Sustainable systems and energy management at the regional level comparative approaches

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adam_text Titel: Sustainable systems and energy management at the regional level Autor: Tortora, Marco Jahr: 2012 Detailed Table of Contents Foreword............................................................................................................................................xvii Preface.................................................................................................................................................xix Acknowledgment..............................................................................................................................xxvi Section 1 Regulatory Impacts Chapter 1 Government Policies to Promote Production and Consumption of Renewable Electricity in the US................................................................................................................................1 Eun-Hee Kim, George Washington University, USA Various types of renewable electricity policies exist both at the federal and state levels. They are designed to directly or indirectly incentivize producers and consumers of renewable electricity. The existence of renewable policies could be explained by the market failure theory. Due to positive externalities as- sociated with environmental pollution as well as energy independence, renewable electricity would be underprovided without proper government intervention. Also, in terms of pollution control, encouraging green renewable electricity is more politically palatable than discouraging brown electricity generated from fossil fuels such as coal and oil. This chapter reviews the primary functions of various policy instru- ments at the federal level and at the state level for seven selected states and discusses their effectiveness to the extent possible. Chapter 2 Assessing the Barriers to Greener Fiscal Measures and Ecological Tax Reform in the Transport Sector..........................................................................................................................19 David Browne, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Ireland Brian Caulfield, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Ireland Margaret O Mahony, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Ireland The objective of this chapter is to (1) appraise the purpose of fiscal measures in the transport sector; (II) provide an overview of potential fiscal measures and their application; and (III) examine potential barri- ers to the introduction of more efficient pricing and ecological tax reform (ETR) in the transport sector. It is concluded that, although vehicle and fuel taxation measures vary between jurisdictions, ultimately policy-makers should consider calibrating vehicle and fuel taxation to ensure that externalities are inter- nalised, costs are shifted from vehicle ownership to use and that marginal variable costs are transparent to the network user. However, it is possible that achieving ETR through full internalisation of external costs could be contentious due to political concerns over the potential impact on lower socio-economic groups and rural communities as well as commercial concerns over the competitiveness of the freight sector and macroeconomic impacts. Chapter 3 European Energy Security and Sustainability: The Russian Perspective.............................................38 Anatoly Zhuplev, Loyola Marymount University, USA Dmitry A. Shtykhno, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Russia Europe s economic wellbeing and growth are highly energy dependent and heavily reliant on Russian imports of oil and gas. European energy security, its alternatives, and implications are examined in this chapter with the view of sustainability and the EU-Russian energy dialog. With an asymmetric mutual political-economic interdependency with Russia, Europe s exposure in oil and gas calls for sustainable energy solutions. Meantime, Russia, the key energy supplier in the European region, is also a major energy consumer whose economy is characterized by high energy intensity. Russian energy sector needs serious improvements in technology, investment, and management: failure to address these priorities erodes Russia s reliability as major regional energy supplier. The chapter explores the dynamics of Rus- sian energy sector and implications for European energy security and sustainability. Chapter 4 Renewable Energy in Italy: Incentives, Bureaucratic Obstacles and Nimby Syndrome......................68 Stefano Fanetti, University of Milan, Italy Italy is a country where the energy supply depends largely on imported raw materials (such as oil and natural gas). The favorable geographic location could encourage the development of renewable energy sources; nevertheless, the growth of alternative energy sources is slow. What are the reasons? This ques- tion will be dealt in this chapter, considering three different aspects of the issue: the economic incentives for renewable energies, the problematic process of authorization of the facilities and the local communi- ties opposition to new plants. Besides the analysis of these issues, the aim of this paper is to identify possible solutions, taking into account the relevant legislative and regulatory changes that, at national and Community level, have affected and are affecting the field of renewable energy. Section 2 Policies and Incentives Chapter 5 Technology Roadmapping—An Efficient Tool for Driving Regional Technological Changes: Case of Energy Efficiency in the North West US..................................................................................88 Tugrul U. Daim, Portland State University, USA Terry Oliver, US Department of Energy, USA Ibrahim Iskin, Portland State University, USA Jisun Kim, US Department of Energy, USA Technology has played a central role in the Northwest s development, from the Federal Columbia River Power System to technology giants like Boeing, Microsoft and Intel to thousands of businesses, univer- sities and laboratories. In the Northwest, irrigation is high tech. This savvy has allowed the region to meet half of its load growth through cost-effective investments in energy efficiency for more than thirty years. Through the leadership of the region s utilities, labs, universities, energy organizations and private businesses, the Northwest has been able to successfully deliver energy efficiency as a reliable resource. The Northwest Power and Conservation Council s Sixth Power Plan calls for roughly 85 percent of the region s power needs to be met with energy efficiency by 2030. In order to meet these goals, we must find ways to increase the adoption rates of existing products and services. At the same time, we must also strategically target the region s research and development resources into efforts that will produce the technologies needed to enable the products of tomorrow. Beginning in December 2009, thirty-five experts from twenty organizations pooled their efforts to develop an energy efficiency technology road- map that would define a research agenda for the Northwest. The results of the intensive ten-week effort, along with revisions based on critical comments received following the release of a Northwest Energy Efficiency Technology Roadmap. Chapter 6 Production Costs and Net Energy Balance of Liquid and Gaseous Biofuels: Some Regional Studies.......................................................................................................................114 Filippo Randelli, University of Florence, Italy Up to now, the low price of oil has prevented the development of alternative fuels but with the cur- rent high price and increasing scarcity, biofuels could become an economically attractive alternative. However, the economic assessment of biofuels has to take into account total production costs, including impact on agriculture, and the energy balance of first generation alternative fuels (biodiesel, bioethanol and biogas). Moreover, plans to produce biofuels from agriculture should not be achieved without con- sidering the latest developments and reforms of the CAP, which promotes a change towards sustainable rural development based on multifunctional agriculture. From the analysis carried out, it emerges that first generation biofuels don t seem to be the best solution because of high production cost, limited land availability and low net energy balance. Furthermore, only a small quantity of biofuels can be produced as alternative to fossil oil because an incremental production will lead to the rising of agri-food prices. Biogas handling waste products can be a good opportunity in terms of net energy balance, in particular if we consider also targets within the EU on reducing the amounts of biodegradable waste going to landfills and/or incineration. Only second generation biofuels could be a possible solution, although they still require much supplementary research and analysis. Chapter 7 Climate Change, Fuel Efficiency and Tax Revenues: A Case Study of Brazil and the USA..............128 Bruno Soares Moreira Cesar Borba, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Regis Rathmann, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil David Alves Castelo Branco, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil The objective of this chapter is to identify the possible tax revenue losses due to improved fuel efficiency of light-duty vehicles in Brazil and the United States (US). To do this, we project the evolution of fuel consumption in the light vehicle segment over a horizon to 2035 through the creation of a baseline and an alternative scenario, the latter including increased efficiency of light vehicles. This projection shows that the tax revenue loss due to an increase in light vehicle energy efficiency in Brazil and in the US can reach R$ 8.8 billion and US$ 5.4 billion in 2035, respectively. The isolated analysis of this tax revenue loss in the U.S. indicates that it could be compensated by a slight increase of the gasoline tax. In the Brazilian case, it would be necessary to increase federal taxes by R$ 0.13 per liter to avoid a decline in tax revenue. Chapter 8 Globalization of the Environmental Issues: Response of the Arab Region........................................147 Ibrahim Abdel Gelil, Arabian Gulf University, Kingdom of Bahrain Environment is now considered the common heritage of mankind, and addressing global environ- mental problems are increasingly topping the international development policy agenda because of their cross-border effects. Since the Rio Conference in 1992, the world has witnessed a proliferation of multilateral environmental agreements, which aim to protect the global environment. This has put extra burdens on the institutional setup in the Arab countries, which already suffers from weak capacity, lack of resources, and power struggle in the national policy arena. This chapter portrays the evolution of the global environmental governance system and the development of a parallel legislative and institutional framework in the Arab region to respond to global environmental problems. Challenges faced by Arab countries while meeting its obligation in the MEAs include inadequate financing; low public awareness; limited negotiation capacity; and marginal involvement of civil society and the private sector. The effects of these barriers on the level of implementation by the Arab countries of different MEAs are reviewed. Chapter 9 Energy, Environment and Socio-Economic Development: Africa s Triple Challenge and Options........................................................................................................................166 Divine Odame Appiah, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana Francis Kemausuor, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana This chapter espouses the spatial relationships between energy, environment and socio-economic de- velopment, as some of the main challenges African countries are grappling with. Energy is the main driver of all forms of socio-economic activities occurring within the human space overtime. In Africa, however, low access to energy has, to a greater extent, hampered the socio-economic development of the continent. We explore the dynamics of energy, socio-economic development and environmental sus- tainability in a nexus of the triple challenges facing Africa, from different African scenarios. In Africa, the obstacles opposing the continent s bid to expand the energy frontiers from the traditional sources of wood and fossil fuels into other second and third generation energy forms have been constructed in the areas of intense competition for arable lands for food crops and feed stocks cultivation. Suffice to say that increasing population densities, food shortages and insecurity and malnutrition with associated diseases have culminated into acute forms of poverty in recent years in Africa; the problems have been aggravated by the wanton degradation of the environmental resource base and the over-dependence of particular energy mix at both the rural and the urban settings. The above disposition therefore, militates greatly against the socio-economic efforts of most countries in sub-Saharan Africa. From a systemic perspective, the energy sector which drives almost every sub-sector of the broader socio-economic ac- tivity needs to factor the environmental consequences of extraction and use, with the attending impacts of climate variability and change in a vicious cycle of sustainability. Section 3 Experiences, Actions, and Models Chapter 10 Finding the Sweet Spot of Sustainability in the Energy Sector: A Systems Approach to Managing the Canadian Oil Sands......................................................................................................184 Nancy Higginson, University of Calgary, Canada Harrie Vredenburg, University of Calgary, Canada Energy security and sustainability have become two of the most critical and fundamentally interdependent issues of our time. Canada is a key player in the global energy industry and home to a major oil sands hydrocarbon reserve which, after 50 years of massive investments and technological advancements, has evolved from a fringe oil supply to one of strategic importance in global energy security. However, the resource is in its early stages of development, and efforts to fully exploit it have been hampered by a range of factors, including strong opposition from various stakeholder groups. This chapter provides a framework for a systems-based approach to managing the oil sands that integrates stakeholder manage- ment and domain-based collaboration theory. Chapter 11 The Development of a Business Model for Exploiting Geothermal Energy: A Finnish National Project..................................................................................................................202 Esa Stenberg, University of Turku, Finland This chapter analyzes the development of a business model for exploiting geothermal energy. There are a number of small and large firms operating in these markets, but the main challenge facing renewable energy is its commercialization. Developing new types of business models would help in meeting such challenges. The focus is on the Finnish national development project for exploiting geothermal energy. There is obviously growth potential for this energy form in Finland, given that the share of geo-energy of all energy consumption is one percent compared to 10 percent in Sweden, and that the geological environment in the two countries is quite similar. The chapter begins with a discussion of the geo-energy business in general. The empirical part describes the business models of various operators in this field, based on Osterwalder s (2007) business-model configuration. The product concepts, partnership net- works, added value, target groups, customer relationships and costs and revenues are analyzed through these pilot case studies. Chapter 12 Use of Policy Instruments to Promote Sustainable Energy Practices and Implications for the Environment: Experiences from Singapore........................................................................................219 Leo Tan Wee Hin, Singapore National Academy of Science, Singapore National University of Singapore, Singapore R. Subramaniam, Singapore National Academy of Science, Sinapore Nanyang Technological University, Singapore The use of policy instruments in the environmental framework to promote sustainable energy practices in Singapore, a country in the South East Asian region, is explored in this chapter. Four areas are spe- cifically identified for coverage: waste production, water consumption, transportation and atmospheric emission, owing to their highly entrenched nexus with the environment. The presence of these policy instruments has been a major factor why sustainable energy practices are well ensconced in Singapore and the rate of increase of the carbon footprint on the environment has been lessened significantly. It is suggested that there are useful lessons to be drawn from the Singapore experience for other countries. Several recommendations are provided in this context. Chapter 13 Integrated Regional Energy Policy and Planning Framework: Its Application to the Evaluation of the Renewable Roadmap of Carbon Free Jeju Island in South Korea............................................236 Young-Doo Wang, University of Delaware, USA Wei-Ming Chen, University of Delaware, USA Yong-Kyu Park, University of Delaware, USA Regional energy planning, which considers the unique pattern of local energy needs and local energy resources can be a tool to mitigate fossil fuel-triggered problems and enhance sustainability. Many researches underline the importance of regional energy planning but there exists some room for im- provement in the planning approaches. This chapter introduces an Integrated Regional Energy Policy and Planning Framework (IREPP), which is conceptually comprehensive and also enhances feasibil- ity of implementation. This framework contains important concepts of sustainable energy planning, including integrated resource planning, soft energy path, distributed generation using decentralized energy technologies, and energy-environment-economy-equity balance (E4). The IREPP also includes implementation feasibility analysis and highlights the importance of monitoring and evaluation. In the second part of this chapter, the IREPP is applied to the case of Jeju, the southernmost island of Korea. Jeju s Mid- and Long-Term Roadmap of Renewable Energy Planning intends to promote renewable energy applications (a 50 percent target in 2050) in order to build a carbon free energy system. This study evaluates Jeju s overall Roadmap via the lens of IREPP and also assesses the rational and feasibility of achieving its individual renewable target. Chapter 14 Climate Change Policies—Mitigation and Adaptation at the Local Level: The Case of the City of Madrid (Spain)..............................................................................................261 Lara Ldzaro Touza, IE University, Spain Verde Economista, Mexico Elena Lopez-Gunn, Water Observatory Botin Foundation, Spain IE University, Spain Despite city level involvement in climate change policies since the 90 s existing understanding on how cities address climate change is still limited. Yet cities are key in dealing with climate change as they account for two thirds of global energy consumption, three fourths of C02 emissions and their mitiga- tion potential is significant. In order to advance current understanding on cities and climate change, semi-structured elite interviews were conducted. Data has been analysed using the Environmental Policy Integration (EPI) framework as a pre-requisite for sustainable development in Madrid, one of the EU cities expected to be significantly affected by climate change. The EPI theoretical framework has been used elsewhere in the literature for the analysis of other national and sectorial environmental issues and is applied in this chapter to the local level for the analysis of climate change policies. The research method is hence deductive in nature. The main findings indicate that progress has been made as regards mitigation. Adaptation is occurring spontaneously in sectors already experiencing impacts; however adaptation is poorly integrated into a comprehensive local climate policy. Chapter 15 EU—CiCC Clean Energy Cooperation: From Concepts to Action.....................................................288 Haris Doukas, National Technical University of Athens, Greece Ioanna Makarouni, National Technical University of Athens, Greece Charikleia Karakosta, National Technical University of Athens, Greece Vangelis Marinakis, National Technical University of Athens, Greece John Psarras, National Technical University of Athens, Greece The level of development of renewable energy and energy efficiency is low until now in the Arab States of the Gulf. However, the situation is changing rapidly, as their governments now put climate change on the top of their priorities list towards sustainable development. The European Union (EU) is engaged in a process of strengthening energy cooperation with the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries and supports them in addressing and successfully tackling clean energy issues. To respond to this common interest and provide a supportive instrument for the development of cooperation activities, this Chapter presents a methodological framework for the identification and comparative evaluation of appropriate renewable and energy efficiency solutions towards EU-GCC clean energy cooperation. The adopted procedure uses an existing Multi Criteria Decision Making method, giving emphasis on the formulation of a collective interactive process, comprising different rationales for intervention, to elaborate more realistic and transparent outcomes. Section 4 Communications Policies Chapter 16 Community Opposition and Public Engagement with Wind Energy in the UK.................................310 Matthew Cotton, University of Leeds, UK In the UK, wind energy is an important component of a renewable energy strategy designed to mitigate climate change and secure long term electricity supply. However, wind developments are exceedingly controversial amongst locally affected citizens. This chapter focuses upon the socio-political aspects of wind farm siting in the UK, examining the issues of Not In My Back Yard (NIMBY) protest, the attitudes of developers towards the public and the policy and practice of public engagement in wind siting decisions in light of recent changes to the domestic planning legislation for Nationally Significant Infrastructure Projects. Chapter 17 Consulting Stakeholders? Assessing Stakeholder Consultations in the European Energy Policy..........328 Eleftheria Vasileiadou, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands The participation of stakeholders in policy formation has increased, based on the recognition that policy-makers today face increasingly complex and non-linear problems, requiring flexible modes of governance. The author analyzes the role of formalized stakeholder consultations in EU energy policy and their potential of integrating climate change issues. More specifically, she empirically investigates how stakeholder consultation processes influenced the formation of the EU Energy Communication of 2007. The analysis shows that there was limited diversity of participation in consultations, as actors from civil society orNGOs were not included. Moreover, the role of scientific knowledge in the consultations was minimal. Actors at the regional and sub-national level are generally ignored in such formalized con- sultation processes. Recommendations for policymakers and organizers of consultations are provided. Chapter 18 Grenelle Environment Project: An Institutional Tool for Building Collaborative Environmental Policies at a National Level................................................................................................................348 Clara Pusceddu, University ofSassari, Italy In July 2007, the French government launched a democratic debate on environmental issues, known as Grenelle Environment Project. The objective of this Project is to define the strategic and key points of government policy on ecological and sustainable development issues in a participative process at the national level. Within this approach, the Grenelle Environment Project put all the citizen and public service representatives together around a discussion table to set deliberately efficient national measures to deal with the environmental problems. These measures have been concretized through three national Acts, which are then legitimated by social, economic and politic actors and stakeholders. The objective of this chapter is to describe the different stages of Grenelle Environmental Project till today, and to il- lustrate the benefits of a collaborative and participative decision-making process to support institutional actors to face environmental, ecological and sustainable development questions. In describing the Project we will mainly focus on climate change and energy issues. Chapter 19 Developing Sustainable Governance Systems for Regional Sustainability Programmes and Green Business Practices: The Case of Green Timber...................................................................365 Tim Cadman, University of Southern Qld, Australia Margee Hume, University of Southern Qld, Australia This chapter will specifically examine the current implementation of a number of governance systems that relate to regional sustainability programmes and green firm s practices. Understanding the current practice will assist in the overall adoption and credibility of the field of sustainability research and practice by all actors in the business community. From a regional perspective innovative primary producers and resource stewards often take up green initiatives with little or no knowledge of the governance quality and legitimacy of the schemes they are seeking to implement. This chapter looks at market-based sus- tainability initiatives, investigates the strengths and weaknesses of two timber certification programmes, and identifies some key governance requirements to improve green practice at the global, regional and local levels. Compilation of References...............................................................................................................383 About the Contributors....................................................................................................................425 Index...................................................................................................................................................434
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genre_facet Aufsatzsammlung
id DE-604.BV040487315
illustrated Illustrated
indexdate 2024-12-24T02:51:16Z
institution BVB
isbn 9781613503447
9781613503461
language English
lccn 2011017286
oai_aleph_id oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025334407
oclc_num 816252454
open_access_boolean
owner DE-12
DE-703
owner_facet DE-12
DE-703
physical XXVI, 439 S. graph. Darst., Kt. 29 cm
publishDate 2012
publishDateSearch 2012
publishDateSort 2012
publisher Information Science Reference
record_format marc
series2 Premier reference source
spellingShingle Sustainable systems and energy management at the regional level comparative approaches
Nachhaltigkeit
Umwelt
Energy policy Environmental aspects
Energy development Environmental aspects
Energy consumption Environmental aspects
Sustainable development
Energiepolitik (DE-588)4014715-0 gnd
Energieversorgung (DE-588)4014736-8 gnd
Regionalentwicklung (DE-588)4076605-6 gnd
Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 gnd
Bürgerbeteiligung (DE-588)4008767-0 gnd
Erneuerbare Energien (DE-588)4068598-6 gnd
subject_GND (DE-588)4014715-0
(DE-588)4014736-8
(DE-588)4076605-6
(DE-588)4326464-5
(DE-588)4008767-0
(DE-588)4068598-6
(DE-588)4143413-4
title Sustainable systems and energy management at the regional level comparative approaches
title_auth Sustainable systems and energy management at the regional level comparative approaches
title_exact_search Sustainable systems and energy management at the regional level comparative approaches
title_full Sustainable systems and energy management at the regional level comparative approaches Marco Tortora
title_fullStr Sustainable systems and energy management at the regional level comparative approaches Marco Tortora
title_full_unstemmed Sustainable systems and energy management at the regional level comparative approaches Marco Tortora
title_short Sustainable systems and energy management at the regional level
title_sort sustainable systems and energy management at the regional level comparative approaches
title_sub comparative approaches
topic Nachhaltigkeit
Umwelt
Energy policy Environmental aspects
Energy development Environmental aspects
Energy consumption Environmental aspects
Sustainable development
Energiepolitik (DE-588)4014715-0 gnd
Energieversorgung (DE-588)4014736-8 gnd
Regionalentwicklung (DE-588)4076605-6 gnd
Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 gnd
Bürgerbeteiligung (DE-588)4008767-0 gnd
Erneuerbare Energien (DE-588)4068598-6 gnd
topic_facet Nachhaltigkeit
Umwelt
Energy policy Environmental aspects
Energy development Environmental aspects
Energy consumption Environmental aspects
Sustainable development
Energiepolitik
Energieversorgung
Regionalentwicklung
Bürgerbeteiligung
Erneuerbare Energien
Aufsatzsammlung
url http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025334407&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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