Becker's world of the cell
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Benjamin Cummings [u.a.]
2012
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804150531443130368 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | BECKER S
World of the Ce
EIGHTHEDITION
JEFF HARDIN
University of Wisconsin-Madison
GREGORY BERTONI
The Plant Cell
LEWIS J KLEINSMITH
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Benjamin Cummings
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto
Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
BRIEF CONTENTS
About the Authors m
Preface v
Acknowledgments x
Detailed Contents xv
A Preview of the Cell 1
The Chemistry of the Cell is
The Macromolecules of the Cell -//
Cells and Organelles 75
Bioenergetics: The Flow of Energy
in the Cell 106
Enzymes: The Catalysts of Life 129
Membranes: Their Structure, Function,
and Chemistry 156
Transport Across Membranes:
Overcoming the Permeability Barrier 194
Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism:
Glycolysis and Fermentation 224
Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism:
Aerobic Respiration 252
Phototrophic Energy Metabolism:
Photosynthesis 293
The Endomembrane System and
Peroxisomes 324
Signal Transduction Mechanisms:
I Electrical and Synaptic Signaling in
Neurons 365
j}4 Signal Transduction Mechanisms:
II Messengers and Receptors 392
Cytoskeletal Systems 422
Cellular Movement: Motility and
Contractility 449
Beyond the Cell: Cell Adhesions, Cell
Junctions, and Extracellular Structures 477
The Structural Basis of Cellular
Information: DNA, Chromosomes, and
the Nucleus 505
The Cell Cycle, DNA Replication,
and Mitosis 549
Sexual Reproduction, Meiosis, and Genetic
Recombination 600
Gene Expression: I The Genetic Code and
Transcription 645
Gene Expression: II Protein Synthesis and
Sorting 679
The Regulation of Gene Expression 710
Cancer Cells 75a
Visualizing Cells and Molecules A-i
Glossary G-i
Photo, Illustration, and Text Credits C-i
Index 1-1
xiv
DETAILED CONTENTS
About the Authors m
Preface v
Acknowledgments x
A Preview of the Cell
The Cell Theory: A Brief History 1
The Emergence of Modern Cell Biology 3
The Cytological Strand Deals with Cellular Structure 4
The Biochemical Strand Covers the Chemistry of Biological
Structure and Function 8
The Genetic Strand Focuses on Information Flow 9
Facts and the Scientific Method n
Summary of Key Points 14
Making Connections (5
Problem Set 15
Suggested Reading 17
3 O£T1 Tools of Discovery: Units of Measurement in Cell Biology 2
I B£S3 0(3 I Tools of Discovery: Model Organisms in Cell Biology Research 12
The Chemistry of the Cell 18
The Importance of Carbon 18
Carbon-Containing Molecules Are Stable 19
Carbon-Containing Molecules Are Diverse 20
Carbon-Containing Molecules Can Form Stereoisomers 21
The Importance ofWater 22
Water Molecules Are Polar 23
Water Molecules Are Cohesive 23
Water Has a High Temperature-Stabilizing Capacity 23
Water Is an Excellent Solvent 24
The Importance of Selectively Permeable
Membranes 25
A Membrane Is a Lipid Bilayer with Proteins Embedded in It 26
Membranes Are Selectively Permeable 27
The Importance of Synthesis by Polymerization 27
Macromolecules Are Responsible for Most of the Form and
Function in Living Systems 27
Cells Contain Three Different Kinds of Macromolecules 29
Macromolecules Are Synthesized by Stepwise Polymerization of
Monomers 30
The Importance of Self-Assembly 32
Many Proteins Self-Assemble 32
Molecular Chaperones Assist the Assembly of Some
Proteins 32
Noncovalent Bonds and Interactions Are Important in the
Folding of Macromolecules 34
Self-Assembly Also Occurs in Other Cellular Structures 35
The Tobacco Mosaic Virus Is a Case Study in Self-Assembly 35
Self-Assembly Has Limits 36
Hierarchical Assembly Provides Advantages for the Cell 36
Summary of Key Points 38
Making Connections 39
Problem Set 39
Suggested Reading 40
Deeper Insights: Tempus Fugit and the
Fine Art ofWatchmaking 37
The Macromolecules of the Cell 41
Proteins 41
The Monomers Are Amino Acids 41
The Polymers Are Polypeptides and Proteins 44
Several Kinds of Bonds and Interactions Are Important in
Protein Folding and Stability 44
Protein Structure Depends on Amino Acid Sequence and
Interactions 47
Nucleic Acids 54
The Monomers Are Nucleotides 54
The Polymers Are DNA and RNA 57
A DNA Molecule Is a Double-Stranded Helix 59
Polysaccharides 60
The Monomers Are Monosaccharides 61
The Polymers Are Storage and Structural Polysaccharides 63
Polysaccharide Structure Depends on the Kinds of Glycosidic
Bonds Involved 65
Lipids 65
Fatty Acids Are the Building Blocks of Several Classes of
Lipids 68
Triacylglycerols Are Storage Lipids 68
Phospholipids Are Important in Membrane Structure 69
Glycolipids Are Specialized Membrane Components 70
Steroids Are Lipids with a Variety of Functions 70
Terpenes Are Formed from Isoprene 70
Summary of Key Points 71
Making Connections 72
Problem Set 72
Suggested Reading 74
I Deeper Insights: On the Trail of the Double Helix 60
Cells and Organelles 75
Properties and Strategies of Cells 75
All Organisms Are Bacteria, Archaea, or Eukaryotes 75
Limitations on Cell Size 76
Eukaryotic Cells Use Organelles to Compartmentalize Cellular
Function 78
Detailed Contents xv
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes Differ from Each Other in
Many Ways 78
Cell Specialization Demonstrates the Unity and Diversity
of Biology 81
The Eukaryotic Cell in Overview:
Pictures at an Exhibition 82
The Plasma Membrane Defines Cell Boundaries and Retains
Contents 82
The Nucleus Is the Information Center of the Eukaryotic Cell 83
Intracellular Membranes and Organelles Define
Compartments 84
The Cytoplasm of Eukaryotic Cells Contains the Cytosol
and Cytoskeleton 95
The Extracellular Matrix and the Cell Wall Are Outside
the Cell 98
Viruses,Viroids, and Prions:
Agents That Invade Cells 99
A Virus Consists of a DNA or RNA Core Surrounded
by a Protein Coat 99
Viroids Are Small, Circular RNA Molecules 101
Prions Are Proteinaceous Infective Particles 101
Summary of Key Points 102
Making Connections 103
Problem Set 103
Suggested Reading 104
: K, A Human Applications: Organelles and Human Diseases 86
Deeper Insights: Discovering Organelles:The Importance
of Centrifuges and Chance Observations 92
I, i**»-V,j
Bioenergetics: The Flow of Energy
in the Cell we
The Importance of Energy 106
Cells Need Energy to Drive Six Different Kinds of Changes 106
Organisms Obtain Energy Either from Sunlight or from the
Oxidation of Chemical Compounds 108
Energy Flows Through the Biosphere Continuously 109
The Flow of Energy Through the Biosphere Is Accompanied by
a Flow of Matter 110
Bioenergetics 111
To Understand Energy Flow, We Need to Understand Systems,
Heat, and Work 111
The First Law of Thermodynamics Tells Us That Energy Is
Conserved 112
The Second Law of Thermodynamics Tells Us That Reactions
Have Directionality 113
Entropy and Free Energy Are Two Alternative Means of
Assessing Thermodynamic Spontaneity 114
Understanding AG 119
The Equilibrium Constant Is a Measure of Directionality 119
AG Can Be Calculated Readily 120
The Standard Free Energy Change Is AG Measured Under
Standard Conditions 121
Summing Up: The Meaning of AG and AG° 122
Free Energy Change: Sample Calculations 123
Life and the Steady State:
Reactions That Move Toward Equilibrium
Without Ever Getting There 124
Summary of Key Points 124
Making Connections 125
Problem Set 125
Suggested Reading 128
I Deeper Insights: Jumping Beans and Free Energy 116
Enzymes: The Catalysts of Life 129
Activation Energy and the Metastable State 129
Before a Chemical Reaction Can Occur, the Activation Energy
Barrier Must Be Overcome 130
The Metastable State Is a Result of the Activation Barrier 130
Catalysts Overcome the Activation Energy Barrier 131
Enzymes as Biological Catalysts 131
Most Enzymes Are Proteins 132
Substrate Binding, Activation, and Catalysis Occur at
the Active Site 136
Enzyme Kinetics 138
Most Enzymes Display Michaelis-Menten Kinetics 139
What Is the Meaning of Vmax and JCm? 141
Why Are Km and Vmax Important to Cell Biologists? 141
The Double-Reciprocal Plot Is a Useful Means of Linearizing
Kinetic Data 142
Determining Km and Vmax: An Example 143
Enzyme Inhibitors Act Either Irreversibly or Reversibly 144
Enzyme Regulation 146
Allosteric Enzymes Are Regulated by Molecules Other than
Reactants and Products 146
Allosteric Enzymes Exhibit Cooperative Interactions
Between Subunits 148
Enzymes Can Also Be Regulated by the Addition or Removal
of Chemical Groups 148
RNA Molecules as Enzymes: Ribozymes 150
Summary of Key Points 151
Making Connections 152
Problem Set 152
Suggested Reading iss
I Deeper Insights: Monkeys and Peanuts 140
xvi Detailed Contents
Membranes: Their Structure,
Function, and Chemistry 156
The Functions of Membranes 156
Membranes Define Boundaries and Serve as Permeability
Barriers 156
Membranes Are Sites of Specific Proteins and Therefore of
Specific Functions 156
Membrane Proteins Regulate the Transport of Solutes 157
Membrane Proteins Detect and Transmit Electrical and
Chemical Signals 158 ,
Membrane Proteins Mediate Cell Adhesion and Cell-to-Cell
Communication 158
Models of Membrane Structure: An Experimental
Perspective 158
Overton and Langmuir: Lipids Are Important Components of
Membranes 159
Gorter and Grendel: The Basis of Membrane Structure Is a Lipid
Bilayer 159
Davson and Danielli: Membranes Also Contain Proteins 160
Robertson: All Membranes Share a Common Underlying
Structure 160
Further Research Revealed Major Shortcomings of the
Davson-Danielli Model 260
Singer and Nicolson: A Membrane Consists of a Mosaic of
Proteins in a Fluid Lipid Bilayer 161
Unwin and Henderson: Most Membrane Proteins Contain
Transmembrane Segments 163
Recent Findings Further Refine Our Understanding of
Membrane Structure 163
Membrane Lipids: The Fluid
Part of the Model 163
Membranes Contain Several Major Classes of Lipids 163
Thin-Layer Chromatography Is an Important Technique for
Lipid Analysis 166
Fatty Acids Are Essential to Membrane Structure and
Function 167
Membrane Asymmetry: Most Lipids Are Distributed Unequally
Between the Two Monolayers 167
The Lipid Bilayer Is Fluid 169
Membranes Function Properly Only in the Fluid State 169
Most Organisms Can Regulate Membrane Fluidity 172
Lipid Rafts Are Localized Regions of Membrane Lipids That Are
Involved in Cell Signaling 173
Membrane Proteins: The Mosaic
Part of the Model m
The Membrane Consists of a Mosaic of Proteins: Evidence from
Freeze-Fracture Microscopy 174
Membranes Contain Integral, Peripheral, and Lipid-Anchored
Proteins 175
Proteins Can Be Separated by SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel
Electrophoresis 178
Determining the Three-Dimensional Structure of Membrane
Proteins Is Becoming More Feasible 180
Molecular Biology Has Contributed Greatly to Our
Understanding of Membrane Proteins 181
Membrane Proteins Have a Variety of Functions 181
Membrane Proteins Are Oriented Asymmetrically Across the
Lipid Bilayer 184
Many Membrane Proteins Are Glycosylated 185
Membrane Proteins Vary in Their Mobility 187
Summary of Key Points 189
Making Connections 190
Problem Set 190
Suggested Reading 193
I G3g£3 ?7 S I Tools of Discovery: Revolutionizing the Study of
Membrane Proteins: The Impact of Molecular Biology 182
Transport Across Membranes:
Overcoming the Permeability
Barrier 194
Cells and Transport Processes 194
Solutes Cross Membranes by Simple Diffusion, Facilitated
Diffusion, and Active Transport 194
The Movement of a Solute Across a Membrane Is Determined
by Its Concentration Gradient or Its Electrochemical
Potential 196
The Erythrocyte Plasma Membrane Provides Examples of
Transport Mechanisms 196
Simple Diffusion: Unassisted Movement
Down the Gradient 197
Diffusion Always Moves Solutes Toward Equilibrium 197
Osmosis Is the Diffusion of Water Across a Selectively
Permeable Membrane 198
Simple Diffusion Is Limited to Small, Nonpolar Molecules 199
The Rate of Simple Diffusion Is Directly Proportional to the
Concentration Gradient 201
Facilitated Diffusion: Protein-Mediated
Movement Down the Gradient 201
Carrier Proteins and Channel Proteins Facilitate Diffusion by
Different Mechanisms 202
Carrier Proteins Alternate Between Two Conformational
States 202
Carrier Proteins Are Analogous to Enzymes in Their Specificity
and Kinetics 202
Carrier Proteins Transport Either One or Two Solutes 203
The Erythrocyte Glucose Transporter and Anion Exchange
Protein Are Examples of Carrier Proteins 203
Channel Proteins Facilitate Diffusion by Forming Hydrophilic
Transmembrane Channels 205
Active Transport: Protein-Mediated Movement
Up the Gradient 20s
The Coupling of Active Transport to an Energy Source May Be
Direct or Indirect 209
Direct Active Transport Depends on Four Types of Transport
ATPases 209
Indirect Active Transport Is Driven by Ion Gradients 212
Examples of Active Transport 212
Direct Active Transport: The Na^ VK4 Pump Maintains
Electrochemical Ion Gradients 213
Indirect Active Transport: Sodium Symport Drives the Uptake
of Glucose 213
The Bacteriorhodopsin Proton Pump Uses Light Energy to
Transport Protons 215
Detailed Contents xvii
The Energetics of Transport 216
For Uncharged Solutes, the AG of Transport Depends Only on
the Concentration Gradient 216
For Charged Solutes, the AG of Transport Depends on the
Electrochemical Potential 218
Summary of Key Points 219
Making Connections 220
Problem Set 221
Suggested Reading 223
3 3 Deeper Insights: Osmosis: The Diffusion of Water Across
a Selectively Permeable Membrane 200
Human Applications: Membrane Transport, Cystic Fibrosis,
and the Prospects for Gene Therapy 206
Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism:
Glycolysis and Fermentation 224
Metabolic Pathways 224
ATP: The Universal Energy Coupler 225
ATP Contains Two Energy-Rich Phosphoanhydride Bonds 225
ATP Hydrolysis Is Highly Exergonic Because of Charge
Repulsion and Resonance Stabilization 226
ATP Is an Important Intermediate in Cellular Energy
Metabolism 227
Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism 229
Biological Oxidations Usually Involve the Removal of Both
Electrons and Protons and Are Highly Exergonic 229
Coenzymes Such as NAD+ Serve as Electron Acceptors in
Biological Oxidations 230
Most Chemotrophs Meet Their Energy Needs by Oxidizing
Organic Food Molecules 230
Glucose Is One of the Most Important Oxidizable Substrates in
Energy Metabolism 231
The Oxidation of Glucose Is Highly Exergonic 231
Glucose Catabolism Yields Much More Energy in the Presence
of Oxygen than in Its Absence 231
Based on Their Need for Oxygen, Organisms Are Aerobic,
Anaerobic, or Facultative 231
Glycolysis and Fermentation: ATP Generation
Without the Involvement of Oxygen 232
Glycolysis Generates ATP by Catabolizing Glucose to Pyruvate 232
The Fate of Pyruvate Depends on Whether Oxygen Is
Available 235
In the Absence of Oxygen, Pyruvate Undergoes Fermentation to
Regenerate NAD+ 236
Fermentation Taps Only a Fraction of the Substrate s Free
» Energy but Conserves That Energy Efficiently as ATP 237
Alternative Substrates for Glycolysis 238
Other Sugars and Glycerol Are Also Catabolized by the
Glycolytic Pathway 238
Polysaccharides Are Cleaved to Form Sugar Phosphates That
Also Enter the Glycolytic Pathway 238
Gluconeogenesis 239
The Regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis 241
Key Enzymes in the Glycolytic and Gluconeogenic Pathways
Are Subject to Allosteric Regulation 241
Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphate Is an Important Regulator of
Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis 245
Novel Roles for Glycolytic Enzymes 245
Summary of Key Points 247
Making Connections 248
Problem Set 248
Suggested Reading 252
I Deeper Insights: What Happens to the Sugar? 242
Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism:
Aerobic Respiration 252
Cellular Respiration: Maximizing ATP Yields 252
Aerobic Respiration Yields Much More Energy than
Fermentation Does 252
Respiration Includes Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, the TCA
Cycle, Electron Transport, and ATP Synthesis 254
The Mitochondrion: Where the Action
Takes Place 254
Mitochondria Are Often Present Where the ATP Needs Are
Greatest 254
Are Mitochondria Interconnected Networks Rather than
Discrete Organelles? 255
The Outer and Inner Membranes Define Two Separate
Compartments and Three Regions 255
Mitochondrial Functions Occur in or on Specific Membranes
and Compartments 257
In Bacteria, Respiratory Functions Are Localized to the Plasma
Membrane and the Cytoplasm 257
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle: Oxidation in
the Round 258
Pyruvate Is Converted to Acetyl Coenzyme A by Oxidative
Decarboxylation 259
The TCA Cycle Begins with the Entry of Acetate as Acetyl CoA 259
Two Oxidative Decarboxylations Then Form NADH and
Release CO2 260
Direct Generation of GTP (or ATP) Occurs at One Step in the
TCA Cycle 260
The Final Oxidative Reactions of the TCA Cycle Generate
FADH2 and NADH 260
Summing Up: The Products of the TCA Cycle Are CO2, ATP,
NADH, and FADH2 262
Several TCA Cycle Enzymes Are Subject to Allosteric
Regulation 263
The TCA Cycle Also Plays a Central Role in the Catabolism of
Fats and Proteins 263
The TCA Cycle Serves as a Source of Precursors for Anabolic
Pathways 266
The Glyoxylate Cycle Converts Acetyl CoA to Carbohydrates 267
Electron Transport: Electron Flow from Coenzymes
to Oxygen 267
The Electron Transport System Conveys Electrons from
Reduced Coenzymes to Oxygen 267
The Electron Transport System Consists of Five Kinds of
Carriers 270
The Electron Carriers Function in a Sequence Determined by
Their Reduction Potentials 271
Most of the Carriers Are Organized into Four Large Respiratory
Complexes 274
The Respiratory Complexes Move Freely Within the Inner
Membrane 275
xviii Detailed Contents
The Electrochemical Proton Gradient:
Key to Energy Coupling 276
Electron Transport and ATP Synthesis Are Coupled
Events 276
Coenzyme Oxidation Pumps Enough Protons to Form 3 ATP
per NADH and 2 ATP per FADH2 277
The Chemiosmotic Model Is Affirmed by an Impressive Array
of Evidence 277
ATP Synthesis: Putting It All Together 279
Fj Particles Have ATP Synthase Activity 279
The FQFJ Complex: Proton Translocation Through Fo Drives
ATP Synthesis by F; 280
ATP Synthesis by FQFJ Involves Physical Rotation of the Gamma
Subunit 282
The Chemiosmotic Model Involves Dynamic Transmembrane
Proton Traffic 284
Aerobic Respiration: Summing It All Up 284
The Maximum ATP Yield of Aerobic Respiration Is 38 ATPs per
Glucose 284
Aerobic Respiration Is a Highly Efficient Process 287
Summary of Key Points 288
Making Connections 289
Problem Set 289
Suggested Reading 292
Deeper Insights: The Glyoxylate Cycle, Glyoxysomes,
and Seed Germination 268
Phototrophic Energy Metabolism:
Photosynthesis 293
An Overview of Photosynthesis 293
The Energy Transduction Reactions Convert Solar Energy to
Chemical Energy 293
The Carbon Assimilation Reactions Fix Carbon by Reducing
Carbon Dioxide 295
The Chloroplast Is the Photosynthetic Organelle in Eukaryotic
Cells 295
Chloroplasts Are Composed of Three Membrane
Systems 295
Photosynthetic Energy Transduction I:
Light Harvesting 297
Chlorophyll Is Life s Primary Link to Sunlight 298
Accessory Pigments Further Expand Access to
Solar Energy 300
Light-Gathering Molecules Are Organized into Photosystems
and Light-Harvesting Complexes 300
Oxygenic Phototrophs Have Two Types of Photosystems 301
Photosynthetic Energy Transduction II:
NADPH Synthesis 302
Photosystem II Transfers Electrons from Water to a
Plastoquinone 303
The Cytochrome b6/f Complex Transfers Electrons from a
Plastoquinol to Plastocyanin 305
Photosystem I Transfers Electrons from Plastocyanin to
Ferredoxin 306
Ferredoxin-NADP+ Reductase Catalyzes the Reduction of
NADP+ 306
Photosynthetic Energy Transduction III:
ATP Synthesis 307
The ATP Synthase Complex Couples Transport of Protons
Across the Thylakoid Membrane to ATP Synthesis 307
Cyclic Photophosphorylation Allows a Photosynthetic Cell to
Balance NADPH and ATP Synthesis 308
A Summary of the Complete Energy Transduction System 308
Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation I:
The Calvin Cycle 309
Carbon Dioxide Enters the Calvin Cycle by Carboxylation of
Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate 309
3-Phosphoglycerate Is Reduced to Form Glyceraldehyde-
3-Phosphate 311
Regeneration of Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Allows Continuous
Carbon Assimilation 311
The Complete Calvin Cycle and Its Relation to Photosynthetic
Energy Transduction 3JJ
Regulation of the Calvin Cycle 312
The Calvin Cycle Is Highly Regulated to Ensure Maximum
Efficiency 312
Rubisco Activase Regulates Carbon Fixation by Rubisco 313
Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation II:
Carbohydrate Synthesis 313
Glucose-1-Phosphate Is Synthesized from Triose Phosphates 313
The Biosynthesis of Sucrose Occurs in the Cytosol 314
The Biosynthesis of Starch Occurs in the Chloroplast Stroma 315
Photosynthesis Also Produces Reduced Nitrogen and Sulfur
Compounds 315
Rubisco s Oxygenase Activity Decreases
Photosynthetic Efficiency 315
The Glycolate Pathway Returns Reduced Carbon from
Phosphoglycolate to the Calvin Cycle 316
C4 Plants Minimize Photorespiration by Confining Rubisco to
Cells Containing High Concentrations of CO2 317
CAM Plants Minimize Photorespiration and Water Loss by
Opening Their Stomata Only at Night 320
Summary of Key Points 320
Making Connections 321
Problem Set 322
Detailed Contents xix
Suggested Reading 323
3 Deeper Insights: The EndosymbiontTheory and the Evolution
of Mitochondria and Chlorophsts from Ancient Bacteria 298
3 Deeper Insights: A Photosynthetic Reaction Center
from a Purple Bacterium 302
The Endomembrane System
and Peroxisomes 324
The Endoplasmic Reticulum 324
The Two Basic Kinds of Endoplasmic Reticulum Differ in
Structure and Function 325
Rough ER Is Involved in the Biosynthesis and Processing of
Proteins 326
Smooth ER Is Involved in Drug Detoxification, Carbohydrate
Metabolism, Calcium Storage, and Steroid Biosynthesis 330
The ER Plays a Central Role in the Biosynthesis of Membranes 331
The Golgi Complex 332
The Golgi Complex Consists of a Series of Membrane-Bounded
Cisternae 332
Two Models Depict the Flow of Lipids and Proteins Through
the Golgi Complex 333
Roles of the ER and Golgi Complex in Protein
Glycosylation 334
Initial Glycosylation Occurs in the ER 334
Further Glycosylation Occurs in the Golgi Complex 335
Roles of the ER and Golgi Complex in Protein
Trafficking 335
ER-Specific Proteins Contain Retention and Retrieval Tags 337
Golgi Complex Proteins May Be Sorted According to the
Lengths of Their Membrane-Spanning Domains 338
Targeting of Soluble Lysosomal Proteins to Endosomes and
Lysosomes Is a Model for Protein Sorting in the TGN 338
Secretory Pathways Transport Molecules to the Exterior of the
Cell 339
Exocytosis and Endocytosis: Transporting Material
Across the Plasma Membrane 341
Exocytosis Releases Intracellular Molecules Outside the
Cell 341
Endocytosis Imports Extracellular Molecules by Forming
Vesicles from the Plasma Membrane 342
Coated Vesicles in Cellular Transport Processes 348
Clathrin-Coated Vesicles Are Surrounded by Lattices
Composed of Clathrin and Adaptor Protein 348
The Assembly of Clathrin Coats Drives the Formation of
Vesicles from the Plasma Membrane and TGN 349
COPI- and COPII-Coated Vesicles Travel Between the ER and
Golgi Complex Cisternae 350
SNARE Proteins Mediate Fusion Between Vesicles and Target
Membranes 350
Lysosomes and Cellular Digestion 352
Lysosomes Isolate Digestive Enzymes from the Rest of the
Cell 352
Lysosomes Develop from Endosomes 353
Lysosomal Enzymes Are Important for Several Different
Digestive Processes 353
Lysosomal Storage Diseases Are Usually Characterized by the
Accumulation of Indigestible Material 355
The Plant Vacuole: A Multifunctional Organelle 355
Peroxisomes 356
The Discovery of Peroxisomes Depended on Innovations in
Equilibrium Density Centrifugation 356
Most Peroxisomal Functions Are Linked to Hydrogen Peroxide
Metabolism 357
Plant Cells Contain Types of Peroxisomes Not Found in Animal
Cells 358
Peroxisome Biogenesis Occurs by Division of Preexisting
Peroxisomes 359
Summary of Key Points 360
Making Connections 362
Problem Set 362
Suggested Reading 364
ICDC563 08Z51 Tools of Discovery: Centrifugation: An Indispensable Technique
of Cell Biology 327
;i V;- : T -I Human Applications: Cholesterol, the LDL Receptor,
and Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis 346
Signal Transduction Mechanisms:
I Electrical and Synaptic Signaling in
Neurons 365
Neurons 365
Neurons Are Specially Adapted for the Transmission of
Electrical Signals 366
Understanding Membrane Potential 367
The Resting Membrane Potential Depends on Differing
Concentrations of Ions Inside and Outside the Neuron and
on the Selective Permeability of the Membrane 368
The Nernst Equation Describes the Relationship Between
Membrane Potential and Ion Concentration 369
Steady-State Concentrations of Common Ions Affect Resting
Membrane Potential 370
The Goldman Equation Describes the Combined Effects of Ions
on Membrane Potential 370
Electrical Excitability 372
Ion Channels Act Like Gates for the Movement of Ions Through
the Membrane 372
Patch Clamping and Molecular Biological Techniques Allow the
Activity of Single Ion Channels to Be Monitored 372
Specific Domains of Voltage-Gated Channels Act as Sensors and
Inactivators 373
The Action Potential 375
Action Potentials Propagate Electrical Signals Along an Axon 375
Action Potentials Involve Rapid Changes in the Membrane
Potential of the Axon 375
Action Potentials Result from the Rapid Movement of Ions
Through Axonal Membrane Channels 377
Action Potentials Are Propagated Along the Axon Without
Losing Strength 378
The Myelin Sheath Acts Like an Electrical Insulator
Surrounding the Axon 379
Synaptic Transmission 380
Neurotransmitters Relay Signals Across Nerve Synapses 381
Elevated Calcium Levels Stimulate Secretion of
Neurotransmitters from Presynaptic Neurons 384
xx Detailed Contents
Secretion of Neurotransmitters Involves the Docking and
Fusion of Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane 385
Neurotransmitters Are Detected by Specific Receptors on
Postsynaptic Neurons 386
Neurotransmitters Must Be Inactivated Shortly After Their
Release 387
Integration and Processing of Nerve Signals 388
Neurons Can Integrate Signals from Other Neurons Through
Both Temporal and Spatial Summation 388
Neurons Can Integrate Both Excitatory and Inhibitory Signals
from Other Neurons 388
Summary of Key Points 389
Making Connections 389
Problem Set 390
Suggested Reading 391
•LJi amp;sJX j)J Human Applications: Poisoned Arrows, Snake Bites,
and Nerve Gases 387
Signal Transduction Mechanisms:
II Messengers and Receptors 392
Chemical Signals and Cellular Receptors 392
Different Types of Chemical Signals Can Be Received by
Cells 392
Receptor Binding Involves Specific Interactions Between
Ligands and Their Receptors 393
Receptor Binding Activates a Sequence of Signal Transduction
Events Within the Cell 394
G Protein-Linked Receptors 396
Many Seven-Membrane Spanning Receptors Act via
G Proteins 396
Cyclic AMP Is a Second Messenger Whose Production Is
Regulated by Some G Proteins 398
Disruption of G Protein Signaling Causes Several Human
Diseases 399
Many G Proteins Use Inositol Trisphosphate and Diacylglycerol
as Second Messengers 402
The Release of Calcium Ions Is a Key Event in Many Signaling
Processes 402
The /3y Subunits of G Proteins Can Also Transduce Signals 405
Other Signaling Pathways Can Activate G Proteins 405
Protein Kinase-Associated Receptors 406
Growth Factors Often Bind Protein Kinase-Associated
Receptors 407
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Aggregate and Undergo
Autophosphorylation 407
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Initiate a Signal Transduction
Cascade Involving Ras and MAP Kinase 408
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Activate a Variety of Other Signaling
Pathways 409
Scaffolding Complexes Can Facilitate Cell Signaling 410
Dominant Negative Mutant Receptors Are Important Tools for
Studying Receptor Function 411
Other Growth Factors Transduce Their Signals via Receptor
Serine-Threonine Kinases 413
Disruption of Growth Factor Signaling Can Lead
to Cancer 413
Growth Factor Receptor Pathways Share Common
Themes 424
Hormonal Signaling 414
Hormones Can Be Classified by the Distance They Travel and
by Their Chemical Properties 415
Control of Glucose Metabolism Is a Good Example of
Endocrine Regulation 415
Steroid Hormone Receptors Act Primarily in the Nucleus, not
the Cell Surface 417
Summary of Key Points 419
Making Connections 419
Problem Set 420
Suggested Reading 421
I Deeper Insights: G Proteins and Cyclic GMP 398
ICDGE3 0 2(3l Tools of Discovery: Using Genetic Model Systems to
Study Cell Signaling 410
Cytoskeletal Systems 422
Major Structural Elements of the
Cytoskeleton 422
Eukaryotes Have Three Basic Types of Cytoskeletal Elements 422
Bacteria Have Cytoskeletal Systems That Are Structurally
Similar to Those in Eukaryotes 422
The Cytoskeleton Is Dynamically Assembled and
Disassembled 423
Microtubules 424
Two Types of Microtubules Are Responsible for Many
Functions in the Cell 424
Tubulin Heterodimers Are the Protein Building Blocks of
Microtubules 426
Microtubules Can Form as Singlets, Doublets, or Triplets 427
Microtubules Form by the Addition of Tubulin Dimers
at Their Ends 427
Addition of Tubulin Dimers Occurs More Quickly at the Plus
Ends of Microtubules 427
Drugs Can Affect the Assembly of Microtubules 428
GTP Hydrolysis Contributes to the Dynamic Instability of
Microtubules 429
Microtubules Originate from Microtubule-Organizing Centers
Within the Cell 430
MTOCs Organize and Polarize the Microtubules Within Cells 430
Microtubule Stability Is Tightly Regulated in Cells by a Variety
of Microtubule-Binding Proteins 432
Detailed Contents xxi
Microfilaments 433
Actin Is the Protein Building Block of Microfilaments 434
Different Types of Actin Are Found in Cells 434
G-Actin Monomers Polymerize into F-Actin Microfilaments 434
Specific Drugs Affect Polymerization of Microfilaments 435
Cells Can Dynamically Assemble Actin into a Variety of
Structures 436
Actin-Binding Proteins Regulate the Polymerization, Length,
and Organization of Microfilaments 437
Cell Signaling Regulates Where and When Actin-Based
Structures Assemble 439
Intermediate Filaments 442
Intermediate Filament Proteins Are Tissue Specific 443
Intermediate Filaments Assemble from Fibrous Subunits 443
Intermediate Filaments Confer Mechanical Strength on
Tissues 444
The Cytoskeleton Is a Mechanically Integrated Structure 444
Summary of Key Points 445
Making Connections 446
Problem Set 446
Suggested Reading 448
;• =»: j/i Human Applications: Infectious Microorganisms Can Move
Within Cells Using Aain Tails 441
Cellular Movement: Motility
and Contractility 449
Motile Systems 449
Intracellular Microtubule-Based Movement:
Kinesin and Dynein 450
MT Motor Proteins Move Organelles Along Microtubules
During Axonal Transport 450
Motor Proteins Move Along Microtubules by Hydrolyzing
ATP 452
Kinesins Are a Large Family of Proteins with Varying Structures
and Functions 452
Dyneins Can Be Grouped into Two Major Classes: Axonemal
and Cytoplasmic Dyneins 452
Microtubule Motors Are Involved in Shaping the
Endomembrane System and Vesicle Transport 452
Microtubule-Based Motility: Cilia and Flagella 453
Cilia and Flagella Are Common Motile Appendages of
Eukaryotic Cells 453
Cilia and Flagella Consist of an Axoneme Connected to a Basal
Body 454
Microtubule Sliding Within the Axoneme Causes Cilia and
Flagella to Bend 457
Actin-Based Cell Movement: The Myosins 459
Myosins Are a Large Family of Actin-Based Motors with
Diverse Roles in Cell Motility 459
Many Myosins Move Along Actin Filaments in Short
Steps 459
Filament-Based Movement in Muscle 460
Skeletal Muscle Cells Contain Thin and Thick Filaments 460
Sarcomeres Contain Ordered Arrays of Actin, Myosin, and
Accessory Proteins 461
The Sliding-Filament Model Explains Muscle Contraction 463
Cross-Bridges Hold Filaments Together, and ATP Powers Their
Movement 464
The Regulation of Muscle Contraction Depends on
Calcium 466
The Coordinated Contraction of Cardiac Muscle Cells Involves
Electrical Coupling 468
Smooth Muscle Is More Similar to Nonmuscle Cells than to
Skeletal Muscle 469
Actin-Based Motility in Nonmuscle Cells 471
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Hardin, Jeff 1959- Bertoni, Gregory Kleinsmith, Lewis J. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1075867304 (DE-588)1075867576 (DE-588)133123596 |
| author_facet | Hardin, Jeff 1959- Bertoni, Gregory Kleinsmith, Lewis J. |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Hardin, Jeff 1959- |
| author_variant | j h jh g b gb l j k lj ljk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041136227 |
| classification_rvk | WE 1000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)732186448 (DE-599)BVBBV041136227 |
| dewey-full | 571.6 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 571 - Physiology & related subjects |
| dewey-raw | 571.6 |
| dewey-search | 571.6 |
| dewey-sort | 3571.6 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
| discipline | Biologie |
| edition | 8. ed., internat. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| genre | 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV041136227 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:40:24Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780321709783 0321709780 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026111954 |
| oclc_num | 732186448 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | Getr. Zählung Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Benjamin Cummings [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Hardin, Jeff 1959- Verfasser (DE-588)1075867304 aut Becker's world of the cell Jeff Hardin ; Gregory Bertoni ; Lewis J. Kleinsmith World of the cell 8. ed., internat. ed. Boston, Mass. [u.a.] Benjamin Cummings [u.a.] 2012 Getr. Zählung Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturangaben Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd rswk-swf Cytologie (DE-588)4070177-3 gnd rswk-swf Zelle (DE-588)4067537-3 gnd rswk-swf Biochemie (DE-588)4006777-4 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Cytologie (DE-588)4070177-3 s Biochemie (DE-588)4006777-4 s 2\p DE-604 Zelle (DE-588)4067537-3 s Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 s 3\p DE-604 Bertoni, Gregory Verfasser (DE-588)1075867576 aut Kleinsmith, Lewis J. Verfasser aut Becker, Wayne M. Sonstige (DE-588)133123596 oth HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026111954&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Hardin, Jeff 1959- Bertoni, Gregory Kleinsmith, Lewis J. Becker's world of the cell Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd Cytologie (DE-588)4070177-3 gnd Zelle (DE-588)4067537-3 gnd Biochemie (DE-588)4006777-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4039983-7 (DE-588)4070177-3 (DE-588)4067537-3 (DE-588)4006777-4 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Becker's world of the cell |
| title_alt | World of the cell |
| title_auth | Becker's world of the cell |
| title_exact_search | Becker's world of the cell |
| title_full | Becker's world of the cell Jeff Hardin ; Gregory Bertoni ; Lewis J. Kleinsmith |
| title_fullStr | Becker's world of the cell Jeff Hardin ; Gregory Bertoni ; Lewis J. Kleinsmith |
| title_full_unstemmed | Becker's world of the cell Jeff Hardin ; Gregory Bertoni ; Lewis J. Kleinsmith |
| title_short | Becker's world of the cell |
| title_sort | becker s world of the cell |
| topic | Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd Cytologie (DE-588)4070177-3 gnd Zelle (DE-588)4067537-3 gnd Biochemie (DE-588)4006777-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Molekularbiologie Cytologie Zelle Biochemie Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026111954&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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