Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning frameworks, methodologies, and integration

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Sprache:English
Veröffentlicht: Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2012
Ausgabe:1. ed.
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MARC

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text Contents lì List of Contributors x 1. Marine biodiversity: its past development, present status, and future threats 1 Stephen Widdicotnbe and Paul ]. Somerfield 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 What is biodiversity? 2 1.3 Comparing marine and terrestrial biodiversity 2 1.4 The rise of marine biodiversity 3 1.5 The distribution of marine biodiversity 4 1.6 Human impacts on marine biodiversity 5 1.7 The relationship between global climate and marine biodiversity 7 1.8 Could marine biodiversity be facing large-scale climate-induced extinction? 8 1.9 Additional impacts of CO2 on the marine environment 9 1.10 Hypoxia and dead zones H 1.11 Summary 12 2. Biodiversity in the context of ecosystem function 16 Anne E. Magurran 2.1 Historical development of the concept 16 2.2 Biological diversity—meaning and measurement 17 2.3 Biodiversity in the context of function 19 2.4 Conclusions 21 3. Ecosystem function and co-evolution of terminology in marine science and management 24 David M. Paterson, Emma С Defew, and Julia Jabour 3.1 Introduction 24 3.2 What s in a name? Ecosystem function 25 3.2.1 Ecosystem function defined 25 3.3 Measuring ecosystem function 27 3.4 Ecological terms and the co-evolutionary model 29 3.5 Co-evolution, policy drivers, and opportunities 30 3.6 Conclusions 31 vi CONTENTS 4. Ecological consequences of declining biodiversity: a biodiversity-ecosystem function (BEF) framework for marine systems 34 Shahid Naeem 4.1 The significance of marine biological diversity 34 4.1.1 Significance 34 4.1.2 A three-point framework for marine biodiversity 35 4.2 Marine biodiversity and ecosystem function 37 4.2.1 Daunting scales 37 4.2.2 Marine biodiversity 37 4.2.3 Marine ecosystem functioning 40 4.3 Marine biotic impoverishment 41 4.4 Marine BEF findings 42 4.5 The fundamental marine BEF relationship in abstraction 43 4.5.1 Where s the inflection point? 43 4.5.2 The BEF curve for marine systems 44 4.6 Synthesis 46 4.6.1 A simple but telling marine BEF framework 46 4.6.2 Remember the humongous multipliers 47 4.6.3 Future directions 47 4.7 Conclusions 48 5. Lessons from the fossil record: the Ediacaran radiation, the Cambrian radiation, and the end-Permian mass extinction 52 Stephen Q. Dornbos, Matthew E. Clapham, Margaret L. Fraiser, and Marc Laflamme 5.1 Introduction 52 5.2 Strengths and limitations of the geological record 52 5.3 Ediacaran ecosystems 54 5.3.1 Productivity-biodiversity relationship 56 5.3.2 Influence of bioturbation on ecosystem functioning 57 5.3.3 Species richness-functional diversity relationship 59 5.4 Cambrian ecosystems 60 5.4.1 Productivity-biodiversity relationship 60 5.4.2 Influence of bioturbation on ecosystem functioning 61 5.4.3 Species richness-functional diversity relationship 61 5.5 The end-Permian mass extinction and its aftermath 62 5.5.1 Environmental changes during the late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic 62 5.5.2 Permian-Triassic marine nutrient levels and primary productivity 62 5.5.3 Productivity-biodiversity-biomass relationship 64 5.5.4 Discussion 65 5.6 Conclusions 65 6. The analysis of biodiversity-ecosystem function experiments: partitioning richness and density-dependent effects 73 Lisandro Benedetti-Cecchi and Elena Maggi 6.1 Introduction 73 6.2 Partitioning richness and abundance effects 75 CONTENTS vii 6.3 Empirical example 77 6.3.1 Experimental layout 77 6.3.2 Fitting the mixed-effect model and evaluating contrasts 78 6.4 Results 80 6.5 Conclusions 81 7. The importance of body size, abundance, and food-web structure for ecosystem functioning 85 Mark С Emmerson 7.1 Introduction 85 7.2 Historical context and the evolution of an idea 87 7.2.1 Integrating body mass, abundance, and food-web structure into biodiversity and ecosystem functioning studies 89 7.3 The relevance of body mass to biodiversity-ecosystem functioning research 91 7.4 Abundance, body mass, and species diversity patterns 93 7.5 Conclusions 97 8. Effects of biodiversity-environment conditions on the interpretation of biodiversity-function relations 101 Jasmin A. Godbold 8.1 Introduction 101 8.2 Methods of analysis 102 8.2.1 Compilation of publications 102 8.2.2 Calculation of effect sizes 103 8.2.3 Extraction of data 104 8.2.4 Statistical Analysis 104 8.3 Are alternative drivers of change more important than species richness for ecosystem properties? 105 8.3.1 Summary of studies focusing on relationship between species richness and ecosystem properties 105 8.3.2 Effects of species richness and/or additional drivers of change on ecosystem properties 107 8.3.3 Distinguishing the effects of biodiversity, the abiotic and/or biotic environment on ecosystem properties 107 8.4 Conclusions 108 9. Extending the approaches of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning to the deep ocean 115 Roberto DanoOaro 9.1 Deep-sea ecosystems: characteristics, biodiversity, and functioning 115 9.2 Approaches to the investigation of deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystem functioning 117 9.2.1 Biodiversity metrics 118 9.2.2 Functional diversity 118 9.2.3 Deep-sea ecosystem functioning 118 9.2.4 Variables used for measuring ecosystem efficiency 119 9.3 Relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in the deep sea 119 9.4 Relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in different deep-sea ecosystems 123 9.5 Conclusions and perspectives 124 viii CONTENTS 10. Incorporating extinction risk and realistic biodiversity futures: implementation of trait-based extinction scenarios 127 Martin Solan, Finlay Scott, Nicholas K. Dulvy, Jasmin A. Godbold, and Ruth Parker 10.1 Introduction 127 10.2 How to implement non-random extinction scenarios 129 10.3 Case study: implications of regional biodiversity loss on carbon cycling in the shelf sea sediments of the North Sea 133 10.3.1 Study sites and data collection 133 10.3.2 Benthic bioturbation characterization 134 10.3.3 Modelling 136 10.3.4 Estimating non-linear changes in ecosystem functioning 136 10.4 Results and discussion 136 10.5 Conclusions and recommendations 140 11. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: an ecosystem-level approach 149 David Raffaelli and Alan M. Friedlander 11.1 The need to work at seascape scales 149 11.2 Building a credible evidence base 150 11.3 Case study 1: The Ythan estuary, Scotland 151 11.3.1 Biodiversity in the two periods 152 11.3.2 Ecological functioning in the two periods 153 11.4 Case study 2: Hawaii and the northern Line Islands, central Pacific 154 11.4.1 Hawaii 155 11.4.2 Northern Line Islands 155 11.5 Effects of fishing on fish assemblage structure 156 11.5.1 Hawaii 156 11.5.2 Northern Line Islands 157 11.6 Implications for ecosystem function 158 11.7 Conclusions 159 12. Multitrophic biodiversity and the responses of marine ecosystems to global change 164 ƒ. Emmett Duffy, John J. Stachowicz, and John F. Bruno 12.1 Introduction 164 12.2 How and why biodiversity is changing in oceans and estuaries 166 12.3 Lessons learned: different designs for different questions 174 12.4 Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in the Anthropocene 177 13. Reality check: issues of scale and abstraction in biodiversity research, and potential solutions 185 Tasman P. Crowe, Matthew E. S. Bracken, and Nessa E. O Connor 13.1 Introduction 185 13.2 At which spatial and temporal scales have most biodiversity-ecosystem function (BEF) studies been conducted to date? 186 13.3 What important ecological processes or patterns may be lost in abstracting BEF experimental systems from natural ecosystems? 187 13.4 Does the reduced temporal/spatial scale or compromised ecological realism of marine BEF studies affect our ability to extrapolate results to other systems? 190 CONTENTS ix 13.5 Relative merits of different approaches to overcoming limitations of BEF studies 192 13.5.1 Empirical research to elucidate ecological concepts 192 13.5.2 Empirical research for direct application to management/conservation 193 13.6 Conclusions 195 14. Why bother going outside: the role of observational studies in understanding biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships 200 Simon F. Thrush and Andrew M. Lohrer 14.1 The role of observation in the design, execution, and interpretation of BEF relationships 200 14.2 The heterogeneous nature of seafloor landscapes 203 14.3 Observing the nature of functions 205 14.4 Scaling laws and relevance to BEF 207 14.5 A more integrative approach to empirical research in biodiversity-ecosystem function studies 209 15. Implementing an ecosystem approach: predicting and safeguarding marine biodiversity futures 215 Alison R. Holt, Caroline Hattam, Stephen Mangi, Anton Edwards, and Scot Mathieson 15.1 Introduction 215 15.1.1 Taking an ecosystem approach 215 15.2 Ecosystem services, function, and biodiversity 216 15.2.1 Taking a systems perspective 219 15.2.2 Linking ecology and economics 220 15.3 An economic framework f or ecosystem services 220 15.3.1 Valuation of ecosystem services 221 15.3.2 Valuation methods 222 15.4 A framework for implementing an ecosystem approach 222 15.5 Challenges for the future 229 15.5.1 Science needs 229 15.5.2 Policy needs 230 15.5.3 Conclusions 231 Index 235 The biological composition and richness of most of the Earth s major ecosystems are being dramatically and irreversibly transformed by anthropogenic activity. Yet, despite the vast areal extent of our oceans, the mainstay of research to date in the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning arena has been weighted towards ecological observations and experimentation in terrestrial plant and soil systems. This book provides a framework for extending these concepts to a variety of marine systems. Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning is the first book to address the latest advances in biodiversity-function science using marine examples. It brings together contributions from the leading scientists in the field to provide an in-depth evaluation of the science, before offering a perspective on future research directions for some of the most pressing environmental issues facing society today and in the future. This graduate level text is suitable for students, professional researchers, and practitioners in the fields of marine ecology, conservation biology, and marine resource management.
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spellingShingle Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning frameworks, methodologies, and integration
Marine biodiversity Effect of human beings on
Marine ecology Effect of human beings on
Meer (DE-588)4038301-5 gnd
Meeresökologie (DE-588)4195671-0 gnd
Biodiversität (DE-588)4601495-0 gnd
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(DE-588)4195671-0
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title Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning frameworks, methodologies, and integration
title_auth Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning frameworks, methodologies, and integration
title_exact_search Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning frameworks, methodologies, and integration
title_full Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning frameworks, methodologies, and integration ed. by Martin Solan ...
title_fullStr Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning frameworks, methodologies, and integration ed. by Martin Solan ...
title_full_unstemmed Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning frameworks, methodologies, and integration ed. by Martin Solan ...
title_short Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning
title_sort marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning frameworks methodologies and integration
title_sub frameworks, methodologies, and integration
topic Marine biodiversity Effect of human beings on
Marine ecology Effect of human beings on
Meer (DE-588)4038301-5 gnd
Meeresökologie (DE-588)4195671-0 gnd
Biodiversität (DE-588)4601495-0 gnd
topic_facet Marine biodiversity Effect of human beings on
Marine ecology Effect of human beings on
Meer
Meeresökologie
Biodiversität
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