumer Preferences and Consumer
Chapter
27
Choice
291
PART
6
The
Production
Decision
PART
13
Chapter
11
Behind the Supply Curve: Inputs and
Chapter
28
Costs
317
Appendix
Chapter
12
Perfect Competition and the Supply
Chapter
29
Curve
345
PART
7
Marker Structure. Beyond
Chapter
30
Perfect Competition
Appendix
Chapter
13
Monopoly
373
Chapter
14
Oligopoly
407
Chapter
31
Chapter
15
Monopolistic Competition and Product
Chapter
32
Differentiation
433
PART
14
DADT
Я
Mirro
ρ
г
π π η
m i r
ς
д
η
r
!
Chapter
33
Public
Poliev
chapter
16
Externalities
453
chapter
17
Public Goods and Common
Resources
477
chapter
18
The Economics of the Welfare
State
499
part
9
Factor Markets and Risk
chapter
19
Factor Markets and the Distribution
of Income
531
Appendix Indifference Curve Analysis of Labor
Supply
563
chapter
20
Uncertainty, Risk, and Private
Information
569
part
10
Introduction to
Macroeconomics
Chapter
21
Macroeconomics: The Big Picture
597
chapter
22
GDP and
CPI:
Tracking the
Macroeconomy
619
chapter
23
Unemployment and Inflation
645
part
11
Long-Run
Ëconornsc
Growth
chapter
24
Long-Run Economic Growth
673
chapter
25
Savings, Investment Spending, and
the Financial System
707
Appendix Toward a Fuller Understanding of Present
Value
740
part
12
Short-Run Economic
Fluctuations
Income and Expenditure
743
Deriving the Multiplier Algebraically
771
Aggregate Demand and Aggregate
Supply
773
Stabilization Policy
Fiscal Policy
809
Taxes and the Multiplier
840
Money, Banking, and the Federal
Reserve System
843
Monetary Policy
879
Reconciling the Two Models of the Interest
Rate
904
Inflation, Disinflation, and Deflation
907
Crises and Consequences
933
Events and Ideas
Macroeconomics: Events and
Ideas
957
part
15
The Open Economy
chapter
34
Open-Economy Macroeconomics
981
Macroeconomic Data Tables M-1
Solutions to Check Your Understanding Questions S-1
Glossary G-1
Index
1-1
IX
CONTENTS
Preface
xxv
part
1
What Is Economics?
introduction The Ordinary
Business of Life
ANY GIVEN SUNDAY
1
The Invisible Hand
2
Μγ
Benefit, Your Cost
з
Good Times, Bad Times
з
Onward and Upward
4
An Engine for Discovery
4
chapter
1
First Principles
....................5
COMMON GROUND
5
Principles That Underlie Individual Choice:
The Core of Economics
6
Principle
#1:
Choices are necessary because resources
are scarce
5
Principle
#2:
The true cost of something is its
opportunity cost
7
Principle
#3:
How much is a decision at the margin
8
Principle
#4:
People usually respond to incentives,
exploiting opportunities to make themselves better off
9
FOR INQUIRING MINDS: Cashing in at School
10
ECONOMICS
>
Boy or Girl? It Depends
on the Cost
10
Interaction: How Economies Work
її
Principle
#5:
There are gains from trade
12
Principle
#6:
Markets move toward equilibrium
13
for inquiring MINDS: Choosing Sides
14
Principle
#7:
Resources should be used efficiently
to achieve society s goals
14
Principle
#8:
Markets usually lead to efficiency
15
Principle
#9:
When markets don t achieve efficiency,
government intervention can improve society s welfare
16
ECONOMICS
>
Restoring Equilibrium on the
Freeways
17
Economy-Wide Interactions
18
Principle
#10:
One person s spending is another
person s income
18
Principle
#11:
Overall spending sometimes gets out of
line with the economy s productive capacity
18
Principle
#12:
Government policies can change
spending
19
ECONOMICS
>
Adventures in Babysitting
19
business
·
How Priceline.com Revolutionized the Travel
CASe
Industry
21
► chapter
2
Economic Models:
Trade-offs and Trade
.....25
FROM KITTY HAWK TO DREAMLINER
25
Models in Economics: Some Important
Examples
26
for inquiring MINDS: The Model That Ate the Economy
27
Trade-offs: The production possibility frontier
27
Comparative advantage and gains from trade
33
Comparative advantage and international trade, in
reality
36
Pajarna
Republics
37
Transactions: The circular-flow diagram
37
ECONOMICS
*
Rich Nation, Poor Nation 3S
Using Models
40
Positive versus normative economics
40
When and why economists disagree
41
FOR INQUIRING MINDS: When Economists Agree
42
ECONOMICS
>·
Economists, Beyond the Ivory
Tower
42
business
»
Efficiency, Opportunity Costs, and the Logic
lAjc
*
of Lean Production at Boeing
44
49
CHAPTER
2
APPENDIX GTSphS
ІП
Economics
Getting the Picture
49
Graphs, Variables, and Economic Models
49
How Graphs Work
49
Two-variable graphs
49
Curves on a graph
51
A Key Concept: The Slope of a Curve
52
The slope of a linear curve
52
Horizontal and vertical curves and their slopes
53
The slope of a nonlinear curve
54
Calculating the slope along a nonlinear curve
54
Maximum and minimum points
57
Calculating the Area Below or Above a Curve
57
Graphs That Depict Numerical Information
58
Types of numerical graphs
59
Problems in interpreting numerical graphs
60
part2 Supply and Demand
► chapter
3
Supply and Demand
es
BLUE JEAN BLUES
65
Supply and Demand: A Model of a Competitive
Market
66
xi
XU CONTENTS
The Oemand Curve
ее
The demand schedule and the demand curve
67
Pay More, Pump Less
68
Shifts of the demand curve
68
Understanding shifts of the demand curve
70
ECONOMICS
■
Beating the Traffic
74
The Supply Curve
76
The supply schedule and the supply curve
76
Shifts of the supply schedule
77
Understanding shifts of the supply schedule
78
ECONOMICS
> - ■
Only Creatures Small and
Pampered
81
Supply, Oemand, and Equilibrium
83
Finding the equilibrium price and quantity
84
Why do all sales and purchases in a market take place
at the same price?
85
Why does the market price fall if it is above the
equilibrium price?
85
Why does the market price rise if it is below the
equilibrium price?
86
Using equilibrium to describe markets
86
ECONOMICS
>
The Price of Admission
87
Changes in Supply and Oemand
88
What happens when the demand curve shifts
88
What happens when the supply curve shifts
89
Simultaneous shifts of the supply and demand curves
90
FOR inquiring MINDS: Tribulations on the Runway
92
ECONOMICS >;NAC
ΊΟΝ
The Rice Run of
2008 92
Competitive Markets—And Others
94
ВУЅШЕЅ5
·
The Chicago Board of Trade
95
CASE
»
►
chapter
4
Consumer and
Producer Surplus
...........
ιοί
MAKING GAINS BY THE BOOK
101
Consumer Surplus and the Oemand Curve
102
Willingness to pay and the demand curve
102
Willingness to pay and consumer surplus
102
How changing prices affect consumer surplus
105
FOR INQUIRING MINDS: A Matter of Life and Death
107
ECONOMICS
>
¡Ν
ACTION When Money Isn t Enough
108
Producer Surplus and the Supply Curve
109
Cost and producer surplus
109
How changing prices affect producer surplus
112
ECONOMICS
>
INACTION High Times Down on the Farm
113
Consumer Surplus, Producer Surplus, and the
Gains from Trade
П4
The gains from trade
114
The efficiency of markets
115
Equity and efficiency
118
ECONOMICS
>
Take the Keys, Please
119
A Market Economy
пэ
Why markets typically work so well
120
A few words of caution
121
ECONOMICS
>
A Great Leap—Backward
122
business
·
StubHub Shows Up the Boss
123
CASE
·
► chapter
5
Price Controls and
Quotas: Meddling with
Markets
...............................127
BIG CITY, NOT-SO-BRIGHT IDEAS
127
Why Governments Control Prices
128
Price Ceilings
128
Modeling a price ceiling
129
How a price ceiling causes inefficiency
130
FOR INQUIRING MINDS: Winners, Losers, and Rent
Control
132
FOR inquiring mindS: Rent Control, Mumbai Style
134
So why are there price ceilings?
135
ECONOMICS
>
; Hunger and Price Controls
in Venezuela
135
Price Floors
137
How a price floor causes inefficiency
138
:
, ■.· ·- ■ ■
Check Out Our Low, Low, Wages!
141
So why are there price floors?
141
ECONOMICS
>· ■■·■■■-!; ;
Black Labor in Southern
Europe
141
Controlling Quantities
143
The anatomy of quantity controls
143
The costs of quantity controls
146
ECONOMICS >INAC!ION The Clams of Jersey Shore
148
business
·
Medallion Financial: Cruising Right Along
149
►CHAPTER
6
Elasticity
............................155
MORE PRECIOUS THAN A FLU SHOT
155
Defining and Measuring Elasticity
156
Calculating the price elasticity of demand
156
An alternative way to calculate elasticities: The midpoint
method
157
ECONOMICS >;N
ΛΟΙΟΝ
Estimating Elasticities
159
Interpreting the Price Elasticity of Oemand
159
How elastic is elastic?
160
Price elasticity along the demand curve
164
What factors determine the price elasticity
of demand?
165
CONTENTS
XIII
ECONOMICS
>
Responding to Your Tuition Bill
166
Other Demand Elasticities
167
The cross-price elasticity of demand
167
The income elasticity of demand
168
for inquiring MINDS: Will China Save the U.S. Farming
Sector?
169
Food s Bite in World Budgets
169
ECONOMICS
>■
Spending It
170
The Price Elasticity of Supply
171
Measuring the price elasticity of supply
171
What factors determine the price elasticity of supply?
172
ECONOMICS
>
European Farm Surpluses
173
An Elasticity Menagerie
174
business
·
The Airline Industry: Fly Less, Charge
СД5Є
More
175
part
3
Individuals and Markets
►
CHAPTER
7
TaXeS
......................................181
THE FOUNDING
TAXERS 181
The Economics of Taxes: A Preliminary
View
182
The effect of an excise tax on quantities and prices
182
Price elasticities and tax incidence
185
ECONOMICS
>
Ί
Who Pays the
FICA?
187
The Benefits and Costs of Taxation
188
The revenue from an excise tax
188
Tax rates and revenue
169
for inquiring MINDS; The
Laffer
Curve
191
The costs of taxation
192
Elasticities and the deadweight loss of a tax
194
ECONOMICS
>
Taxing the Marlboro Man
196
Tax Fairness and Tax Efficiency
197
Two principles of tax fairness
197
Equity versus efficiency
198
ECONOMICS
>
Federal Tax Philosophy
199
Understanding the Tax System
200
Tax bases and tax structure
200
Equity, efficiency, and progressive taxation
201
Taxes in the United States
202
:
^U; .
-
You Think You Pay High Taxes?
203
Different taxes, different principles
203
for inquiring MINDS: Taxing Income versus Taxing
Consumption
203
ECONOMICS
>
The Top Marginal Income Tax
Rate
204
business
·
Amazon versus BarnesandNoble.com
205
CASE·
►
chapter
8
International
Trade
.........211
CAR PARTS AND SUCKING SOUNDS
211
Comparative Advantage and International
Trade
212
Production possibilities and comparative advantage,
revisited
213
The gains from international trade
215
Comparative advantage versus absolute advantage
216
■
Productivity and Wages Around the
World
217
Sources of comparative advantage
218
for inquiring MINDS: Increasing Returns to Scale and
International Trade
220
ECONOMICS
>
Skill and Comparative
Advantage
220
Supply, Demand, and International Trade
221
The effects of imports
222
The effects of exports
224
International trade and wages
226
ECONOMICS
>
Trade, Wages, and Land Prices in
the Nineteenth Century
227
The Effects of Trade Protection
228
The effects of a tariff
228
The effects of an import quota
230
ECONOMICS»- Trade Protection in the United
States
231
The Political Economy of Trade Protection
232
Arguments for trade protection
232
The politics of trade protection
233
International trade agreements and the World Trade
Organization
233
for inquiring MINDS: Tires Under Pressure
235
New challenges to globalization
235
ECONOMICS
> -,:
¡Юл
Beefing Up Exports
236
business
·
Li
&
Fung: From Guangzhou to You
238
CASE«
part4 Economics and Decision
Making
►
chapter
9
Decision Making by
Individuals and Firms
.... 243
GOING BACK TO SCHOOL
243
Costs, Benefits, and Profits
244
Explicit versus implicit costs
244
Accounting profit versus economic profit
245
Making either-or decisions
246
ECONOMICS
>
Farming in the Shadow
of Suburbia
247
XIV
iNI)
Ν ϊ
Making How Much Decisions: The Role
of Marginal Analysis
240
M.iujiiuii
t ost
· ■ ·■ >
he
rief
it
,·
·1
ial analysis
: /.
PoMion Sizes
254
Л ¡лик
pie with many
usos
255
ECONOMICS The Cost of a Life
256
Sunk Costs
FCOMCMICS
Λ
Billion Here, a Billion
There
. . . 257
Behavioral Economics
258
U.itioii.ii. but
human,
too
258
їм.
11
inn, ilit
ν: Λιι
economist s view
259
.i- iNCi MINDS: In Praise of Hard-and-Fast
Deadlines
260
k.itioii.il models for irrational people7
262
,■
; i-MOMItS The Jingle Mail Blues
262
Citi
Puts Card Holders
incontrai 2G4
part
5
The Consumer
chapter
10
The Rational
Consumer
.......................259
■-· ■.!..
ЛМ
100
FAR
269
Utility:
Getting Satisfaction
270
Utility and consumption
270
The principle of diminishing marginal utility
271
FOR inquiring MINDS: Is Marginal Utility Really
Diminishing?
272
ECONOMICS
► ■< ,/
AC (ION Oysters versus Chicken
272
Budgets and Optimal Consumption
273
Budget constraints and budget lines
273
Optimal consumption choice
275
FOR INQUIRING MINDS: Food for Thought on Budget
Constraints
276
ECONOMICS
>
INACTION The Great Condiment Craze
277
Spending the Marginal Dollar
278
Marginal utility per dollar
279
Optimal consumption
280
ECONOMICS >INACTION Buying Your Way Out of
Temptation
282
From Utility to the Demand Curve
282
Marginal utility, the substitution effect, and the law of
demand
282
The income effect
283
ECONOMICS
>
IN ACTION Mortgage Rates and Consumer
Demand
284
BUSIcaII
·
Havir^ a
НаРРУ
Meal at McDonald s
286
CHAPTER
10
APPENDIX
Preferences and
Consumer Choice
„291
Mapping the Utility Function
291
Indifference curves
291
Properties of indifference curves
294
Indifference Curves and Consumer Choice
295
The marginal rate of substitution
296
The tangency condition
299
The slope of the budget line
300
Prices and the marginal rate of substitution
301
Preferences and choices
302
Using Indifference Curves: Substitutes and
Complements
304
Perfect substitutes
304
Perfect complements
306
Less extreme cases
306
Prices, Income, and Demand
307
The effect of a price increase
307
Income and consumption
308
Income and substitution effects
311
Production Decision
► chapter
11
Behind The Supply
Curve: Inputs and
Costs
..................................317
THE FARMER S MARGIN
317
the Production Function
318
Inputs and outputs
318
Wheat Yields Around the World
320
From the production function to cost curves
322
ECONOMICS
v
!N AC I ION The Mythical Man-Month
324
Two Key Concepts: Marginal Cost and Average
Cost
325
Marginal cost
325
Average cost
327
Minimum average total cost
330
Does the marginal cost curve slope upward?
331
ECONOMICS
>
IN AC
TION
Don t Put Out the Welcome Mat
332
Short-Run versus Long-Run Costs
333
Returns to scale
336
Summing up costs: The long and the short of it
337
ECONOMICS
>
IN ACTION There s No Business Like Snow
Business
338
business
·
Kiva
Systems Robots versus Humans: The
CAS£
Challenge of Holiday Order Fulfillment
339
CONTENTS
XV
^chapter
12
Perfect Competition and
the Supply Curve
345
DOING WHAT COMES NATURALLY
345
Perfect Competition
346
Defining perfect competition
346
Two necessary conditions for perfect competition
346
Free entry and exit
347
for inquiring minds: What s a Standardized Product?
348
ECONOMICS
>
The Pain of Competition
348
Production and Profits
349
Using marginal analysis to choose the profit-maximizing
quantity of output
350
When is production profitable?
352
The short-run production decision
355
Changing fixed costs
358
Summing up: The perfectly competitive firm s
profitability and production conditions
359
ECONOMICS
>
Prices Are Up
...
But So Are
Costs 3S9
The Industry Supply Curve
збо
The short-run industry supply curve
360
The long-run industry supply curve
361
The cost of production and efficiency in long-run
equilibrium
365
ECONOMICS* : Baleing In, Bailing Out
366
business
-TheFind Finds the Cheapest Price
367
CASE
·
part7 Market Structure: Beyond
Perfect Competition
*
CHAPTER
13
МОПОРОІУ
..................... 373
EVERYBODY MUST GET STONES
373
Types of Market Structure
з?4
The Meaning of Monopoly
375
Monopoly: Our first departure from perfect competition
375
What monopolists do
375
Why do monopolies exist?
377
The Price We Pay
379
ECONOMICS >^
!
Newly Emerging Markets: A Diamond
Monopolist s Best Friend
380
How a Monopolist Maximizes Profit
381
The monopolist s demand curve and marginal revenue
381
The monopolist s profit-maximizing output and price
385
Monopoly versus perfect competition
386
Monopoly: The general picture 38i
ECONOMICS
>
IN
ICOON
Shocked by the High Price
of Electricity
387
Monopoly and Public Policy
388
Welfare effects of monopoly 3S9
Preventing monopoly
390
Dealing with natural monopoly
390
ECONOMICS
>iN
л С
. /;,</■■■
Chained by Your Cable
393
Price Discrimination
394
The logic of price discrimination
394
Price discrimination and elasticity
396
Perfect price discrimination
397
ECONOMICS
>► %
Ac. /C
ν
Sales, Factory Outlets, and Ghost
Cities
399
business
·
Macmillan Stares Down Amazon.com
401
CASE
·
►CHAPTER
14
Oligopoly
.........................407
CAUGHT IN THE ACT
407
The Prevalence of Oligopoly
408
ECONOMICS*
<
Is It an Oligopoly or Not?
409
Understanding Oligopoly
410
A duopoly example
410
Collusion and competition
411
ECONOMICS
>►
Bitter Chocolate?
413
Games Oligopolists Play
414
The prisoners dilemma
414
Overcoming the prisoners dilemma: Repeated
interaction and tacit collusion
416
FOR inquiring MINDS: Prisoners of the Arms Race
418
ECONOMICS
>/
V
iiüNThe
Rise and Fall and Rise
of OPEC
419
Oligopoly in Practice
420
The legal framework
421
Contrasting Approaches to Anti-Trust
Regulation
422
Tacit collusion and price wars
422
Product differentiation and price leadership
424
How important is oligopoly?
425
ECONOMICS
*► ■■■
ON The Price Wars of Christmas
425
business
·
Virgin Atlantic Blows the Whistle
...
or Blows
tASE # It?
427
► chapter
15
Monopolistic
Competition
and Product
Differentiation
4зз
FAST-FOOD DIFFERENTIATION
433
The Meaning of Monopolistic Competition
434
Large numbers
434
Differentiated products
434
Free entry and exit in the long run
435
XVI
CONTENTS
Product Differentiation
435
Differentiation by style or type
435
Differentiation by location
436
Differentiation by quality
436
ECONOMICS Any Color, So Long As It s Black
437
Understanding Monopolistic Competition
437
Monopolistic competition in the short run
438
Monopolistic competition in the long run
439
_ ■ ■;
sA Ni^; Hits and Flops
441
ECONOMICS The Housing Bust and the Demise
of the
6%
Commission
442
Monopolistic Competition versus Perfect
Competition
443
Price, marginal cost, and average total cost
443
Is monopolistic competition inefficient?
444
Controversies About Product
Differentiation
¿ лѕ
The role of advertising
445
Brand names
%7
• ;<■;
Absolut Irrationality
448
Gillette Versus
Schick:
A Case of Razor
Burn?
449
і
ärt
8
Vhcroeconomics and Public
Policy
chapter
16
Externalities
.................453
·■■
Hu LL STOP THE RAIN?
453
The Economics of Pollution
454
Costs and benefits of pollution
454
Pollution: An external cost
455
.1?
SNQiiiRiNG MINDS: Talking, Texting, and Driving
457
The inefficiency of excess pollution
457
Private solutions to externalities
458
ECONOMICS
>
IN ACTION Thank You for Not Smoking
459
Policies Toward Pollution
460
Environmental standards
460
Emissions taxes
460
Economic Growth and Greenhouse
Gases in Six Countries
461
Tradable emissions permits
463
ECONOMICS
>
¡N A C ľiON
Cap and Trade
465
Positive Externalities
466
Preserved farmland: An external benefit
466
Positive externalities in the modern economy
467
ECONOMICS >INACTION The Impeccable Economic Logic
of Early-Childhood Intervention
Programs
468
Network Externalities
469
Types of network externalities
469
ECONOMICS
►
The Microsoft Case
470
business
·
Two Tales of High-Tech Business
CASE·
Success
472
►
chapter
17
Public Goods
and Common
477
THE GREAT STINK
477
Private Goods—And Others
478
Characteristics of goods
478
Why markets can supply only private goods
efficiently
479
ECONOMICS
>■
From Mayhem to
Renaissance
480
Public Goods
481
Providing public goods
481
How much of a public good should be provided?
482
for inquiring minds: Voting as a Public Good
485
Voting as a Public Good: The Global
Perspective
485
Cost-benefit analysis
486
ECONOMICS
>
Old Man River
486
Common Resources
487
The problem of overuse
488
FOR INQUIRING MINDS: A Water Fight in Maine
489
The efficient use and maintenance of a common
resource
490
ECONOMICS
>
- Saving the Oceans with ITQs
490
Artificially Scarce Goods
491
ECONOMICS» Blacked-OutGames
492
business
·
Mauricedale Game Ranch and Hunting
CASE·
Endangered Animals to Save Them
494
►
chapter
18
The Economics of the
Welfare State
...............499
FEEDING FORTY MILLION
499
Poverty, Inequality, and Public Policy
500
The logic of the welfare state
500
FOR inquiring MINDS: Justice and the Welfare State
501
The problem of poverty
502
і
-V-
■■?;. ■
г
, ■
Poor People in Rich Countries
503
Economic inequality
504
Economic insecurity
507
ECONOMICS
>
IN AC
Ї
¡ON
Long-Term
Trends in Income
Inequality in the United States
507
The U.S. Welfare State 5io
CONTENTS
XVII
Means-tested programs
510
Social security and unemployment insurance
511
The effects of the welfare state on poverty and
inequality
511
ECONOMICS
►
Lula
Lessens Inequality
512
The Economics of Health Care
513
The need for health insurance
513
for inquiring MINOS: A California Death Spiral
515
Government health insurance
515
The problem of the uninsured
516
Health care in other countries
518
The
2010
health care reform
519
ECONOMICS
>
What Medicaid Does
521
The Debate over the Welfare State
522
Problems with the welfare state
523
The politics of the welfare state
524
for inquiring MINDS: Occupy Wall Street
525
ECONOMICS French Family Values
525
: . .,:·>
Welfare State Entrepreneurs
527
.ASt.
·
PART9 Factor Markets and Risk
chapter
19
Factor Markets and
the Distribution of
Income
..............................531
THE VALUE OF A DEGREE
531
The Economy s Factors of Production
532
The factors of production
532
Why factor prices matter: The allocation of
resources
532
Factor incomes and the distribution of income S33
for inquiring MINDS: The Factor Distribution of Income
and Social Change in the Industrial
Revolution
533
ECONOMICS
*
The Factor Distribution of Income
in the United States
513
Marginal Productivity and Factor Demand
534
Value of the marginal product
534
Value of the marginal product and factor demand
536
Shifts of the factor demand curve
536
The marginal productivity theory of income
distribution
533
The markets for land and capital
541
The marginal productivity theory of income distribution
542
ECONOMICS
>
Help Wanted!
543
Is the Marginal Productivity Theory of Income
Distribution Really True?
544
Wage disparities in practice
545
Marginal productivity and wage inequality
545
Market power
54?
Efficiency wages
548
Discrimination
548
FOR INQUIRING MINDS: The Economics of Apartheid
549
So does marginal productivity theory work?
550
ECONOMICS
>
Marginal Productivity and the
1% 550
The Supply of Labor ssi
Work versus leisure
551
Wages and labor supply
552
FOR inquiring MINDS.· Why You Can t Find a Cab When It s
Raining
553
Shifts of the labor supply curve
554
The Overworked American?
555
ECONOMICS
»
The Decline of the Summer
Job
555
msmess
·
Alta Gracia:
Can Fair Trade Work?
557
CASE
·
CHAPTER
19
APPENDIX Indifferent
Analysis of Labor
Supply
.......... .......... 563
The Time Allocation Budget Line
563
The Effect of a Higher Wage Rate
564
Indifference Curve Analysis
566
► chapter
20
Uncertainty, Risk, and
Private Information
...ses
A TOUCH DECADE
569
The Economics of Risk Aversion
Б7О
Expectations and uncertainty
570
The logic of risk aversion
571
FOR inquiring MINDS: The Paradox of Gambling
575
Paying to avoid risk
575
ECONOMICS
>
Warranties 57i
Buying, Selling, and Reducing Risk
577
Trading risk
577
Making risk disappear: The power of diversification
580
FOR inquiring MINDS: Those Pesky Emotions
582
The limits of diversification
533
ECONOMICS
>
When Lloyds Almost Llost It
584
Private Information: What You Don t Know Can
Hurt You S85
Adverse selection: The economics of lemons
585
Moral hazard
587
ECONOMICS*
■ :
Franchise Owners Try Harder
588
BUSINESS
«
The Agony of AIG
590
CASE
»
XVIII
(
(INII
NI .
part
10
Introduction to
Macroeconomics
► chapter
21
Macroeconomics:
The Big Picture
597
HOOVLRVILLES
5 97
The Nature of Macroeconomics 59a
Macroeconomic
questions
598
Macroeconomics: the whole is greater than the sum of
its parts
-98
Macroeconomics: theory and policy
599
ECONOMICS
>
Feeding Off Depression
600
The Business Cycle
бої
Charting the business cycle
602
The pain of recession
603
for inquiring MINOS: Defining Recessions and
Expansions
604
Taming the business cycle
605
International Business Cycles
605
ECONOMICS
>■
/m
7
Comparing Recessions
606
Long-Run Economic Growth
606
for inquiring MINDS: When Did Long-Run Growth
Start?
608
ECONOMICS
>
!
лС ІН
W
A Tale of Two Countries
608
Inflation and Deflation eo9
The causes of inflation and deflation
610
The pain of inflation and deflation
610
ECONOMICS >IN AC
//OWA
Fast (Food) Measure of
Inflation
611
Internationallmbalances
611
ECONOMICS >IN ACTION Baltic Balancing Act
612
business
·
What s Good for America is Good for
CAS£
General Motors
614
► chapter
22
GOP and
CPI:
Tracking the
Macroeconomy
........
.....e«
THE NEW
#2 619
The National Accounts
620
The circular-flow diagram, revisited and expanded
620
Gross domestic product
623
Calculating GDP
624
FOR INQUIRING MINDS: Gross What?
628
What GDP tells us
628
ECONOMICS
>
IN ACTION Creating the National
Accounts
629
Real GOP: A Measure of Aggregate Output
630
Calculating real GDP
630
What real GDP doesn t measure
631
GDP and the Meaning of Life
632
ECONOMICS
> :
·
¡
:
a Miracle in Venezuela?
633
Price Indexes and the Aggregate Price Level
634
Market baskets and price indexes
634
The consumer price index
635
Other price measures
636
ECONOMICS
> , ■>; /. (
>N Indexing to the
CPI
637
business
·
Getting a Jump on GDP
639
CASE
·
► chapter
23
Unemployment
and Inflation
.................645
A VERY BRITISH DILEMMA
645
The Unemployment Rate
646
Defining and measuring unemployment
646
The significance of the unemployment rate
647
Growth and unemployment
649
ECONOMICS
>
IN
Ai Ih W
Failure to Launch
651
The Natural Rate of Unemployment
652
Job creation and job destruction
652
Frictional unemployment
653
Structural unemployment
654
The natural rate of unemployment
656
;
■■■■-■■■. ■ ·
Unemployment Around the
OECD
657
Changes in the natural rate of unemployment
658
ECONOMICS >INAC
HON
Structural Unemployment in East
Germany
659
Inflation and Deflation
660
The level of prices
doesnì
matter
. . . 660
...
But the rate of change of prices does
661
Winners and losers from inflation
664
Inflation is easy; disinflation is hard
665
ECONOMICS
>■
IN AC I ION Israel s Experience with
Inflation
666
BUSINESS »A Monster Slump
667
CASE
·
part
11
Long-Run Economic Growth
► chapter
24
Long-Run
Economic Growth
.......
673
TALL TALES
673
Comparing Economies Across Time and Space
674
Real GDP per capita
674
Growth rates
676
ECONOMICS
>
IN ACTION India Takes Off
677
The Sources of Long-Run Growth
678
CONTENTS
XIX
The crucial importance of productivity
678
Explaining growth in productivity
679
Accounting for growth: The aggregate production
function
68Ö
What about natural resources?
683
ECONOMICS
>■■
The Information Technology
Paradox
684
Why Growth Rates Differ
685
Capital, technology, and growth differences
686
FOR INQUIRING MINDS: Inventing R&D
687
Old Europe and New
Technology
588
The role of government in promoting economic
growth
689
ECONOMICS
►
The Brazilian Breadbasket
690
Success, Disappointment, and Failure
691
East Asia s miracle
692
Latin America s disappointment
693
Africa s troubles
693
ECONOMICS
>
Are Economies Converging?
694
Is World Growth Sustainable?
696
Natural resources and growth, revisited
696
Economic growth and the environment
698
ECONOMICS* The Cost of Climate
Protection
700
•■.■í
ness
·
Big Box Boom
701
CASE
·
chapter
25
Savings, Investment
Spending, and the
Financial System
......... 707
FUNDS FOR FACEBOOK
707
Matching Up Savings and Investment
Spending
708
The savings-investment spending identity
708
America s Low Savings
712
FOR inquiring MINDS: Who Enforces the Accounting?
712
The market for loanable funds
713
FOR INQUIRING MINDS: Using Present Value
714
ECONOMICS
s-
Fifty Years of U.S. Interest
Rates
721
The Financial System
723
Three tasks of a financial system
723
Types of financial assets
725
Financial intermediaries
727
ECONOMICS
>
¡NACriON Banks and the South Korean
Miracle
729
Financial Fluctuations
730
The demand for stocks
730
FOR INQUIRING MINDS: How Now, Dow Jones?
730
The demand for other assets
731
Asset price expectations
732
FOR INQUIRING MINDS: Behavioral Finance
733
Asset prices and macroeconomics
734
ECONOMICS
>
The Great American Housing
Bubble
734
CHAPTER
25
APPENDIX
TOWaľd
Э
Understanding of
Present Value
.740
How to Calculate the Present Value of One-Year
Projects
740
How to Calculate the Present Value of Multiyear
Projects
740
How to Calculate the Present Value of Projects with
Revenues and Costs
741
part
12
Short-Run Economic
Fluctuations
► chapter
26
Income and
Expenditure
........... 743
FROM BOOM TO BUST
743
The Multiplier: An Informal Introduction
744
ECONOMICS
>
The Multiplier and the Great
Depression
746
Consumer Spending
747
Current disposable income and consumer spending
747
Shifts of the aggregate consumption function
750
ECONOMICS
>ΙΝΜΊΊΟΝ
Famous First Forecasting
Failures
752
Investment Spending
753
The interest rate and investment spending
754
Expected future real GDP, production capacity, and
investment spending
755
Inventories and unplanned investment spending
756
ECONOMICS
>
Interest Rates and the U.S.
Housing Boom
757
The Income-Expenditure Model
758
Planned aggregate spending and real GDP
759
Income-expenditure equilibrium
760
The multiplier process and inventory adjustment
763
ECONOMICS
> ■■ ■·
! i
-Ν
Inventories and the End of a
Recession
766
business
·
Makinq it Through in Muskegon
767
CASE
·
APPENDIX
Deriving the Multiplier
Algebraically
.........771
XX
CONTENTS
►
chapter
27 Aggregate
Demand and
Aggregate Supply
.......773
SHOCKS TO THE SYSTEM
773
Aggregate Demand
774
Why is the aggregate demand curve downward
sloping?
775
The aggregate demand curve and the income-
expenditure model
776
Shifts of the aggregate demand curve
778
Government policies and aggregate demand
780
ECONOMICS
>
N
і!
; ><
,<N Moving Along the Aggregate
Demand Curve,
1979-1980 781
Aggregate Supply
782
The short-run aggregate supply curve
782
FOR INQUIRING MINDS: What s Truly Flexible, What s Truly
Sticky 78S
Shifts of the short-run aggregate supply curve
785
The long-run aggregate supply curve
788
From the short run to the long run
790
ECONOMICS
> ;
Prices and Output During the Great
Depression
791
The
АО
-AS
Model
792
Short-run macroeconomic equilibrium
792
Shifts of aggregate demand: Short-run effects
793
Shifts of the SRAS curve
794
Supply Shocks of Twenty-first
Century
796
Long-run macroeconomic equilibrium
796
for inquiring minoS: Where s the Deflation?
798
ECONOMICS
>
IN ACTON Supply Shocks versus Demand
Shocks in Practice
799
Macroeconomic Policy
eoo
FOR INQUIRING MiNDS: Keynes and the Long Run
801
Policy in the face of demand shocks
801
Responding to supply shocks
802
ECONOMICS >tNACVON Is Stabilization Policy
Stabilizing?
803
business
·
United in Pain
804
CASE»
part
13
Stabilization Policy
►
chapter
28
Fiscal Policy
...... ............
воэ
TO STIMULATE OR NOT TO STIMULATE?
809
Fiscal Policy. The Basics
810
Taxes, purchases of goods and services, government
transfers, and borrowing
810
The government budget and total spending
812
Expansionary and contractionary fiscal policy
812
Can the government actually affect total spending
814
A cautionary note: lags in fiscal policy
815
ECONOMICS
>
IN ACTION What Was in the Recovery
Act?
816
Fiscal Policy and the Multiplier
817
Multiplier effects of an increase in government
purchases of goods and services
817
Multiplier effects of changes in government transfers
and taxes
818
How taxes affect the multiplier
819
ECONOMICS
>
¡N ACJION Multipliers and the
Obama
Stimulus
820
The Budget Balance
821
The budget balance as a measure of fiscal policy
822
The business cycle and the cyclically adjusted budget
balance
822
Should the budget be balanced?
825
ECONOMICS
>-. > · ,
Europe s Search for a Fiscal
Rule
825
Long-Run Implications of Fiscal Policy
826
Deficits, surpluses, and debt
827
■..■■■■■■■.
-.^
-Ы-
--■■í
The American Way of Debt
828
Problems posed by rising government debt
829
Deficits and debt in practice
830
for inquiring MINDS: What Happened to the Debt from
World War II?
831
Implicit liabilities
831
ECONOMICS >IN AC
ПО.
Austerity Dilemmas
833
business
·
Priming the Pumps
835
CASE
·
a K
CHAPTER
28
APPENDIX
ТЗХЄБ
3T)Ú
the Multiplier
.........840
►
chapter
29
Money, Banking,
and the Federal
Reserve System
...........
84з
FUNNY MONEY
843
The Meaning of Money
844
What is money?
844
Roles of money
845
t-i
пулі
í
( МИДйіЬОК:
The Big Moneys
845
Types of money
846
Measuring the money supply S47
FOR INQUIRING MINDS: What s with All the Currency?
848
ECONOMICS
>¡N
ACTION The History of the Dollar
849
The Monetary Role of Banks
850
What banks do
850
The problem of bank runs
851
Bank regulation
852
CONTENTS
XXI
ECONOMICS
>
Ifs a
Wonderful Banking
System
853
Determining the Money Supply
854
How banks create money
854
Reserves, bank deposits, and the money multiplier
856
The money multiplier in reality
857
ECONOMICS
>
Multiplying Money Down
858
The Federal Reserve System
859
The structure of the fed
859
What the fed does: Reserve requirements and the
discount rate
860
Open-market operations
861
for inquiring MINDS: Who Gets the Interest on the Fed s
Assets?
863
The European central bank
363
ECONOMICS
>
The Fed s Balance Sheet, Normal
and Abnormal
864
The Evolution of the American Banking
System
865
The crisis in American banking in the early twentieth
century
866
Responding to banking crises: The creation of the
Federal Reserve
867
The savings and loan crisis of the
1980s 868
Back to the future: The financial crisis of
2008 869
ECONOMICS
>
Regulation after the
2008
Crisis
872
usi
ness
»
The Perfect Gift: Cash or Gift Card?
873
CASE
«
chapter
30
Monetary Policy
......... 879
-ERSO/V OF THE YEAR
879
The Demand for Money
880
The opportunity cost of holding money
880
The money demand curve
882
Shifts of the money demand curve
883
ECONOMICS
►
A Yen for Cash
884
Money and Interest Rates
885
The equilibrium interest rate
885
Two models of interest rates?
886
Monetary policy and the interest rate
887
Long-term interest rates
888
ECONOMICS >;v
А
G
(Ж
The Fed Reverses Course
889
Monetary Policy and Aggregate Oemand
890
Expansionary and contractionary monetary
policy
890
Monetary policy in practice
891
The Taylor Rule Method of setting monetary policy
891
Inflation targeting S92
Inflation Targets
893
The zero lower bound problem
894
ECONOMICS >iu
ЛС
і
¡ON What the Fed Wants, the Fed
Gets
894
Money, Output, and Prices in the Long Run
895
Short-run and long-run effects of an increase in the
money supply
896
Monetary neutrality
897
Changes in the money supply and the interest rate in the
long run
897
ECONOMICS
>
ľT/O/v
International Evidence of Monetary
Neutrality
898
business
·
PIMCO Bets Cheap Money
900
case· K y
chapter
зо
appendix Reconciling
the Two Models
of the Interest
Rate
.............................
S04
The Interest Rate in the Short Run
904
The Interest Rate in the Long Run
905
► chapter
31
Inflation, Disinflation,
and Oeflation
.............. 907
BRINGING A SUITCASE TO THE BANK
907
Money and Inflation
908
The classical model of money and prices
908
The inflation tax
910
The logic of hyperinflation
911
ECONOMICS
>
v
-ION Zimbabwe s Inflation
913
Moderate Inflation and Disinflation
913
The output gap and the unemployment rate
914
FOR INQUIRING MINOS: Okun S Law
916
The short-run Phillips curve
916
FOR inquiring MINDS: The Aggregate Supply Curve and
the Short-Run Phillips Curve
Э18
Inflation expectations and the short-run Phillips
curve
919
ECONOMICS
> ■■■■■;
. / ;■·
Ж
From the Scary Seventies to the
Nifty Nineties
921
Inflation and Unemployment in the Long
Run
921
The long-run Phillips curve
922
The natural rate of unemployment, revisited
922
The costs of disinflation
923
Disinflation around the World
924
ECONOMICS
>
;V V:
/7:
)N The Great Disinflation of the
1980s 924
Deflation
926
XXii
CONI
I-NIS
Debt deflation
926
Effects of expected deflation
926
ECONOMICS The Deflation Scare of
2010 928
1
Licenses to Print Money
929
chapter
32
Crises and
Consequences
.......933
FROM PURVEYOR OF DRY GOODS TO DESTROYER OF
WO
RI DS
Banking: Benefits and Dangers
934
The trade-off between rate of return and liquidity
935
The purpose of banking
935
Shadow banks and the re-emergence of bank runs
936
ECONOMICS The Day the Lights Went Out at
Lehman
937
Banking Crises and Financial Panics
938
The logic of banking crises
3Ï8
Historical banking crises: The age of panics
939
Modern banking crises
940
ECONOMICS
·
Erin Go Broke
94*
The Consequences of Banking Crises
942
Banking crises, recessions, and recovery
942
Why are banking-crisis recessions so bad?
943
Governments step in
9*ї*5
ECONOMICS
·
Banks and the Great
Depression
946
The
2008
Crisis and Its Aftermath
947
Severe crisis, slow recovery
Э47
Aftershocks in Europe
949
The stimulus-austerity debate 9SO
The lesson of the post-crisis slump
951
ECONOMICS
>> /
-/Austerity Britain
951
Regulation in the Wake of the Crisis
951
ECONOMICS
>
IN ACTION Bent Breaks the Buck
953
part
14
Events and Ideas
► chapter
33
Macroeconomics:
Events and Ideas
,.,....957
A TALE OF TWO SLUMPS
95?
Classical Macroeconomics
958
Money and the price level
958
The business cycle
958
ECONOMICS >IN AC
TION
When Did the Business Cycle
Begin?
958
The Great Depression and the Keynesian
Revolution
Э5Э
Keynes s theory
960
for inquiring minds: The Politics of Keynes
961
Policy to fight recessions
962
ECONOMICS
►
The End of the Great
Depression
962
Challenges to Keynesian Economics
963
The revival of monetary policy
963
Monetarism
964
Inflation and the natural rate of unemployment
966
The political business cycle
967
ECONOMICS
>
The
Feďs
Flirtation with
Monetarism
968
Rational Expectations, Real Business Cycles,
and New Classical Macroeconomics
968
Rational expectations
969
Real business cycles
970
FOR INQUIRING MINDS: Supply-Side Economics
970
ECONOMICS
> ■
Total Factor Productivity and the
Business Cycle
971
Consensus and Conflict in Modern
Macroeconomics
972
Question
1:
Is expansionary monetary policy helpful in
fighting recessions?
972
Question
2;
Is expansionary fiscal policy effective in
fighting recessions?
973
Question
3:
Can monetary and/or fiscal policy reduce
unemployment in the long run?
973
Question
4:
Should fiscal policy be used in a
discretionary way?
973
Question
5:
Should monetary policy be used in a
discretionary way?
974
Crises and Aftermath
976
ECONOMICS
►;, /.-,
;;U, An Irish Role Model?
976
part
15
The Open Economy
►
chapter
34
Open-Economy
Macroeconomics
.......
...98i
SWITZERLAND DOESN T WANT YOUR MONEY
981
Capital Flows and the Balance of Payments
982
Balance of payments accounts
982
FOR INQUIRING MINDS: GDP, GNP, and the Current
Account
985
Modeling the financial account
986
Big Surpluses
987
Underlying determinants of international capital
flows
989
FOR INQUIRING MINDS: A Global Savings Glut?
990
Two-way capital flows
990
CONTENTS
xxiii
ECONOMICS
>¡NA
C TION
The Golden Age of Capital
Flows
991
The Role of the Exchange Rate
992
Understanding exchange rates
992
The equilibrium exchange rate
993
Inflation and real exchange rates
996
Purchasing power parity
998
FOR INQUIRING MINDS: Burgemomics
998
ECONOMICS
>
IN ACTION Low-Cost America
999
Exchange Rate Policy
1000
Exchange rate regimes
1001
How can an exchange rate be held fixed?
1001
The exchange rate regime dilemma
1003
for INQUIRING MINDS: From
Bretton
Woods to the
Euro 1O04
ECONOMICS
>
INACTION China Pegs the Yuan
1005
Exchange Rates and Macroeconomic
Policy loos
1.
Devaluation and revaluation of fixed exchange
rates
1006
2.
Monetary policy under floating exchange rates
1006
3.
International business cycles
1008
ECONOMICS
>
IN ACTION The Joy of a Devalued
Pound
1008
BUSINESS
·
War of the Earthmovers
1010
CASE·
Macroeconomic Data Tables m-i
Solutions to Check Your Understanding
Questions s-1
Glossary
G-i
Index
1-і
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Krugman, Paul R. 1953- Wells, Robin |
| author_GND | (DE-588)121368033 |
| author_facet | Krugman, Paul R. 1953- Wells, Robin |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Krugman, Paul R. 1953- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041394277 |
| callnumber-first | H - Social Science |
| callnumber-label | HB171 |
| callnumber-raw | HB171.5 |
| callnumber-search | HB171.5 |
| callnumber-sort | HB 3171.5 |
| callnumber-subject | HB - Economic Theory and Demography |
| classification_rvk | QC 072 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)862858295 (DE-599)BVBBV041394277 |
| dewey-full | 330 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 330 - Economics |
| dewey-raw | 330 |
| dewey-search | 330 |
| dewey-sort | 3330 |
| dewey-tens | 330 - Economics |
| discipline | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| edition | 3. ed., international ed. |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Einführung |
| id | DE-604.BV041394277 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-09-27T16:26:41Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781464128738 1464128731 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026841985 |
| oclc_num | 862858295 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-1043 DE-522 |
| owner_facet | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-1043 DE-522 |
| physical | Getr. Zählung Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Worth [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Krugman, Paul R. 1953- Wells, Robin Economics Theorie stw USA stw Wirtschaftstheorie stw Wirtschaft Economics Volkswirtschaftslehre (DE-588)4078943-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4078943-3 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
| title | Economics |
| title_auth | Economics |
| title_exact_search | Economics |
| title_full | Economics Paul Krugman ; Robin Wells |
| title_fullStr | Economics Paul Krugman ; Robin Wells |
| title_full_unstemmed | Economics Paul Krugman ; Robin Wells |
| title_short | Economics |
| title_sort | economics |
| topic | Theorie stw USA stw Wirtschaftstheorie stw Wirtschaft Economics Volkswirtschaftslehre (DE-588)4078943-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Theorie USA Wirtschaftstheorie Wirtschaft Economics Volkswirtschaftslehre Einführung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026841985&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT krugmanpaulr economics AT wellsrobin economics |