Ancient glass an interdisciplinary exploration

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1. Verfasser: Henderson, Julian 1953- (VerfasserIn)
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Sprache:English
Veröffentlicht: New York Cambridge University Press 2013
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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text CONTENTS Figures Page χίϋ Tables xvii Preface xix 1 Glass as a Material: A Technological Background in Faience, Pottery and Metal? і 1.1 Glass as a Material 1 1.2 The Formation of Glass: Of Volcanic Glass, Asteroids, Slags and Scums 5 1.3 Production of the First Glasses 8 1.4 The First Glass: A Paradigm Shift? 12 1.4.1 Glazed Steatite, Egyptian Blue and Faience 13 1.5 Evidence of Production Sites 18 1.6 Conclusions 19 2 Ways to Flux Silica: Ashes and Minerals 22 2.1 Glass Raw Materials 22 2.2 Halophytic Plant Ashes 23 2.2.1 Occurrence and Range of Types 23 2.2.2 Technological Considerations 24 2.2.3 Chemical Analyses of Plant Ashes 26 2.2.3.1 The Choice of Scientific Techniques for the Analysis of Plant Ashes 26 2.2.3.2 Turner s Research 26 2.2.3.3 Brill s Work 28 2.2.3.4 Other and More Recent Research 29 vii Contents 2.3 Major Elemental Compositions of Syrian Halophytic Plants and the Implications for Ancient Glass Production 34 2.3.1 A Relationship between Halophytic Plant Ash Compositions and Plant Species? 36 2.3.2 Glass Coloration and Halophytic Plant Ashes 42 2.3.3 Alkali Levels in Halophytic Plants 44 2.3.4 Calcium Levels in Halophytic Plants 46 2.4 Forest Plant Ash Compositions 48 2.5 Natron 51 2.6 Reh and Oos 53 2.7 Nephaline 54 2.8 Conclusions 54 3 Silica, Lime and Glass Colourants 56 3.1 Silica 56 3.2 Calcium and Aluminium 64 3.3 Colourants and Opacifiers 65 3.3.1 What Causes Glass Colour? 65 3.3.2 The Use of Colourant Materials 68 3.3.2.1 Cobalt Coloration in Glass 69 3.3.2.2 Manganese-Coloured Glass 75 3.3.2.3 Copper-and Gold-Coloured Translucent Glasses 75 3.3.3 Decolorised Glass 76 3.3.4 Glass Opacification 77 3.4 Conclusions 81 4 Glass Chemical Compositions 83 4.1 The Middle East and Europe с 2500 b.C.-a.d. 1700 85 4.1.1 Plant Ash Glasses с 2500-c. 800 B.c.; a.D. 800-1700 85 4.1.2 Mixed-Alkali Glass and Its Compositional Variations (с. ІЮО-сЛЗОв.с.) 90 4.1.3 The Transition from Plant Ash Glass to Natron Glass, с A.D. 800 91 4.1.4 Natron Glasses с 800 в.С.-с. A.D. 800 92 4.1.5 The Demise of Natron Glass Technology: The Reintroduction of Plant Ash Glass Technology from с a.D. 800 in the Middle East 97 4.1.6 The Demise of Natron Glass Technology: From Natron Glass to Wood Ash Glass North of the Alps 102 4.1.7 Wood Ash Glasses and the Use of Other Alkali-Rich Plants (c. A.D. 800-1700) 104 viii Contents 4.1.8 Lead Oxide-Silica Glass in the West 108 4.2 India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka 111 4.2.1 The Compositional Types 111 4.2.2 Soda-Alumina Glass: Technology and Trade (Beads and Bangles) 113 4.3 Africa and Madagascar 116 4.3.1 The Compositional Types 116 4.3.2 High Lime High Alumina Glass 117 4.4 China and Southeast Asia 118 4.4.1 The Compositional Types 118 4.4.2 Lead-Barium Oxide Glasses 123 4.4.3 Potassium-Silica Glasses 123 4.4.4 Potassium-Lime Glasses 124 4.4.5 Lead-Potassium and Lead-Soda Glasses 125 4.4.6 Mixed-Alkali Glasses in Southeast Asia 126 4.4.7 Lead-Silica Glasses 126 Early Glass in the Middle East and Europe: Innovation, Archaeology and the Contexts for Production and Use 127 5.1 The Social and Political Contexts of Early Glass Production in the Middle East 127 5.2 The Occurrence of Early Glasses in Mesopotamia 132 5.2.1 Alalakh, Tell Atchana (Plain of Antioch), Turkey 136 5.2.2 Ugarit-Ras Shamra, Syria 138 5.2.3 Tell Brak, Syria, Northern Mesopotamia 139 5.2.4 Nuzi, Near Kirkuk, Iraq, Northern Mesopotamia 140 5.2.5 Assur, Iraq, Northern Mesopotamia 141 5.2.6 Tell al-Rimah, Iraq, Northern Mesopotamia 142 5.2.7 Ur, Iraq, Babylonia 142 5.2.8 Nippur, Iraq, Babylonia 143 5.2.9 Tchoga Zanbil, Iran, Babylonia 143 5.3 Innovation and Glass Technology in Mesopotamia 144 5.4 The Social and Political Contexts for the Earliest Evidence of Glass Production in Europe 148 5.4.1 Frattesina, Provincia Rovigo, a Key Site for Early Glass in Europe 152 5.4.1.1 The Chronology of Frattesina (Twelfth-Ninth Centuries B.c.) 154 5.4.1.2 Evidence of the Glass Industry at Frattesina 154 5.5 Conclusions 156 ix Contents Early Glass in the Middle East and Europe: Scientific Analysis 158 6.1 Scientific Analysis of Mesopotamian and Syro-Palestinian Glasses (c. 1500 1000 B.C.) 160 6.2 Scientific Analyses of Egyptian Glasses 164 6.3 Scientific Analyses of Mycenaean Glasses 165 6.4 Did Primary Glass Production Occur in Different Parts of the Bronze Age Mediterranean? 167 6.4.1 An Isotopie Approach 175 6.4.2 The Way Forward 181 6.5 Scientific Analyses of Mixed-Alkali and Potassium Glasses, and Mixed-Alkali Glassy Faience and Faience from Europe: Evidence of Production Zones? 183 6.5.1 Potassium Glasses 196 6.6 Local Production Centres in Bronze Age Europe 197 6.7 Conclusions 199 Hellenistic to Early Roman Glass: A Change from Small- to Large-Scale Production? 203 7.1 The Hellenistic and Roman Middle East 205 7.2 Hellenistic Glass Production 209 7.2.1 Primary and Secondary Production of Hellenistic Glass 214 7.2.1.1 Rhodes 214 7.2.1.2 Beirut 215 7.2.1.3 Syria, Greece and North Africa 222 7.3 Some Hellenistic Vessel Forms 223 7.3.1 Hellenistic Core-Formed Vessels 223 7.3.2 Hellenistic Glass on Rhodes 226 7.4 Early Roman Glass Production 227 7.5 The Use of Hellenistic and Roman Glass 232 Late Hellenistic and Early Roman Glass: Scientific Studies 235 8.1 Levantine Glass and a Comparison with Other Glasses 236 8.2 The Relevance of Furnace Glass 242 8.3 Greece Rhodes and Transalpine Europe 246 8.4 Links with Roman Glass 247 8.5 Glass and Society 250 Contents 9 Islamic Glass: Technological Continuity and Innovation 252 9.1 The Social, Political and Religious Contexts of Islamic Glass Production 252 9.2 Islamic Glass Technology 257 9.2.1 Raw Materials and Historical References to Their Use 260 9.2.2 The Change from Natron to Plant Ashes 265 9.3 Production Centres 266 9.4 Archaeological Evidence for Production Sites and Furnaces 270 9.5 Archaeological Considerations for Scientific Analysis 276 10 Islamic Glass: Scientific Research 279 10.1 Umayyad Glass 280 10.2 Abbãsid Glass 282 10.3 Glass Compositions and Vessel Types from the Middle East 290 10.4 Other Islamic Glass Compositions 296 10.4.1 Islamic Glass from North Africa and the Persian Gulf 300 10.5 Conclusions 303 11 The Provenance of Ancient Glass 306 11.1 Models for Glass Production and Glass Provenance 307 11.2 Glass Provenance and the Chemical Composition of Raw Materials 309 11.2.1 Silica 309 11.2.2 Natron, Trona, Nepheline and Reh 310 11.2.3 Plant Ashes 310 11.3 Glass Provenance and Batch Formation 314 11.3.1 Alkali Sources 315 11.3.2 Ashing and Fritting 316 11.3.3 Bronze Age Glass 317 11.4 Glass Provenance and Chemical Compositions 319 11.4.1 Technological and Cultural Factors 319 11.4.2 The Chemical Compositions of Plant Ashes and Plant Ash Glasses 320 11.4.3 Summary 325 11.5 The Use of Isotopes to Provenance Glass: The Importance of an Environmental Approach 326 11.5.1 Calcium Sources, Strontium Isotopes and Glass Provenance 328 xi Contents 11.5.2 Silica Sources, Neodymium and Oxygen Isotopes and Glass Provenance 330 11.5.3 Lead Isotopes in Glass 333 11.5.4 Mixing of Raw Glass and Glass Raw Materials 334 11.6 A Case Study: Strontium, Neodymium, Oxygen and Lead Isotopes of Glass Found at the Glassmaking Site of Al-Raqqa, Syria 333 11.6.1 New Information about the Use of Glass Raw Materials 339 11.6.2 Evidence for Mixing of Raw Materials 340 11.6.3 Local Production and Imports 342 11.7 Lead Isotope Analyses of Bronze Age and Islamic Plant Ash Glasses 345 11.8 The Future Potential of Isotope Studies 347 11.8.1 Local Manufacture 348 11.8.1.1 Bronze Age and Islamic Plant Ash Glasses 348 11.8.1.2 Phoenician, Hellenistic, Iron Age and Roman Natron Glasses 351 11.8.2 The Supply System 355 11.8.2.1 Bronze Age and Islamic Plant Ash Glass 355 11.8.2.2 Phoenician, Hellenistic, Iron Age and Roman Natron Glasses 356 11.8.3 Trade 357 11.8.3.1 Trade in Bronze Age and Islamic Plant Ash Glasses 357 11.8.3.2 Trade in Phoenician, Hellenistic, Iron Age and Early Roman Natron Glasses 359 11.9 Conclusions 360 12 Conclusions 363 Appendix 373 Bibliography 381 Index 425 Xli
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spellingShingle Henderson, Julian 1953-
Ancient glass an interdisciplinary exploration
Archäologie
Geschichte
Glass manufacture History
SOCIAL SCIENCE / Archaeology bisacsh
Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd
Glas (DE-588)4021142-3 gnd
subject_GND (DE-588)4002827-6
(DE-588)4021142-3
title Ancient glass an interdisciplinary exploration
title_auth Ancient glass an interdisciplinary exploration
title_exact_search Ancient glass an interdisciplinary exploration
title_full Ancient glass an interdisciplinary exploration Julian Henderson, University of Nottingham
title_fullStr Ancient glass an interdisciplinary exploration Julian Henderson, University of Nottingham
title_full_unstemmed Ancient glass an interdisciplinary exploration Julian Henderson, University of Nottingham
title_short Ancient glass
title_sort ancient glass an interdisciplinary exploration
title_sub an interdisciplinary exploration
topic Archäologie
Geschichte
Glass manufacture History
SOCIAL SCIENCE / Archaeology bisacsh
Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd
Glas (DE-588)4021142-3 gnd
topic_facet Archäologie
Geschichte
Glass manufacture History
SOCIAL SCIENCE / Archaeology
Glas
Glassware, Ancient
Glassware, Classical
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