... părva radost e za mene emocionalnoto sădăržanie na bălgarskata nacionalna identičnost: istoričeski koreni i săvremenni izmerenija
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Izdat. "Kralica Mab"
2012
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| 264 | 1 | |a Sofija |b Izdat. "Kralica Mab" |c 2012 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819588609339031552 |
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| adam_text | Abstracts
Emotions, identity, literature and national mythology:
Bidirectional bonds
Nikoiay Aretov
Identity inter-weaves with the emotions of its bearer, both
individual and group. Identity defines emotional attitude towards
other people (be they own or alien ), towards social and natural
environment, towards the world as a whole. On the other hand,
emotional attitude determines the identity. This attitude could be
spontaneously occurring, but very often it is culturally conditioned,
and purposefully designed.
National identity is dynamic structure that has emerged rela¬
tively late and was superimposed on earlier identities (tribal, kin¬
ship, territorial, religious) and carries the associated emotional re¬
lations in the new (national) context. Wide range of items related to
emotions can be found in the national identity. These elements are
both positive and negative. The events that cause emotional reac¬
tions may be people and events of the past and nowadays, elements
of natural and social environment, etc. As a rule this attitude is
complex, ambivalent, one of its poles corresponds to the accepted
(imposed) social norm, the other pole, which is in discord with the
norm, is suppressed and pushed to the unconscious.
National identity as a deliberately designed structure forms
in its bearers emotional relations, inspired by the ideologists of
nationalism. These suggestions, reduced to a clear dogma on the
surface, set up a specific secondary mythology that shapes the con¬
sciousness of its bearers and objects through different mechanisms
of social impact. If identities are constructed for us by the discur¬
sive practices (Stuart Hall), a national mythology is exactly this
565
kind of discourse that forges notions about the own that could be
perceived as Self-Categorization (J. Turner).
Postulates of national identity can take the form of impera¬
tives like Love your motherland! Very often they are formulated
in another way that replace imperative with allegations expressed
by claims in first person (single or plural) or in impersonal form.
Such statements are similar and operate (through repeated ritual)
as spells. Although they often directly name desired emotion, this
is not mandatory. As a rule, especially in more recent times, these
postulates are calling for positive emotions from the semantic
group of love, although they presuppose negative emotions di¬
rected towards the enemies . Nineteenth century knows no such
political correctness.
Even the most obvious spells, at least in the field of national¬
ism, need justification. It comes from the mythical truth carried
by different narratives. They are most explicitly displayed in text¬
books, especially for primary grades, where reading directly illus¬
trates postulates declared in the title. In 191 1 century original for¬
mulation of the mythical truth can spring in texts from all sorts of
genre. In the 20lh century seems to have priority texts claiming to
be part of humanitarian discourse (dominant or alternate).
Attitude towards own is also ambivalent. It has both posi¬
tive side attached to the norm and another, informal, some of its
manifestations can be considered in the context of the so-called
cultural intimacy (Michael
Herzfeld).
The most obvious Bulgarian
example is probably Bay Ganyo.
Ambivalent attitude to the own contains some negative ele¬
ments. Their designation may indicate a trauma, frustration caused
by some kind of lack (including lack of heroic deeds), inferiority
complex. Trauma and shame can be pushed to the unconscious,
but can also be productive as a cohesive element and as search for
compensatory actions or verbal structures.
There exists an emotional complex, which grow up long be¬
fore the Liberation
-
the elegiac feelings caused by the juxtaposi¬
tion between the glorious past, which is absent and modest present.
Sad feelings may be specified explicitly, using different names i.e.
566
grief.
They coexist with enthusiasm, and during different periods
of different authors put different meaning in the notion of the glori¬
ous past.
Along with the dominant positive attitude to the own is com¬
bined with suggesting for negative emotions to the Others , to the
enemy. The enemy is a complex and dynamic category that cov¬
ers various groups embodied in various pieces
-
the Byzantines,
Turks, fascists
...
in various periods national mythology puts dif¬
ferent accents, there are also competing options.
Emotional attitude is not restricted to opposition love
-
hate.
It may take the form of indulgence, jealousy, etc. As a rule if it is
not necessarily ambivalent, at least complex and contains different
elements
-
the hatred and jealousy, love and admiration, etc.
Analysis of emotional content implies a distinction between
emotional and rational. However, something may be perceived by
the subject as rational but in fact to be pseudo-rational; deeper un¬
conscious motives that are more emotional could be found under¬
neath. Such pseudo-rational motives are particularly typical for na¬
tional identity. Indeed, in this case, most if not ail elements have an
emotional pseudo-rational explanation
-
pride of the glorious past
and hatred of the enemies always has its
(pseudo)
rational motiva¬
tion in history; completely understandable attachment to the own
territory also similarly finds pseudo-geographically motivation.
Analyzing the emotional content of national identity may be
more productive when the emotions they are considered within the
familiar oppositions (Robert Plutchik).
Basic emotion Basic opposite
Joy Sadness
Acceptance Disgust
Fear Anger
Surprise Anticipation
Advanced emotion Composed of
...
Advanced opposite
Optimism Anticipation
+
Joy Disappointment
567
Love
Joy
+
Acceptance
Remorse
Submission
Acceptance
+
Fear
Contempt
Awe
Fear
+
Surprise
Aggressiveness
Disappointment
Surprise
+
Sadness
Optimism
Remorse
Sadness
+
disgust
Love
Contempt
Disgust
+
Anger
Submission
Aggressiveness
Anger
+
Anticipation
Awe
It is possible to use one another, more complicated classifica¬
tion that includes shades of primary emotion.
(
W. Gerrod Parrott)
Emotional content of national identity is structured around
several key elements:
-
Definition of the own , largely through excluding the oth¬
er , which is combined with negative evaluation of the alien and
positive
-
of the own. Primary forms
ofthat
distinction known from
pre-nationalistic times are associated with clothing and other items
of appearance (tattoos, ornaments, hairstyle), and especially the
food, the prohibition of some foods and resolving other. These ele¬
ments may look archaic, but in recent decades, they fact, acquire a
new relevance.
Neighbouring groups regarded as own according to pedigree,
are often presented in a negative light because of conflicts caused
by territorial proximity. Thus, Bulgarians and Serbs who often
fought in the past presented one another negatively despite their
alleged common Slav origin. That not only does not exclude, but
even suggests ambivalence of the emotional attitude.
Differentiation from the other as a rule is associated with
disgust and loathing (in a soft option
-
disregard) of their customs,
clothing, food. Conversely, emotional attitude towards the own is
of adoption.
-
Narrations of origin. As a rule they are associated withpride
for the antiquity of the own origin and a wide range of negative
emotions to primordial enemies. Narrations of origin set some
basic ideas about the own , which as a rule have several compet-
568
ing versions.
-
History
-
heroic and traumatic events.
-
Pantheon of secular heroes and saints.
All three are associated with feelings from oppositions like
admiration (pride)
-
contempi
and, of course, love
-
hate and their
nuances, and ambivalent overtones (e.g., hatred and contempt are
combined with attraction).
The concept of the own and its associated emotions build
more complex structures, which also enter into some kind of op¬
positions. The main opposition is Messiah complex
-
inferiority
complex. At some level they are probably always presented, but in
different proportions.
At first glance it seems that national mythology is built pri¬
marily on the basis of narrations about the glorious deeds of great
ancestors, mostly victories, but also about peaceful creation, be it
material or spiritual. Another issue is that one event, depending on
perspective, can be seen both as a victory, as well as defeat. Stories
of glorious deeds are supplemented by narratives of suffering and
traumatic events that glue the community through other mecha¬
nisms, in which emotions play a crucial role. Some change of ap¬
proach and the ratio between victories and defeats can be traced
after the emergence of nation-state, through its institutions nation-
state not only builds and maintains the national mythology, but also
gives it a much more systematic nature where the positive should
dominate, at least on the surface. However, the importance of trau¬
ma remains high and this could be detected with the naked eye.
There is one specific secondary emotion associated with
historical myths; after Nietzsche, Max
Scheler
and many others
named it
ressentiment.
This in turn has a direct connection with the
so-called Occidentalism (Ian Buruma and Avishai Margalit).
Emotions like
ressentiment
may associate not only with for¬
eign oppressor, but also with the own . They can be caused by
unrealized heroism and other not particularly praiseworthy deeds.
As a rule, the memory of them and related emotions was pushed
to the unconscious. As the memory of these events and emotions
generated by them is not fully deleted from memory, various com-
569
pensatory
mechanisms appear to explain and justify them.
Religious affiliation (including confessional distinctions Or¬
thodox
-
Catholic
-
Protestant) is undoubtedly one of the key el¬
ements of identity, including national, and its emotional content.
Religion is associated with ideas of the own past, but it is not lim¬
ited to them. Religious institutions consciously form a wide range
of emotional attitudes through ancient, but more or less adapted to
modern times mechanisms. Consciously or not, these mechanisms
have been introduced in secular ideologies.
Relationship between myth and postulates is bidirectional
-
the mythic narratives not only illustrate the postulates, they can
serve as the basis which led to the formulation of new postulates or
at least new variations. For its part, the process of forging national
mythology also do not stick to historical chronology, this process
is contextually conditioned but even closer to the reverse chronol¬
ogy
-
myths about almost contemporary persons and events seem
to emerge first, later attention head back in time, more elaborated
genealogy appears after the construction of the idea of the own .
* * *
Literature is a major tool for creating, transmitting and storing
identity and related emotional attitudes. It has the advantage that
quite accurately documents national mythology, and sheds light on
the mechanisms by which mythology is forged and on ideologist s
designs.
Considering the emotional content of Bulgarian national iden¬
tity in literature one ought to distinguish at least three similar but
not identical things. One is the expression of emotions of the char¬
acters and speakers in the text, the other is the emotions of the
author introduced in one way or another, and third is an incentive
to certain emotions that the author consciously (or unconsciously)
introduces in the text. Literature, which is dynamic and volatile,
can carry more direct stimuli (in earlier periods or in open propa¬
ganda works or in texts aimed at a wider audience), but can contain
also more sophisticated suggestions.
570
When examining the emotions that the author is expressing or
implying one must attempt to understand whether they are spon¬
taneous or culturally or ideologically conditioned or the author
just follows some trend characteristic of the time. It is generally
believed that the latter is inherent in journalism, which follows the
steps of the winners , also to official historiography, but all areas
of literature, including private correspondence, are not immunized
against such trend.
It must be taken into account and how the bearer of emotion
(more precisely speaking the person who expresses it verbally in
text) is an individual or collective, i.e. whether he or she speaks
on its own behalf or on behalf of a group. One has to analyze the
mechanisms by which the speaker (author or character in the text)
legitimizes its claim, and to what extend the others (again, both
within and outside the text) recognize him this claim.
Key data sources for understanding emotional content of na¬
tional identities are texts related to important contemporary events
-
such as wars, coups, etc. Another important source
ofinformation
is the presentation of significant events from the past in various
types of texts (historiographical, journalistic, literary, and private),
which are invariably linked with
/
or generate certain emotions. It
would be fruitful also to examine texts from different areas that
occurred relatively synchronously and were linked to one event
viewed from different perspectives.
The dynamics of perception of the past is particularly inter¬
esting object for observation, including from the perspective of
emotional content. It takes many forms. In some cases, changes
are made gradually concealed and obvious reactions are relatively
tiny and hardly noticeable. In other cases, the revision of the ideas
about the past (or actions which can be viewed in a similar light)
give rise to fierce debates (i.e. the
Batak
Project). Scrutinizing
emotional content of national identity it would be useful to review
such disputes for a longer period of time, ideally
-
for the last
100-
150
years.
Analyzing the presence of emotions related to national iden¬
tity in various texts can start with establishing a set of keywords
571
or phrases necessarily considered in their context, distinguishing
emotions associated with nationalism, from emotions generated
by other motives and stimuli. More interesting, at least for literary
scholars would be to focus on emotions and stimuli that are not
at the surface of the text and on their ambivalent overtones. They
could be traced in different layers of the text: authors choices of
specific types of environments and subjects, the presence of other1
in them and designed by the author reactions to it; introduction into
the plot of objects and intangible markers (e.g. songs), relating to
foreign and different.
Political journalism, literature, historians and humanitarian
scholars forge and express emotional content of national identity.
But one key sphere for investigation is everyday life from the past
and nowadays. One of the richest and most interesting sources is
the anecdotes and other forms of non-conventional folk-lore. In
this field the problem of sources
ofinformation
is particularly diffi¬
cult and delicate. Not because there are no sources, on the contrary,
they are numerous; even in respect of the recent past
(19* -
20th
centuries) the problem is to what extent they reveal an authentic
state (more or less illusory, imagine) and to what extent they are
also directly or indirectly affected by ideologues, without bearers
of emotions to be aware of this.
* * *
On the other hand, the literature, especially in later periods
and in more sophisticated works, can undermine, subvert or decon¬
struct national (and each other) mythology. In such cases, domi¬
nant emotional complexes are also problematized. Academic texts,
of course, can make and do the same, but their impact is more
limited and can reach a wider audience only through intermediar¬
ies
-
media, political journalism, rarely
-
textbooks. A typical way
in which these problematic and subversive ideas reach wider audi¬
ence are through their opponents in the media, often very loud and
passionate.
Centripetal forces of nationalism in literature and other arts
572
are often supplemented by centrifugal forces which problematize
and undermine social norms and canons. Sometimes they may be
present in the works of the same authors, even in the same texts.
Among the most prominent advocates of nationalism one can de¬
tect signs of centrifugal forces
-
the rejection of the national collec¬
tive as an ideal community, the conflict between lonely individual
rebel and national statuesque, etc.
Emotional content and politics of national identity
Bulgarian case
Galin Gornev, Pepka
Boyadjieva,
Kristina Pětková
The authors analyse the strengthening constructive implica¬
tions in the development of the closely related concepts of (the
sense of) individual, social and, especially, national identity. Along
with the natural break with the essentialist approach, the examina¬
tion of national identity through constructivist lenses necessarily
revives the research interest in the emotional factors and contrib¬
utes to coming to the fore of the identity politics . For their part,
these developments make fully logical the inclusion of national
identity and closely related national self-esteem in the research
on the tensions and asymmetries, immanent to the highly aggres¬
sive environment of the world system of nation states.
It is argued that in such aggressive conditions rigid status hier¬
archies tend to emerge contributing to steadily recurring emotional
differences between great ( regimes of pride ) and small ( re¬
gimes of shame ) nation states. Following the same pattern, the
efforts of the small countries to implement their own identity
politics by renegotiating their statuses in the world system come up
against still powerful systemic resistance.
At the same time, the authors assume that this protective ten¬
dency is opposed by two types of increasingly emancipating pro¬
cesses. First, the globalization processes already entered a more
573
advanced stage, where the very character and intensity of the trans¬
national mobility and communication have emancipating impact
on both inferiority and superiority (national) complexes. And sec¬
ond, the climax of the world system of nation states is, most prob¬
ably, left behind along with the most rigid hierarchical relations
between the countries of different ranges. Here the overall liberat¬
ing effects are also twofold: on the one hand, new room is open for
the adaptive manoeuvres of the (small) nation states, their national
identities, in particular; on the other hand, the
vety
meaning of the
universal status hierarchies created during the era of nationalism is
gradually losing its existential ground.
Thus, the changing constellation of the global forces creates
better chances for the identity politics of the smaller countries and,
in the concluding part of the article, the analysis focuses on Bul¬
garia as an intriguing example. According to the results of the so¬
ciological survey on Bulgarian national identity recently carried
out by the authors, there are some indications of a real national
inferiority complex in the country. In this sense, the authors con¬
sider necessary a concerted national effort at identity renegotiation,
where an important role has to be played by a visionary political
leadership.
574
Съдържание
По следите на българските емоции
Николай Аретов
Емоции, идентичност, литература и национална митология:
многопосочност на връзките
8
Пенка Бояджиева, Кръстина Петкова,
Галин Горнев
Емоционалната енергия
на българската национална идентичност
30
Исторически корени
Надя Данова
Употреба на емоциите: поглед върху българските
текстовете до средата на
XIX
век
67
Радослава Илчева
Драмат(ург)ичните страсти
и Българското средновековие
136
Анна Алексиева
Емоциите във възрожденската поезия:
експлицитна и имплицитна публичност
152
Съвременни измерения
Галин
Горнев, Пепка Бояджиева, Кръстина Петкова
Емоционално съдържание и политика на националната
идентичност (с акцент върху българския случай)
170
Теодора Карамелска
Религия и национална идентичност
-
една изчезваща връзка?
192
Рая Заимова, Гергана Дончева
Образование по история и емоции
205
Гергана Дончева
Значението на емоциите
в българския исторически филм
225
Места на паметта
Николай Аретов
Места на паметта: дебатите и митовете
240
Гражина Шват-Гълъбова (Варшава)
Изобретени емоции и практически разум.
Казусът- България
254
Надя Данова
Отново за прогтускливостта на стената
между идентичностите
266
Анна Алексиева
Емоционални употреби на миналото:
Възраждането като Златен век
281
Евелина Джевиецка (Варшава)
Предателството на Юда като фигура на паметта.
Към мястото на християнската традиция
в българската национална култура
299
Мария Литина (Атина)
Емоционални реакции на Българския въпрос:
случаят
с
гръцката Йерусалимска патриаршия
311
Раймонд Детрез
(Гент)
Възрожденски гняв и радост около един политически
принцип, или: как българите преживяваха
установяването на ранните им държавни граници
323
Балканският
/
европейският контекст
Рая Заимова
По бреговете на Дунава
J
340
Евгения Иванова
Места на памет: България и Сърбия
378
Димитър В. Атанасов
Травма и юначество.
Изковаването на разказа за историята на Косово Зс>7
Раймонд Детрез
(Гент)
Размисли за българските места на паметта
-
по повод многострадалната
университетска библиотека в Льовен
4
1
6
Мари Врина (Париж)
Преводът като огледало на отношението
спрямо националната идентичност и другостта
в България и Франция
433
Христос Хадзийосиф (Крит)
Великден в Александрия: народни предразсъдъци
и междуобщностни раздори в Египет
в края на
XIX
век
446
Спирос
Каравае (Митилини)
Приказката на Пинелопи Делта
и тайните на македонската борба
488
Abstracts
565
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1027722547 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040459070 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)815945072 (DE-599)BVBBV040459070 |
| edition | 1. izd. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV040459070 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-24T02:50:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789545331138 |
| language | Bulgarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025306559 |
| oclc_num | 815945072 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 602 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Izdat. "Kralica Mab" |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | ... părva radost e za mene emocionalnoto sădăržanie na bălgarskata nacionalna identičnost: istoričeski koreni i săvremenni izmerenija Ethnische Identität (DE-588)4153096-2 gnd Physiologie Literatur (DE-588)4122313-5 gnd Bulgaren (DE-588)4088623-2 gnd Gefühl (DE-588)4019702-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4153096-2 (DE-588)4122313-5 (DE-588)4088623-2 (DE-588)4019702-5 |
| title | ... părva radost e za mene emocionalnoto sădăržanie na bălgarskata nacionalna identičnost: istoričeski koreni i săvremenni izmerenija |
| title_auth | ... părva radost e za mene emocionalnoto sădăržanie na bălgarskata nacionalna identičnost: istoričeski koreni i săvremenni izmerenija |
| title_exact_search | ... părva radost e za mene emocionalnoto sădăržanie na bălgarskata nacionalna identičnost: istoričeski koreni i săvremenni izmerenija |
| title_full | ... părva radost e za mene emocionalnoto sădăržanie na bălgarskata nacionalna identičnost: istoričeski koreni i săvremenni izmerenija Institut za Literatura ... [Săst.: Nikolaj Aretov] |
| title_fullStr | ... părva radost e za mene emocionalnoto sădăržanie na bălgarskata nacionalna identičnost: istoričeski koreni i săvremenni izmerenija Institut za Literatura ... [Săst.: Nikolaj Aretov] |
| title_full_unstemmed | ... părva radost e za mene emocionalnoto sădăržanie na bălgarskata nacionalna identičnost: istoričeski koreni i săvremenni izmerenija Institut za Literatura ... [Săst.: Nikolaj Aretov] |
| title_short | ... părva radost e za mene |
| title_sort | parva radost e za mene emocionalnoto sadarzanie na balgarskata nacionalna identicnost istoriceski koreni i savremenni izmerenija |
| title_sub | emocionalnoto sădăržanie na bălgarskata nacionalna identičnost: istoričeski koreni i săvremenni izmerenija |
| topic | Ethnische Identität (DE-588)4153096-2 gnd Physiologie Literatur (DE-588)4122313-5 gnd Bulgaren (DE-588)4088623-2 gnd Gefühl (DE-588)4019702-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ethnische Identität Physiologie Literatur Bulgaren Gefühl |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025306559&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025306559&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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