Crimes against humanity and international criminal law
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| Format: | Buch |
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| Sprache: | English |
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International Courts Association
2011
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| Schriftenreihe: | International criminal law series
4 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Crimes against humanity and international criminal law |c Willem-Jan van der Wolf |
| 264 | 1 | |a The Hague |b International Courts Association |c 2011 | |
| 300 | |a XIV, 438 S. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a International criminal law series |v 4 | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references | ||
| 700 | 1 | |a Wolf, Willem-Jan van der |e Sonstige |0 (DE-588)1045804258 |4 oth | |
| 830 | 0 | |a International criminal law series |v 4 |w (DE-604)BV037304349 |9 4 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m SWB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025272132&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025272132 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | IMAGE 1
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CONTENTS FOREWORD 1
PART 1 DEFEINITION OF CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY 9
INTRODUCTION 11
1.1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 11
1.2 RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER CRIMES 14
1.3 COMMON ELEMENTS 15
1.3.1 ASPECTS NOT REQUIRED 15
1.3.2 WIDESPREAD OR SYSTEMATIC ATTACK 17
1.3.3 ANY CIVILIAN POPULATION 22
1.3.4 THE LINK BETWEEN THE ACCUSED AND THE ATTACK 25
1.3.5 MENTAL ELEMENT 26
PART 2 PROHIBITED ACTS WITHIN THE DEFINITION OF CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY
29
2.1 INTRODUCTION 31
2.1.1 MURDER 32
2.1.2 EXTERMINATION 32
2.1.3 ENSLAVEMENT 33
2.1.4 DEPORTATION OF FORCIBLE TRANSFER 35
2.1.5 TORTURE 36
2.1.6 IMPRISONMENT 39
2.1.7 RAPE AND OTHER FORMS OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE 40
2.1.8 PERSECUTION 46
2.1.9 ENFORCED DISAPPEARANCE 51
2.1.11 OTHER INHUMANE ACTS 52
PART 3 JURISPRUDENCE OF THE ICTY 55
A) STATUTE 57
B) GENERAL ELEMENTS 57 I) JURISDICTIONAL PREREQUISITES 58
(1) THE STATUTE REQUIRES THAT THERE BE AN ARMED CONFLICT 58
(A) THE ARMED CONFLICT MAY BE INTERNATIONAL OR INTERNAL 58
(B) ARMED CONFLICT DEFINED 59
(2) THE ACTS OF THE ACCUSED AND THE ARMED CONFLICT MUST BE LINKED 59
GEOGRAPHICALLY AS WELL AS TEMPORALLY II) THERE MUST BE AN ATTACK
(ELEMENT 1) 60
(1)DENNED 61
(2) ATTACK AND ARMED CONFLICT ARE DISTINCT 61
(3) THE ATTACK MAY BE, BUT NEED NOT BE, PART OF THE ARMED CONFLICT
61 (4) ATTACK NOT LIMITED TO USE OF ARMED FORCE 62
(5) WHEN ESTABLISHING THE ATTACK, GENERALLY IRRELEVANT THAT THE OTHER
SIDE COMMITTED ATROCITIES OR ATTACK 63
(6) APPLICATION-THERE WAS AN ATTACK 64
III) THE ACTS OF THE ACCUSED MUST FORM PART OF THE ATTACK (ELEMENT 2) 64
IMAGE 2
H
W
G (1)NEXUS 64
O I (2) CRIMES MUST BE RELATED TO/PART OF THE ATTACK NOT ISOLATED ACTS
OF THE ACCUSED 65
(3) CRIMES MUST BE RELATED TO/PART OF THE ATTACK NOT ISOLATED ACTS OF
THE ACCUSED 65
IV) THE ATTACK MUST BE DIRECTED AGAINST ANY CIVILIAN POPULATION
(ELEMENT 3) 66
(1) DIRECTED AGAINST 66
(A) AN ATTACK IS DIRECTED AGAINST A CIVILIAN POPULATION IF THE
CIVILIAN POPULATION IS THE PRIMARY OBJECT OF THE ATTACK 66
(B) NOT ENTIRE POPULATION, BUT A SUFFICIENT NUMBER MUST BE SUBJECT TO
THE ATTACK, RATHER THAN A LIMITED AND RANDOMLY SELECTED NUMBER OF
INDIVIDUALS 67
(C) FACTORS FOR ASSESSING WHETHER THE ATTACK WAS DIRECTED AGAINST THE
CIVILIAN POPULATION 67
(D) ATTACK DIRECTED AGAINST A CIVILIAN POPULATION WILL MOST OFTEN OCCUR
AT THE BEHEST OF A STATE 68
(E) TARGETING A NUMBER OF POLITICAL OPPONENTS INSUFFICIENT 68 (F) THE
LAWS OF WAR PROVIDE A BENCHMARK TO ASSESS THE NATURE OF THE ATTACK AND
LEGALITY OF ACTS COMMITTED 68
(2) CIVILIAN POPULATION 69
(A) DEFINED 70
(B) CONSTRUE CIVILIAN POPULATION LIBERALLY/ CASES OF DOUBT 70 (C) THOSE
EXCLUDED FROM CIVILIAN STATUS 71
(I) MEMBER OF ARMED GROUP, EVEN IF NOT ARMED OR IN COMBAT, NOT A
CIVILIAN 72
(D) CIVILIAN INCLUDES THOSE WHO WERE MEMBERS OF A RESISTANCE MOVEMENT,
FORMER COMBATANTS, AND OTHERS HORS DE COMBAT 73 (E) TO DETERMINE WHETHER
PRESENCE OF SOLDIERS DEPRIVES POPULATION OF ITS CIVILIAN NATURE, EXAMINE
NUMBER OF SOLDIERS AND WHETHER
THEY ARE ON LEAVE 74
(F) PROTECTS ANY CIVILIAN POPULATION 74
(3) APPLICATION-ATTACK DIRECTED AGAINST A CIVILIAN POPULATION 75 (A)
ABDUCTION, DETENTION OR MISTREATMENT OF SERBIAN CIVILIANS BY THE KOSOVO
LIBERATION ARMY 75
(I) PERCEIVED COLLABORATORS GENERALLY ENTITLED TO CIVILIAN STATUS 75
(II) ABDUCTIONS, DETENTIONS OR MISTREATMENT NOT ON A SCALE OR FREQUENCY
TO BE CONSIDERED AN ATTACK DIRECTED AGAINST A CIVILIAN POPULATION 75
(B) EVENTS IN PRIJEDOR CONSTITUTED AN ATTACK DIRECTED AGAINST A CIVILIAN
POPULATION 76
V) THE ATTACK MUST BE WIDESPREAD OR SYSTEMATIC (ELEMENT 4) 77 (1)
WIDESPREAD OR SYSTEMATIC 77
(2) ONLY THE ATTACK, NOT THE ACCUSED S ACTS, MUST BE WIDESPREAD OR
SYSTEMATIC 77
(3) WIDESPREAD 78
(4) SYSTEMATIC 78
(5) ASSESSING WIDESPREAD OR SYSTEMATIC 79
(A) ASSESSING WIDESPREAD OR SYSTEMATIC 79
(6) SINGLE ACT, IF LINKED TO A WIDESPREAD OR SYSTEMATIC ATTACK, MAY
II
IMAGE 3
8
QUALIFY AS A CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY 80 :
(7) NO PLAN OR POLICY REQUIRED, ALTHOUGH MAY BE USEFUL TO SHOW THE
ATTACK WAS WIDESPREAD OR SYSTEMATIC 81
(A) A LEVEL OF DE FACTO CONTROL OVER TERRITORY NECESSARY TO DEMONSTRATE
THAT A SUB-STATE UNIT OR ARMED OPPOSITION GROUP HAS A POLICY TO DIRECT
AN ATTACK 82
(8) BOTH CIVILIAN STATUS OF THE VICTIMS AND SCALE OR LEVEL OF
ORGANIZATION CHARACTERIZE A CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY 83
(9) APPLICATION-WIDESPREAD OR SYSTEMATIC ATTACK 83
(A) ATTACKS CARRIED OUT BY CROATS AGAINST THE BOSNIAN MUSLIM CIVILIAN
POPULATION IN CENTRAL BOSNIA WIDESPREAD, SYSTEMATIC AND DIRECTED AGAINST
A CIVILIAN POPULATION 83
(B) THERE WAS A WIDESPREAD OR SYSTEMATIC ATTACK AGAINST THE BOSNIAN
MUSLIM AND BOSNIAN CROAT CIVILIAN POPULATION IN THE BOSNIAN KRAJINA 84
(C) PLAN TO RID PRIJEDOR MUNICIPALITY OF NON-SERBS WAS A WIDESPREAD AND
SYSTEMATIC ATTACK AGAINST THE CIVILIAN POPULATION 85
VI) MENS REA (ELEMENT 5) 85
(1) INTENT 86
(A) THE PERPETRATOR MUST HAVE INTENT TO COMMIT THE UNDERLYING OFFENSE(S)
86
(B) DISCRIMINATORY INTENT ONLY REQUIRED FOR PERSECUTION 86 (2) KNOWLEDGE
87
(A) THE PERPETRATOR MUST KNOWINGLY PARTICIPATE IN A WIDESPREAD OR
SYSTEMATIC ATTACK, I.E., HAVE KNOWLEDGE OF THE ATTACK AND THAT HIS ACT
IS PART OF THE ATTACK 87
(B) IT DOES NOT SUFFICE THAT THE PERPETRATOR KNEW OF THE ATTACK AND TOOK
THE RISK HIS ACTS WERE PART OF IT 89
(C) KNOWLEDGE OF THE DETAILS OF THE ATTACK NOT REQUIRED 89
(D) NO REQUIREMENT THAT THE PERPETRATOR APPROVE OF THE CONTEXT OR SHARE
THE PURPOSE OR GOAL BEHIND THE ATTACK 90
(E) MOTIVE GENERALLY IRRELEVANT 90
(F) IT IS IRRELEVANT WHETHER THE ACCUSED INTENDED HIS ACTS TO BE
DIRECTED AGAINST THE TARGETED POPULATION OR MERELY AGAINST THE VICTIM 91
(G) EVIDENCE OF KNOWLEDGE WILL VARY FROM CASE TO CASE 92
(H) WHETHER THERE ARE FACTORS FROM WHICH TO INFER KNOWLEDGE OF CONTEXT
92 (I) APPLICATION-MENS REA: WHETHER THE ACTS OF THE ACCUSED FORMED PART
OF A WIDESPREAD AND SYSTEMATIC ATTACK AND THE ACCUSED KNEW OF THE ATTACK
93
C) APPLICATION-GENERAL ELEMENTS FOR ARTICLE 5 93
I) SREBRENICA 93
(1) ARMED CONFLICT 93
(2) WIDESPREAD OR SYSTEMATIC ATTACK 94
(3) DIRECTED AGAINST A CIVILIAN POPULATION 94
(4) ACTS OF THE ACCUSED WERE PART OF THE ATTACK AND THE ACCUSED KNEW
THEIR ACTS WERE PART OF THE ATTACK 94
II) SARAJEVO 94
III) BOSANSKI SAMAC AND ODZAK 95
(1) ATTACK ON THE CIVILIAN POPULATION AND EXISTENCE OF ARMED CONFLICT 95
III
IMAGE 4
(2) THE ATTACK WAS WIDESPREAD AND SYSTEMATIC 95
~ : (3) THE ACCUSEDS KNOWLEDGE OF THE ATTACK AND THAT THEIR ACTS
WERE PART OF THE ATTACK 96
D) UNDERLYING OFFENSES 96
I) MURDER (ARTICLE 5(A)) 96
(1) ELEMENTS 96
(2) MURDER UNDER ARTICLE 5 OF THE STATUTE, COMPARED TO ARTICLE 2
( WILFUL KILLING ) AND ARTICLE 3 ( MURDER ) 98
(3) PROOF OF DEAD BODY NOT REQUIRED 98
(4) SUICIDE AS MURDER 99
(5) MENSREA 99
(A) MURDER NOT PREMEDITATED MURDER IS THE UNDERLYING OFFENSE 100 (6)
APPLICATION-MURDER 100
(A) SREBRENICA 100
(B) SARAJEVO 101
(C) PRIJEDOR 101
II) EXTERMINATION (ARTICLE 5(B)) 101
(1) RELATIONSHIP TO CRIMES OF MURDER (ARTICLES 3 AND 5) AND WILLFUL
KILLING (ARTICLE 2) 101
(2) ELEMENTS 102
(3) ACTUS REUS 102
(A) MAY INCLUDE ACTS SUCH AS THE DEPRIVATION OF FOOD AND MEDICINE,
CALCULATED TO CAUSE THE DESTRUCTION OF PART OF THE POPULATION 103 (B)
NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS INVOLVED 103
(I) APPLICATION-NUMBER OF VICTIMS: AT LEAST 1669 BOSNIAN MUSLIMS AND
BOSNIAN CROATS KILLED BY BOSNIAN SERB FORCES IN THE AUTONOMOUS REGION OF
KRAJINA 104
(C) EXTERMINATION MUST BE COLLECTIVE, NOT DIRECTED TOWARD SINGLED OUT
INDIVIDUALS 105
(D) RESPONSIBILITY MAY BE REMOTE OR INDIRECT/ NOT REQUIRED TO PROVE THE
ACCUSED HAD DE FACTO CONTROL OVER A LARGE NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS 105 (4)
MENSREA 105
(A) DISCRIMINATORY INTENT NOT REQUIRED 107
(5) NO PLAN OR POLICY REQUIREMENT/ VAST SCHEME OF COLLECTIVE MURDER OR
VAST MURDEROUS ENTERPRISE NOT AN ELEMENT 107
(6) APPLICATION-EXTERMINATION 109
(A) SREBRENICA-KILLING MORE THAN 7,000 THOUSAND BOSNIAN MUSLIM MEN AND
BOYS WAS EXTERMINATION 109
(B) PRIJEDOR-KILLING MORE THAN 1,500, INCLUDING AT THE KERATERM CAMP, AT
KORICANSKE STIJENE ON MOUNT VLASIC, AND THE VILLAGE OF BRISEVO WAS
EXTERMINATION 109
(I) APPLICATION-MENS REA-EXTERMINATION: PRIJEDOR 110
(7) EXTERMINATION DISTINGUISHED FROM GENOCIDE 110
III) ENSLAVEMENT (ARTICLE 5(C)) 111
(1) ACTUS REUS AND MENS REA 111
(2) SAME AS SLAVERY UNDER ARTICLE 3 111
(3) INDICIA OF ENSLAVEMENT 111
(A) KEEPING SOMEONE IN CAPTIVITY USUALLY NOT ENOUGH 112
(B) DURATION OF ENSLAVEMENT IS A FACTOR, BUT NOT A REQUIRED ELEMENT 112
(4) LACK OF RESISTANCE IS NOT A SIGN OF CONSENT; LACK OF CONSENT IS NOT
AN
IV
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8
ELEMENT 112
(5) FORCED LABOR ASSIGNMENTS MAY CONSTITUTE SLAVERY 112
IV) DEPORTATION (ARTICLE 5(D)) 113
(1) DENNED 113
(2) DISTINCTION BETWEEN DEPORTATION AND FORCIBLE TRANSFER 114 (3)
TRANSFER OVER DE FACTO BOUNDARIES THAT ARE NOT INTERNATIONALLY
RECOGNIZED, SUCH AS CONSTANTLY CHANGING FRONTLINES 114
(4) UNLAWFUL CHARACTER OF THE DISPLACEMENT-WHEN DISPLACEMENT IS
INVOLUNTARY 116
(5) ASSISTANCE BY HUMANITARIAN AGENCIES DOES NOT RENDER DISPLACEMENT
LAWFUL 117
(6) NEED NOT INVOLVE A MINIMUM NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS 117 (7) RETURN OF
VICTIM HAS NO IMPACT ON CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY 117 (8) MENSREA 117
(9) APPLICATION-DEPORTATION 117
(A) DEPORTATION OF THE NON-SERB POPULATION FROM THE MUNICIPALITY OF
PRIJEDOR 117
(B) DEPORTATION OF NON-SERB CIVILIANS FROM THE MUNICIPALITY OF BOSANSKI
SAMAC TO CROATIA 118
(I) INVOLUNTARY CHARACTER OF THE EXCHANGES/ LACK OF GENUINE CONSENT 119
V) IMPRISONMENT (ARTICLE 5(E)) 120
(1) ELEMENTS 120
(2) REQUIRES ARBITRARY IMPRISONMENT 121
(3) SAME ELEMENTS AS UNLAWFUL CONFINEMENT UNDER ARTICLE 2 121 VI)
TORTURE (ARTICLE 5(0) 121
(1) SAME REGARDLESS OF ARTICLE 121
(2) ELEMENTS 122
(3) REQUIREMENT OF SEVERE PAIN AND SUFFERING 122
(A) RAPE NECESSARILY IMPLIES SEVERE PAIN OR SUFFERING (4) REQUIREMENT OF
A PROHIBITED PURPOSE 123
(A) PROHIBITED PURPOSE NEED NOT BE THE PREDOMINATING OR SOLE PURPOSE 124
(5) ROLE OF A STATE OFFICIAL NOT NECESSARY 125
(6) MENS REA 125
(7) DISTINCTION BETWEEN CRUEL AND INHUMANE TREATMENT AS AN UNDERLYING
ACT OF PERSECUTION, AND TORTURE 126
VII) RAPE (ARTICLE 5(G)) 126
VIII) PERSECUTION (ARTICLE 5(H)) 127
(1) ELEMENTS 127
(2) ACTUS REUS 128
(A) PERSECUTORY ACTS INCLUDE THOSE LISTED IN ARTICLE 5, ACTS FOUND
ELSEWHERE IN THE STATUTE AND ACTS NOT EXPRESSLY PROHIBITED UNDER THE
STATUTE 128
(B) ACTS OR OMISSIONS NOT ENUMERATED IN ARTICLE 5 MUST BE OF EQUAL
GRAVITY TO THOSE LISTED 129
(C) SEPARATELY OR COMBINED, THE ACTS MUST AMOUNT TO PERSECUTION 131 (D)
THE ACTS UNDERLYING PERSECUTION, SEPARATELY OR COMBINED, MUST CONSTITUTE
A DENIAL OF, OR INFRINGEMENT UPON, A FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT UNDER
INTERNATIONAL CUSTOMARY LAW 133
(E) ACTS MAY ENCOMPASS PHYSICAL OR MENTAL HARM OR INFRINGEMENTS UPON
INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM, AS WELL AS ACTS WHICH APPEAR LESS SERIOUS 134
V
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W 5 : (F) ACT IS DISCRIMINATORY WHERE VICTIM TARGETED BECAUSE OF GROUP U
I MEMBERSHIP 134
(G) TARGETED INDIVIDUALS MAY INCLUDE THOSE DEFINED BY THE PERPETRATOR AS
BELONGING TO THE VICTIM GROUP DUE TO THEIR CLOSE AFFILIATIONS TO, OR
SYMPATHIES FOR, THE VICTIM GROUP 134
(H) EACH OF THE THREE GROUNDS LISTED IN ARTICLE 5(H) SUFFICIENT. 135 (I)
ACTUAL DISCRIMINATION MUST RESULT 135
(I) APPLICATION-ACTUAL DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DETAINEES IN THE
OMARSKA CAMP AND THE NON-SERB POPULATION OF PRIJEDOR 136 (J) MISTAKEN
TARGET OF PERSECUTION IS STILL PERSECUTION 136
(K) SINGLE ACT MAY CONSTITUTE PERSECUTION IF DISCRIMINATORY INTENT
PROVEN 137 (I) APPLICATION-SINGLE ACT MAY CONSTITUTE PERSECUTION: MURDER
AT THE DRINA RIVER, IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF VISEGRAD IN SOUTH-EASTERN
BOSNIA- HERZEGOVINA 138
(1) PROSECUTION MUST CHARGE PARTICULAR ACTS OR OMISSIONS AMOUNTING TO
PERSECUTION 138
(3) EXAMPLES OF PERSECUTION 139
(A) DESTRUCTION OF PROPERTY OR MEANS OF SUBSISTENCE 139
(I) PROHIBITION OF PILLAGE IS CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW 139 (II)
DESTRUCTION OF PROPERTY, DEPENDING ON THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF THE
DESTRUCTION, MAY BE OF EQUAL GRAVITY TO OTHER CRIMES LISTED IN ARTICLE 5
140
(III) EXAMINE SEVERITY OF IMPACT 140
(IV) VARIOUS ACTS COVERED, INCLUDING PLUNDER AND LOOTING THAT RENDER A
PEOPLE HOMELESS AND WITH NO MEANS OF ECONOMIC SUPPORT 141
(V) INSTITUTIONS DEDICATED TO RELIGION, CHARITY AND EDUCATION, THE ARTS
AND SCIENCES, HISTORIC MONUMENTS AND WORKS OF ART AND SCIENCE 142
(VI) APPLICATION-EQUAL GRAVITY 143
(VII) APPLICATION-DESTRUCTION OF PROPERTY GENERALLY 144
(A) AUTONOMOUS REGION OF KRAJINA 144
(B) SREBRENICA 144
(C) BOSANSKI SAMAC 145
(D) PRIJEDOR MUNICIPALITY 146
(B) UNLAWFUL ARREST 146
(I) APPLICATION-UNLAWFUL ARREST: BOSANSKI SAMAC 147
(C) UNLAWFUL DETENTION 147
(I) APPLICATION-UNLAWFUL DETENTION 148
(A) LASVA RIVER VALLEY REGION IN CENTRAL BOSNIA 148
(B) BOSANSKI SAMAC, NORTH-EASTERN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 148 (C) AHMICI,
LOCATED IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF VITEZ IN THE LASVA RIVER VALLEY IN
CENTRAL BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 149 (D) UNLAWFUL CONFINEMENT 149
(I) APPLICATION-UNLAWFUL CONFINEMENT: MUNICIPALITIES OF BOSANSKI SAMAC
AND ODZAK 150
(E) DEPORTATION, FORCIBLE TRANSFER AND FORCIBLE DISPLACEMENT 150 (I) ARE
CRIMES OF EQUAL GRAVITY TO OTHER CRIMES LISTED IN ARTICLE 5 150 (II)
DISPLACEMENTS PUNISHABLE UNDER CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW 151 (III)
DEPORTATION, FORCIBLE TRANSFER AND FORCIBLE DISPLACEMENT DEFINED 151
VI
IMAGE 7
N
O
(A) DEPORTATION, FORCIBLE TRANSFER AND FORCIBLE DISPLACEMENT DENNED 152
(B) ERROR OF LAW NOT TO EXAMINE WHETHER FORCIBLE DISPLACEMENT
CONSTITUTED A CRIME UNDER CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW AT THE TIME
COMMITTED 153
(VI) ELEMENTS 153
(VII) ASSESSING VOLUNTARINESS OF DISPLACEMENT 153
(VIII) APPLICATION-LACK OF POSSIBILITY OF GENUINE CONSENT 154 (A) KP DOM
PRISON COMPLEX IN FOCA, LOCATED IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 154
(B) SREBRENICA 155
(IX) LOCATION TO WHICH VICTIM IS DISPLACED MUST BE SUFFICIENTLY DISTANT
155 (X) EVACUATION IS PERMISSIBLE TO ENSURE THE SECURITY OF THE
POPULATION OR FOR IMPERATIVE MILITARY REASONS 155
(XI) EVACUATION IS PERMISSIBLE FOR HUMANITARIAN REASONS 156 (XII)
OBLIGATIONS INCUMBENT UPON THE EVACUATING PARTY 157 (XIII) MENS REA 157
(XIV) SUBSEQUENT VOLUNTARY RETURN DOES NOT IMPACT ON CRIMINAL
RESPONSIBILITY 158
(XV) APPLICATION-DEPORTATION, FORCIBLE TRANSFER AND FORCIBLE
DISPLACEMENT 158
(A) FROM FOCA MUNICIPALITY 158
(B) FROM SREBRENICA 159
(C) FROM BANJA LUKA, PRIJEDOR, SANSKI MOST AND BOSANSKI NOVI IN THE
AUTONOMOUS REGION OF KRAJ INA 160
(D) FROM THE SERBIAN AUTONOMOUS REGION OF KRAJINA 161
(F) HARASSMENT, HUMILIATION, DEGRADATION, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE 162
(I) APPLICATION-HARASSMENT, HUMILIATION, DEGRADATION AND PSYCHOLOGICAL
ABUSE 163
(A) THE OMARSKA CAMP 163 (B) CAMPS AND DETENTION FACILITIES IN THE
AUTONOMOUS REGION OF THE KRAJINA 164
(G) MURDER 165
(I) APPLICATION-MURDER 166
(A) SREBRENICA 166
(B) AUTONOMOUS REGION OF KRAJINA 167
(C) MUNICIPALITY OF PRIJEDOR 168
(H) TORTURE 168 (I) APPLICATION-TORTURE 168
(A) CAMPS AND DETENTION FACILITIES IN THE AUTONOMOUS REGION OF KRAJINA
168
(B) DETENTION FACILITIES IN BOSANSKI SAMAC, CRKVINA, BRCKO, BIJELJINA
169 (C) THE OMARSKA, KERATERM AND TRNOPOLJE CAMPS AND ELSEWHERE 169 (I)
CRUEL AND INHUMANE TREATMENT 170
(I) DEFINED 1 70
(II) ELEMENTS 17 0
(III) CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW 170
(IV) ACTS OF SERIOUS BODILY AND MENTAL HARM ARE OF SUFFICIENT GRAVITY
COMPARED TO THE OTHER CRIMESENUMERATED IN ARTICLE 5 170
(A) APPLICATION-GRAVITY 170
(V) DETERMINING SERIOUSNESS/SEVERITY OF THE HARM SUFFERED 171 (VI) CRUEL
AND INHUMANE TREATMENT IS A LESSER INCLUDED OFFENSE OF TORTURE 1 71
VII
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W 3 : (VII) BEATINGS AS A FORM OF CRUEL AND INHUMANE TREATMENT 171
U I (VIII) FORCED LABOR AS A FORM OF CRUEL AND INHUMANE TREATMENT 172
(IX) CONFINEMENT UNDER INHUMANE CONDITIONS AS A FORM OF CRUEL AND
INHUMANE TREATMENT 173
(X)MENSREA 173
(XI) APPLICATION-CRUEL AND INHUMANE TREATMENT 174
(A) FOLLOWING THE FALL OF SREBRENICA 174
(B) BEATINGS AT DETENTION FACILITIES IN BOSANSKI SAMAC AND IN CRKVINA,
BRCKO, AND BIJELJINA 176
(C) CONFINEMENT UNDER INHUMANE CONDITIONS AT DETENTION CENTERS IN
BOSANSKI SAMAC, CRKVINA AND BIJELJINA 176
(D) FORCED LABOR-DIGGING TRENCHES, BUILDING BUNKERS, CARRY SANDBAGS (E)
OR RAILWAY SLEEPERS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF TRENCHES, AND BUILDING (F)
OTHER FORTIFICATIONS ON THE FRONTLINE 177
(G) CONFINEMENT UNDER INHUMANE CONDITIONS AT THE OMARSKA CAMP 177 (J)
EXTERMINATION 178
(K) SERIOUS BODILY AND MENTAL HARM/ PHYSICAL VIOLENCE 178
(I) APPLICATION-SERIOUS BODILY AND MENTAL HARM/ PHYSICAL VIOLENCE (A)
DETENTION CAMPS AND FACILITIES: THE MANJACA CAMP; THE MLAVKE FOOTBALL
STADIUM AND BOSANSKI NOVI FIRE STATION IN BOSANSKI NOVI; THE KOTOR VAROS
PRISON IN KOTOR VAROS; THE OMARSKA, KERATERM AND TRNOPOLJE CAMPS IN
PRIJEDOR; THE SLOGA SHOE FACTORY IN PRNJAVOR; BETONIRKA IN SANSKI MOST;
AND PRIBINIC AND TERRITORIAL DEFENSE BUILDINGS IN TESLIC 179
(B) THE OMARSKA, KERATERM AND TRNOPOLJE CAMPS 179
(1) RAPE 180
(I) APPLICATION-RAPE 181
(A) MUNICIPALITIES OF PRIJEDOR, TESLIC, BANJA LUKA, BOSANSKA KRUPA,
DONJI VAKUF, AND IN KOTOR VAROS 181
(B) THE TRNOPOLJE, KERATERM AND OMARSKA CAMPS 181
(M) SEXUAL ASSAULT 181
(I) APPLICATION-SEXUAL ASSAULT IN VARIOUS PRISON CAMPS AND COMPLEXES
INCLUDING THE OMARSKA AND KERATERM CAMPS AND OTHER DETENTION FACILITIES
IN THE PRIJEDOR AREA 182
(N) TERRORIZING THE CIVILIAN POPULATION 182
(I) ELEMENTS 182
(II) ACTUAL INFLICTION OF TERROR UNNECESSARY 183
(III) PRIMARY PURPOSE MUST BE SPREADING TERROR 183
(IV) TERRORIZATION VIOLATES A FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT LAID DOWN IN
INTERNATIONAL CUSTOMARY AND TREATY LAW 183
(V) APPLICATION-TERRORIZING THE CIVILIAN POPULATION 183
(A) SREBRENICA AND POTOCARI 183
(0) ATTACKS LAUNCHED DELIBERATELY AGAINST CIVILIANS OR CIVILIAN OBJECTS/
ATTACKS ON CIVILIANS, CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES 185 (P) ORCED LABOR 186
(1) PERMISSIBLE WORK DISTINGUISHED 186
(II) APPLICATION-FORCED LABOR 187
(A) KP DOM PRISON COMPLEX IN FOCA 187
(B) BOSANSKI SAMAC, BRIJELJINA, GREBNICE, ZASAVIA, PISARIA, LIJEKOVICA,
BRVNIK, PRUD, TEOCAK 188
(C) BOSANSKI SAMAC, ZASAVICA, NOVI GRAD, PISARI
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O
O
AND OTHER NEIGHBORING VILLAGES, AND ODZAK- NOT FORCED LABOR 189
(Q) FORCIBLE TRANSFER, SEXUAL VIOLENCE, SUBJECTION TO INHUMANE
CONDITIONS AND ATMOSPHERE OF TERROR 189
(I) APPLICATION-THE SUSICA CAMP 189
(R) KILLINGS, BEATINGS, UNLAWFUL ATTACKS ON CIVILIANS AND CIVILIAN
OBJECTS, THE UNLAWFUL IMPRISONMENT OF CIVILIANS, DESTRUCTION OF CIVILIAN
OBJECTS, AND LOOTING 190
(S) POLITICAL, SOCIAL, ECONOMIC RIGHTS VIOLATIONS, INCLUDING THE RIGHT
TO EMPLOYMENT, RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT, RIGHT TO PROPER JUDICIAL
PROCESS, AND RIGHT TO PROPER MEDICAL CARE 190
(I) RIGHTS VIOLATIONS NEED NOT BE SET OUT IN THE ICTY STATUTE 190
(II) EVALUATE RIGHTS VIOLATIONS ON A CASE BY CASE BASIS TO DETERMINE
GRAVITY, CONSIDERING THE CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF THE VIOLATIONS 191 (III)
APPLICATION-VIOLATIONS OF THE RIGHT TO EMPLOYMENT, THE RIGHT TO FREEDOM
OF MOVEMENT, THE RIGHT TO PROPER
JUDICIAL PROCESS AND THE RIGHT TO PROPER MEDICAL CARE 191
(T) ISSUANCE OF DISCRIMINATORY ORDERS, POLICIES, DECISIONS OR OTHER
REGULATIONS 191
(U) USE OF CIVILIANS AS HOSTAGES AND HUMAN SHIELDS 192
(V) SUMMARY OF ACTS COVERED 192
(W) ACTS THAT ALONE DID NOT RISE TO THE LEVEL OF PERSECUTION:
ENCOURAGING AND PROMOTING HATRED ON POLITICAL GROUNDS; DISMISSING AND
REMOVING INDIVIDUALS FROM GOVERNMENT; FORCIBLE TAKEOVER; AND
INTERROGATIONS 192
(4) MENS REA FOR PERSECUTION 194
(A) DISCRIMINATORY INTENT REQUIRED FOR PERSECUTION 194
(B) MENS REA REQUIREMENT FOR PERSECUTION HIGHER THAN FOR OTHER CRIMES
AGAINST HUMANITY, BUT LOWER THAN FOR GENOCIDE 195
(C) INTENT TO TARGET GROUP, NOT INDIVIDUALS 196
(D) DISCRIMINATORY INTENT MAY BE SHOWN BY POLITICAL, RACIAL OR RELIGIOUS
DISCRIMINATION 196
(E) DISCRIMINATORY INTENT MAY BE SHOWN BY POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE CRITERIA
196 (0 INFERRING DISCRIMINATORY INTENT 197
(I) DISCRIMINATORY INTENT MAY NOT BE INFERRED DIRECTLY FROM THE GENERAL
DISCRIMINATORY NATURE OF AN ATTACK 197
(II) DISCRIMINATORY INTENT MAY BE INFERRED FROM THE CONTEXT OF THE
ATTACK IF IT IS SUBSTANTIATED BY SURROUNDING CIRCUMSTANCES 197 (III)
FACTORS TO CONSIDER 198
(IV) INTENT MAYBE INFERRED FROM A PERPETRATOR S KNOWING PARTICIPATION IN
A SYSTEM 198
(V) APPLICATION-INFERRING DISCRIMINATORY INTENT FROM THE FACT THAT
BEATINGS WERE INFLICTED ONLY ON NON-SERB PRISON DETAINEES 198 (G) NO
REQUIREMENT OF DISCRIMINATORY POLICY 199
(H) PERSECUTORY INTENT-THE REMOVAL OF TARGETED PERSONS FROM SOCIETY OR
HUMANITY-NOT REQUIRED 199
(I) KNOWLEDGE THAT ONE IS ACTING IN A WAY THAT IS DISCRIMINATORY IS
INSUFFICIENT; MUST INTEND TO DISCRIMINATE 200
IX
IMAGE 10
W
(J) INTENT TO DISCRIMINATE NEED NOT BE THE PRIMARY INTENT, BUT MUST U *
BE A SIGNIFICANT ONE 200
(K) PERSONAL MOTIVES IRRELEVANT TO FINDING OF INTENT 200
(I) APPLICATION-PERSONAL MOTIVES: THE OMARSKA CAMP 201
(1) GENERALLY, DISCRIMINATORY INTENT MUST RELATE TO THE ACT CHARGED AS
PERSECUTION, NOT THE ATTACK 201
(I) WHERE INDIRECT PERPETRATOR, PROOF IS REQUIRED ONLY OF GENERAL
DISCRIMINATORY INTENT IN RELATION TO THE ATTACK 202
(M)MENS REA FOR ORDERING, PLANNING OR INSTIGATING CRIME OF PERSECUTION
204 (N) MENS REA FOR CRIME OF PERSECUTION WHERE JOINT CRIMINAL
ENTERPRISE/ MENS REA FOR AIDER AND ABETTOR OF PERSECUTION 204
(0) APPLICATION-PERSECUTION-MENS REA 205
(1) THE OMARSKA, KERATERM AND TRNOPOLJE CAMPS 205
(II) PRIJEDOR MUNICIPALITY 206
(III) THE DRINA RIVER INCIDENT IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF VISEGRAD IN
SOUTH-EASTERN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 206
(IV) DETENTION OF NON-SERBS IN THE KP DOM PRISON COMPLEX IN FOCA,
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 207
(5) APPLICATION-PERSECUTION AS A CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY 208 (A)
SREBRENICA MASSACRE AND RELATED CRIMES 208
(B) ATTACK ON MUSLIM RESIDENTS OF GLOGOVA IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF
BRATUNAC WITH THE GOAL OF TAKING OVER TERRITORY IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA
210 (I) UNDERLYING ACTS 210
(II) INTENT 210
(III) EXISTENCE OF A WIDESPREAD OR SYSTEMATIC ATTACK AGAINST A CIVILIAN
POPULATION AND KNOWLEDGE THAT THE ACTS FORM PART OF THAT ATTACK 211 (IV)
ARMED CONFLICT 211
IX) OTHER INHUMANE ACTS (ARTICLE 5(I)) 211
(1) GENERALLY 211
(2) PART OF INTERNATIONAL CUSTOMARY LAW 211
(3) POTENTIAL NULLUM CRIMEN SINE LEGE ISSUE 212
(4) ELEMENTS 213
(A) FACTORS FOR ASSESSING SERIOUSNESS OF THE ACT 214
(B) NO REQUIREMENT THAT THE SUFFERING HAVE LONG TERM EFFECTS 215 (C)
MENS REA 215
(5) EQUIVALENT TO CRUEL TREATMENT UNDER ARTICLE 3 AND INHUMANE
TREATMENT UNDER ARTICLE 5 216
(6) ACTS COVERED 216
(A) FORCIBLE DISPLACEMENT AND FORCIBLE TRANSFER 216
(I) DISTINCTION BETWEEN DEPORTATION, FORCIBLE TRANSFER AND FORCED
DISPLACEMENT 217
(II) COERCION REQUIRED FOR BOTH DEPORTATION AND FORCIBLE TRANSFER 217
(III) DISPLACEMENT MUST BE UNLAWFUL 217
(B) MUTILATION AND OTHER TYPES OF SEVERE BODILY HARM, BEATINGS AND OTHER
ACTS OF VIOLENCE, SERIOUS PHYSICAL AND MENTAL INJURY, FORCIBLE TRANSFER,
INHUMANE AND DEGRADING TREATMENT, FORCED PROSTITUTION, AND FORCED
DISAPPEARANCE 217
(C) SERIOUS PHYSICAL AND MENTAL INJURY 217
(D) REMOVAL OF INDIVIDUALS TO DETENTION FACILITIES EXCLUDED 218 (E)
APPLICATION-OTHER INHUMANE ACTS 218
(I) FORCIBLE TRANSFER OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN FROM SREBRENICA TO
X
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8
KLADANJ 218
(II) CAMPAIGN OF SNIPING, ARTILLERY FIRE AND MORTAR ATTACKS ON CIVILIANS
IN SARAJEVO 218
PART 4 JURISPRUDENCE OF THE ICTR 219
II) CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY (ARTICLE 3) 221
A) STATUTE 221 B) OVERALL REQUIREMENTS/CHAPEAU 221
I) THE ACT MUST BE COMMITTED AS PART OF A WIDESPREAD OR SYSTEMATIC
ATTACK (ELEMENT 1) 1) ATTACK 223
(A) DENNED 223
(B) NOT SAME AS ARMED CONFLICT/ NEED NOT REQUIRE USE OF ARMED FORCE 224
(C) ATTACK DISTINCT FROM UNDERLYING ACTS 225
(D) RANDOM ACTS OR ACTS COMMITTED FOR PERSONAL REASONS EXCLUDED 225 2)
EITHER WIDESPREAD OR SYSTEMATIC 225
3) WIDESPREAD 226
4) SYSTEMATIC 227
(A) PLAN OR POLICY RELEVANT BUT NOT REQUIRED 228
(B) USE OF SUBSTANTIAL RESOURCES NOT AN ELEMENT 229
5) CRIME MUST FORM PART OF THE WIDESPREAD OR SYSTEMATIC ATTACK 229 (A)
NEED NOT SHARE ALL THE SAME FEATURES 230
(B) UNDERLYING CRIME NEED NOT BE WIDESPREAD OR SYSTEMATIC 230 (C) A
SINGLE MURDER MAY CONSTITUTE A CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY/ MULTIPLICITY OF
VICTIMS OF ACT NOT REQUIRED EXCEPT FOR EXTERMINATION 230 6)
APPLICATION-WIDESPREAD OR SYSTEMATIC ATTACK 231
II) THE ATTACK MUST BE DIRECTED AGAINST A CIVILIAN POPULATION (ELEMENT
2) 232 1) CIVILIAN DENNED 233
2) PRESENCE OF NON-CIVILIANS DOES NOT CHANGE CIVILIAN CHARACTER OF
POPULATION/CIVILIANS MUST BE THE PRIMARY OBJECT OF THE ATTACK 233 3)
CONSIDER SITUATION OF VICTIM WHEN CRIMES COMMITTED, NOT STATUS 234 4)
POPULATION-DOES NOT REQUIRE THAT CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY BE DIRECTED
AGAINST THE ENTIRE POPULATION 234
5) APPLICATION-CIVILIAN POPULATION 235
III) THE ATTACK MUST BE COMMITTED ON NATIONAL, POLITICAL, ETHNIC, RACIAL
OR RELIGIOUS GROUNDS (DISCRIMINATORY GROUNDS) (ELEMENT 3) 235 1) THE
ATTACK MUST BE ON DISCRIMINATORY GROUNDS 235
2) DESCRIBES NATURE OF THE ATTACK, NOT MENS REA OF THE ACCUSED/
PERPETRATOR 236
3) ACTS COMMITTED AGAINST PERSONS OUTSIDE DISCRIMINATORY CATEGORIES MAY
BE COVERED 237
4) POLITICAL GROUNDS 237
5) NATIONAL, ETHNICAL, RACIAL, OR RELIGIOUS GROUNDS 237
6) APPLICATION-DISCRIMINATORY GROUNDS 238
IV) MENS REA (ELEMENT 4) 238
1) KNOWLEDGE OF THE BROADER CONTEXT OF THE ATTACK AND THAT ACTS FORM
PART OF THE ATTACK 238
2) DISCRIMINATORY INTENT NOT REQUIRED FOR ACTS OTHER THAN PERSECUTION
239
XI
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H
3) APPLICATION 240
V) BOTH STATE AND NON-STATE ACTORS COVERED 241
VI) APPLICATION-CHAPEAU 241
C) UNDERLYING OFFENSES 245
I) THE INDIVIDUAL ACTS CONTAIN THEIR OWN ELEMENTS AND NEED NOT CONTAIN
THE ELEMENTS OF CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY 245
II) MURDER 246
1) DEFINED/ACTUS REUS 246
(A) OMISSIONS COVERED 247
(B) WHEN PUNISHABLE AS A CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY 247
(C) NO REQUIREMENT THAT THE ACCUSED PERSONALLY COMMIT THE KILLING 247
(D) MURDER AND EXTERMINATION SAME EXCEPT FOR SCALE 248
2) MENS REA 248
(A) MENS REA OF AN AIDER OR ABETTOR OF MURDER 249
3) APPLICATION 250
(A) KILLINGS OF TUTSIS AND HUTUS BELIEVED TO BE RPF ACCOMPLICES WERE
MURDER 250
(B) KILLING OF BELGIAN PEACEKEEPERS WAS MURDER 250
(C) KILLING OF PROMINENT PERSONALITIES OR OPPOSITION POLITICAL OFFICIALS
WAS MURDER 251
(D) ADDITIONAL MURDERS 252
III) EXTERMINATION 253
1) DEFINED/ACTUS REUS 253
(A) HOW LARGE IN SCALE: NO NUMERICAL MINIMUM/DETERMINE CASE-BY-CASE 254
(B) PERPETRATORS CONTRIBUTION/INDIRECT CONTRIBUTIONS 255
(C) DIFFERENCE FROM CRIME OF MURDER 256
(D) EXTERMINATION AS A CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY 257
(E) SINGLE OR LIMITED NUMBER OF KILLINGS NOT EXTERMINATION/ KILLING OR
AIDING SINGLE OR LIMITED NUMBER OF KILLINGS IN CONTEXT OF MASS KILLING
258 (F) NO PLAN OR POLICY REQUIRED 259
(G) RESPONSIBILITY NOT LIMITED TO PERSONS EXERCISING POWER AND AUTHORITY
OR WHO HAD THE CAPACITY TO BE INSTRUMENTAL IN LARGE SCALE KILLINGS 259
(H) PRECISE DESCRIPTION OR DESIGNATION BY NAME OF VICTIMS NOT REQUIRED
259 (I) PARTICULARLY LARGE NUMBER OF VICTIMS MAY BE AN AGGRAVATING
FACTOR 260 (J) AIDING AND ABETTING EXTERMINATION-ELEMENTS 2) MENS REA
(A) WHETHER RECKLESSNESS SUFFICES 3) APPLICATION IV) ENSLAVEMENT V)
DEPORTATION VI) IMPRISONMENT
1) DEFINED 2) APPLICATION VII) TORTURE 1) DEFINED/ ACTUS REUS 2) TORTURE
AS A CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY 3) RAPE CONSTITUTES TORTURE 4) NO PUBLIC
OFFICIAL REQUIREMENT 5) APPLICATION VIII) RAPE
260 261 262 263 269 269
269 269 269 270 270 271 271 271 272 273
XII
IMAGE 13
8
1) DEFINED/ACTUS REUS 273
(A) THE ORIGINAL AKAYESU APPROACH 273
(B) THE KUNARAC APPROACH-RETREAT FROM AKAYESU ? 275 (C) INTERPRETING
THE KUNARAC AND AKAYESU APPROACHES AS CONSONANT 276 (D) THAT RAPIST
KNEW VICTIM AND MAY HAVE HAD PERSONAL MOTIVATION, DOES NOT PRECLUDE
FINDING RAPE 279
(E) NON-CONSENT AND KNOWLEDGE THEREOF ARE ELEMENTS OF RAPE 279 (I) FORCE
OR THREAT OFFEREE PROVIDES EVIDENCE OF NONCONSENT, BUT FORCE IS NOT AN
ELEMENT OF RAPE 279
(II) CIRCUMSTANCES PREVAILING IN MOST GENOCIDE, WAR CRIMES AND CRIMES
AGAINST HUMANITY CASES WILL BE ALMOST UNIVERSALLY COERCIVE/TRUE CONSENT
NOT POSSIBLE 280
(III) NOT NECESSARY TO INTRODUCE EVIDENCE OF VICTIM S WORDS, CONDUCT OR
RELATIONSHIP TO THE PERPETRATOR 281
(IV) ACCUSED MAY SEEK TO PROVE CONSENT, SUBJECT TO CAVEATS 281 (F) ACTS
OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE SHORT OF RAPE MAY BE PROSECUTED AS OTHER INHUMANE
ACTS, TORTURE, PERSECUTION OR ENSLAVEMENT 282
2) MENSREA 282
3) APPLICATION 282
IX) PERSECUTION ON POLITICAL, RACIAL AND RELIGIOUS GROUNDS 285 1)
DEFINED/ACTUS REUS 285
(A) WHETHER DISCRIMINATION ON ETHNIC GROUNDS IS COVERED 286 (B)
PERSECUTION ALSO DEFINED IN TERMS OF IMPACT 287
(C) PERSECUTION IS BROADER THAN INCITEMENT 287
(D) NOT NECESSARY THAT EVERY ACT OF PERSECUTION BE OF SAME GRAVITY AS
OTHER CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY, BUT MUST BE CUMULATIVELY 287 2) MENS REA:
DISCRIMINATORY INTENT REQUIRED 287
(A) DISCRIMINATORY INTENT MAY BE INFERRED 288
3) HATE SPEECH AS PERSECUTION 288
(A) APPLICATION-HATE SPEECH AS PERSECUTION 290
4) APPLICATION-PERSECUTION 291
X) OTHER INHUMANE ACTS 292
1) RESIDUAL CATEGORY RECOGNIZED BY CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW/DOES NOT
VIOLATE NULLUM CRIMEN SINE LEGE 292
2) DEFINED/ ACTUS REUS 293
(A) GRAVITY DETERMINED ON A CASE-BY-CASE BASIS 294
(B) NEXUS REQUIRED 294
(C) TYPES OF CRIMES COVERED 294
(D) THIRD PARTY MENTAL SUFFERING COVERED 294
3) MENS REA 295
(A) GENERALLY 295
(B) MENTAL STATE WHERE ACT CAUSES THIRD PARTY SUFFERING 295
4) APPLICATION 296
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C/0
H
W H § : APPENDIX
U
CONVENTION ON THE PREVENTION AND SUPPRESSION OF THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE
301 CONVENTION ON THE NON-APPLICABILITY OF STATUTORY LIMITATIONS TO WAR
CRIMES AND CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY 303
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE SUPPRESSION AND PUNISHMENT OF THE CRIME
OF APARTHEID (ICSPCA) 306
PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION IN THE DETECTION, ARREST,
EXTRADITION AND PUNISHMENT OF PERSONS GUILTY OF WAR CRIMES AND CRIMES
AGAINST HUMANITY 311
CONVENTION AGAINST TORTURE AND OTHER CRUEL, INHUMAN OR DEGRADING
TREATMENT OR PUNISHMENT 313
STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA 323
STATUTE OF THE SPECIAL COURT FOR SIERRA LEONE 333
STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA
340 ROME STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT 351
ELEMENTS OF CRIME 405
XIV
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| id | DE-604.BV040419351 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-24T02:49:51Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9058870812 9789058870810 9058870820 9789058870827 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025272132 |
| oclc_num | 767923734 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | XIV, 438 S. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | International Courts Association |
| record_format | marc |
| series | International criminal law series |
| series2 | International criminal law series |
| spellingShingle | Crimes against humanity and international criminal law International criminal law series |
| title | Crimes against humanity and international criminal law |
| title_auth | Crimes against humanity and international criminal law |
| title_exact_search | Crimes against humanity and international criminal law |
| title_full | Crimes against humanity and international criminal law Willem-Jan van der Wolf |
| title_fullStr | Crimes against humanity and international criminal law Willem-Jan van der Wolf |
| title_full_unstemmed | Crimes against humanity and international criminal law Willem-Jan van der Wolf |
| title_short | Crimes against humanity and international criminal law |
| title_sort | crimes against humanity and international criminal law |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025272132&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV037304349 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT wolfwillemjanvander crimesagainsthumanityandinternationalcriminallaw |