Constitutional review in Europe a comparative analysis

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1. Verfasser: Visser, Maartje de (VerfasserIn)
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Sprache:English
Veröffentlicht: Oxford [u.a.] Hart 2014
Schriftenreihe:European and national constitutional law series 1
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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text Contents Acknowledgements Tahle of Cases Table of European Treaties and European Legal Instruments xxxvii Table of Statutes xxxix Introduction ι Introductory Definitions: Constitutional Interpretation and Constitutional Review 2 Background: The Need for a Perspective Combining National and European Constitutional Law 3 Objectives 5 Method 6 Terminology 9 Structure 9 Chapter 1 The Role of Non-Judicial Actors in Upholding the Constitution 11 I. Introduction 11 II. Councils of State and Chancellors of Justice 12 A. Councils of State 13 i. Dutch Council of State (Raad van State J 14 ii. Belgian Council of State fConseil d'État / Raad van StateJ 16 Hi. The Dual Mandate of Councils of State in the light of the European Convention on Human Rights 18 B. Chancellors of Justice 20 III. Parliament and its Committees 23 A. Opportunities for Parliament to Uphold the Constitution 23 B. Parliament, its Chambers and its Committees 25 i. Finland: Perustuslakivaliokunta 26 ii. United Kingdom: House of Lords Constitution Committee 29 С Influence of the Presence of Other Actors in the Constitutional System 32 IV. Heads of State 35 V. The People 43 VI. Concluding Remarks 50 Chapter 2 The Rise of Constitutional Adjudication 53 I· Introduction 53 H. The Notion of 'Constitutional Jurisdiction' 54 HI. Exploring the Reasons behind the Rise of Constitutional Adjudication 55 viii CONTENTS A. Avoiding Competence Collisions between State Bodies 55 i. Belgium: From Cour d'arbitrage to Cour constitutionnelle 56 ii. France: Conseil constitutionnel 57 B. Guaranteeing Observance of the Rule of Law and Affording Protection to Fundamental Rights 61 i. Germany: Bundesverfassungsgericht 63 ii. Italy: Corte costituzionale 65 Hi. Spain: Tribunal Constitucional 67 iv. Czech Republic: Ústavní Soud 69 v. Poland: Trybunał Konstytucyjny 71 vi. Hungary: Alkotmánybíróság 73 C. The Impact of the ECHR and of EU Membership 75 i. Finland 76 IV. Bucking the Trend? A Closer Look at the Approaches of the Netherlands and the United Kingdom 79 A. The Netherlands 79 B. United Kingdom 83 V. Concluding Remarks and Some Brief Reflections on the Two European Courts 86 Chapter 3 Purposes of Constitutional Adjudication and Access to Constitutional Courts 93 I. Introduction 93 II. The Institutional Design of Constitutional Adjudication 94 III. Four Purposes that May be Served by Constitutional Adjudication 97 A. Ensuring that the Legislature Does Not Overstep Constitutional Boundaries 99 i. Abstract Constitutionality Challenges 99 ». Preliminary References 132 Hi. Abstract Interpretation of the Constitution 140 B. Protecting the Fundamental Rights of Individuals in Specific Cases 142 i. Germany 143 it. Czech Republic 145 iii. Spain 146 iv. Hungary 148 v. Poland 150 vi. Comparative Remarks 151 C. Resolving Institutional Disputes 155 i. Enforcing the Vertical Balance of Powers 156 it. Enforcing the Horizontal Balance of Powers 163 D. Ensuring the Integrity of Political Office and Related Processes 168 i. Hearing Electoral Disputes 169 і і. Adjudicating Presiden Hal Impeachment 172 iii. Proscribing Political Parties 176 iv. Examining the Regularity and Constitutionality of Referendums 181 CONTENTS ix IV. Final Comparative Remarks and Reflections on the Court of Justice 185 A. National Comparative Analysis: Some General Comments 185 B. The Court of Justice in Comparative Perspective 189 i. Ensuring that the Legislature Does Not Overstep its Boundaries 190 it'. Protecting the Fundamental Rights of Individuals in Specific Cases 193 Hi. Resolving Vertical and Horizon tal Institu tional Disputes 196 iv. Ensuring the Integrity of Political Office and Related Processes 201 v. Other 'Non-Constitutional' Functions Performed by the Court of Justice 201 Chapter 4 The Constitutional Bench 205 I. Introduction 205 II. Selection and Appointment Procedures 206 III. Number of Judges and Eligibility Criteria 210 A. Number of Judges 210 B. Qualifications that New Judges Must Possess 211 IV. Tenure of Judicial Appointments and Termination Thereof 218 A. Duration of Appointment 218 B. Removal from the Bench 221 V. Final Comparative Remarks and Reflections on the Court of Justice 223 Chapter 5 Identifying the Sources of Standards for Constitutional Review 229 I. Introduction 229 II. Belgium: Cour constitutionnelle 230 III. Czech Republic: Ústavní Soud 235 IV. Germany: Bundesverfassungsgericht 239 V. France: Conseil constitutionnel 243 VI. Hungary: Alkotmánybíróság 249 VII. Italy: Corte costituzionale 255 VIII. Poland: Trybunał Konstytucyjny 260 IX. Spain: Tribunal Constitucional 262 X. The Netherlands: Raad van State 264 XI. United Kingdom: House of Lords Constitution Committee 266 XII. Finland: Perustuslakivaliokunta 268 XIII. European Union: Court of Justice 269 XIV. Comparative Remarks 276 Chapter 6 Testing and Remedying Unconstitutionality 281 I. Introduction 281 II. Deference Rhetoric 282 Ш. Theory of the Living Law 286 IV. Constitution-Conform Interpretation 291 χ CONTENTS Α. General Introduction 292 B. Four Examples of Decisions Involving Courts Engaging in Constitution- Conform Interpretation 294 i. Belgium: Restricting Party Financing on Fundamental Rights Grounds 294 ii. The Czech Republic: Burden of Proof in Discrimination Cases 296 iii. France: Security and Liberty 297 iv. Spain: Right to Assistance from Interpreters in Criminal Cases 300 C. Evaluating the Technique of Constitution-Conform Interpretation 301 D. The European Level: The Court of Justice 305 V. Types of Judgment and their Effects 309 A. Decision to Uphold the Statute 309 B. Findings of Unconstitutionality 312 i. General Features: Legal Effects, Partial Annulment and the Inclusion of Legislative Guidelines 312 ii. Timing and the Possibility of Deferring Annulment to a Later Date 317 Hi. Findings of Unconstitutionality Not Accompanied by Annulment 320 C. The European Level: The Court of Justice 324 VI. Concluding Remarks 327 Chapter 7 Interplay between Constitutional Courts and Other Actors 329 I. Introduction 329 II. Interactions between Constitutional Courts and (Constitutional) Legislatures 331 A. Processes of Give-and-Take 334 i. Case Study: Germany and the Regulation of Abortion 338 ii. Case Study: Hungary and Limitation Periods for Crimes Committed during Communism 342 B. Legislative Overrides 346 i. United Kingdom: Section 4 of the Human Rights Act 1998 348 ii. Poland: Non-Finality of Judgments Handed Down by the Trybunał Konstytucyjny befo re 1997 353 C. Constitutional Overrides 356 і. France 357 ii. Italy 360 Hi. Germany 363 iv. Hungary 364 v. European Union 367 vi. General Observations 369 D. Legislative Inertia following a Constitutional Decision 373 III. Interactions between Constitutional Courts and the Ordinary Courts 377 A. Constitution-Conform Interpretation and the Demarcation of Constitutional and Ordinary Jurisdiction 378 B. The Appellate Dimension of the Constitutional Complaint Mechanism 385 CONTENTS xi IV. Interactions among European Constitutional Courts 392 A. Conference of European Constitutional Courts 393 B. Venice Commission and World Conference on Constitutional Justice 396 C. Appraising the Move to Cross-Border Judicial Gatherings 399 V. Interactions between Constitutional Courts and the Court of Justice 403 A. Avenues for Interaction between Constitutional Courts and the Court of Justice 403 B. Topics on which Constitutional Courts and the Court of Justice Interact 408 C. The Impact of the Court of Justice's Case Law on the Position of Constitutional Courts within the Domestic Legal Order 418 VI. Interactions between National Highest and Constitutional Courts and the European Court of Human Rights 427 A. Communication through Case Law 428 B. Personal Encounters 436 VII. Concluding Remarks 438 Bibliography 441 Index 477 CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW IN EUROPE Constitutions serve to delineate state powers and enshrine basic rights. Such matters are hardly uncontroversial, but perhaps even more controversial are the questions of who (should) uphold(s) the Constitution and how constitutional review is organised. These two questions are the subject of this book by Maartje de Visser, which offers a comprehensive, comparative analysis of how 11 representative European countries answer these questions, as well as a critical appraisal of the EU legal order in light of these national experiences. Where possible, the book endeavours to identify Europe's common and diverse constitutional tradi¬ tions of constitutional review. The raison d'être, jurisdiction and composition of constitutional courts are explored and so too are core features of the constitutional adjudicatory process. Yet, this book also deliberately draws attention to the role of non-judicial actors in upholding the Constitution, as well as the complex interplay amongst constitutional courts and other actors at the national and European level. The Member States featured are: Belgium, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Hungary, the Netherlands, Spain, Poland, and the United Kingdom. This book is intended for practitioners, academics and students with an interest in (European) constitutional law. Volume 1 in the Series European and National Constitutional Law
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Constitutional review in Europe a comparative analysis Maartje de Visser
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spellingShingle Visser, Maartje de
Constitutional review in Europe a comparative analysis
European and national constitutional law series
Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd
Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 gnd
Verfassungsrecht (DE-588)4062801-2 gnd
subject_GND (DE-588)5098525-5
(DE-588)4115712-6
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(DE-588)4143413-4
title Constitutional review in Europe a comparative analysis
title_auth Constitutional review in Europe a comparative analysis
title_exact_search Constitutional review in Europe a comparative analysis
title_full Constitutional review in Europe a comparative analysis Maartje de Visser
title_fullStr Constitutional review in Europe a comparative analysis Maartje de Visser
title_full_unstemmed Constitutional review in Europe a comparative analysis Maartje de Visser
title_short Constitutional review in Europe
title_sort constitutional review in europe a comparative analysis
title_sub a comparative analysis
topic Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd
Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 gnd
Verfassungsrecht (DE-588)4062801-2 gnd
topic_facet Europäische Union
Rechtsvergleich
Verfassungsrecht
Aufsatzsammlung
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