Pediatric maxillofacial surgery
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| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Philadelphia, Pa.
Saunders
2012
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| Schriftenreihe: | Oral and maxillofacial surgery clinics of North America
24,3 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Pediatrie Maxillofadal
Surgery
Contents
Preface:
Pediatric Maxillofacial
Surgery
xiii
Bruce
В.
Horswell and Michael
S.
Jaskółka
Pediatrie
Airway Abnormalities: Evaluation and Management
325
Scott Shadfar, Amelia F. Drake, Bradley V. Vaughn, and Carlton J. Zdanski
Sleep disordered breathing syndromes in
pediatrie
patients can lead to adverse
effects in the cardiovascular system,
neurocognitive
function, growth, and behavior.
These syndromes occur more frequently in patients with craniofacial disorders. A
high index of suspicion as well as early recognition, detection, and treatment of
these syndromes are considered integral to care of children with craniofacial
disorders.
Pediatrie
Head Injuries
337
Bruce B. Horswell and Michael S.
Jaskółka
Head injuries in children are common, comprising more than half of all injuries sus¬
tained. The mortality and morbidity associated with traumatic head injury in children
is staggering, and the cumulative effect of such on the
pediatrie
and general popu¬
lations is propagated through related health care measures and subsequent socio-
economic burden. The majority of deaths due to trauma in children are caused by
brain injury. This article reviews the evaluation and management of scalp injuries
in the
pediatrie
patient. The second portion addresses skull fractures, the specter
of child abuse, management of acute fracture, and the phenomenon of growing skull
fractures.
Facial Skeletal Trauma in the Growing Patient
351
Christopher Morris, George M. Kushner, and Paul S. Tiwana
The management of
pediatrie
craniomaxillofacial trauma requires the additional
dimension of understanding growth and development. The surgeon must appreciate
the considerable influence of the soft tissue envelope and promote function when
possible. Children heal well but with an exuberant tissue response that may contrib¬
ute to greater scarring, therefore, careful and prudent attention given to meticulous
soft tissue repair and support is critical. Support must also be given and sought from
the family of the injured child. Follow-up management of children must continue to
ensure that the growth of the craniomaxillofacial skeleton continues within the nor¬
mal parameters of development.
Primary and Secondary Management of
Pediatric
Soft Tissue Injuries
365
Nicholas J.V. Hogg
Injury is the most common cause of death in
pediatric
patients, with a large propor¬
tion related to head injury. The craniofacial region in children develops rapidly and at
an early age, making the area more prominent compared with the remainder of the
body, increasing the likelihood of injury. This article reviews the primary man¬
agement of
pediatric
soft tissue injuries, including assessment, cleansing, surgical
technique, anesthesia, and considerations for
spedai
wounds. The secondary
viii Contents
management of pediatric facial
injury is also discussed, including scar revision, man¬
agement of scar hypertrophy/keloids, and staged surgical correction.
Growth and Development Considerations for Craniomaxillofacial Surgery
377
Bernard J.
Costello,
Reynaldo D. Rivera, Jocelyn Shand, and Mark Mooney
The purpose of craniomaxillofacial surgery is to improve function, occlusion, craniofa-
cial balance, and aesthetics. Accurate diagnosis, assessment, and careful treatment
planning are essential in achieving a successful outcome, and an understanding of the
pattern of facial growth is integral in this process. Patients with craniofacial congenital
dysmorphologies, posttraumatic asymmetries, or disturbances of facial balance from
radiation may have functional and/or aesthetic issues that require treatment. Under¬
standing the complexities of growth in the skull and face is a key component to appro¬
priate treatment planning for these disorders. This article reviews growth and
development in the craniofacial skeleton.
Ear and Nose Reconstruction in Children
397
Edward I. Lee, Amy S. Xue, Larry H. Hollier Jr, and Samuel
Stal
Auricular and nasal deformities can have significant social ramifications; therefore,
proper repair of these deformities is critically important to a child s well-being. More¬
over, the benefits of reconstruction in the
pediatric
population must be weighed
against added concerns about potential growth restriction on the ear and the nose
with any manipulation. This article reviews various methods of auricular and nasal
reconstruction and discusses some of the technical pearls for improved outcome. A
complete discourse on treatment of total ear and nasal reconstruction is beyond
the scope of this article. Attention is focused primarily on partial to subtotal defects.
Craniofacial and Orbital Dermoids in Children
417
Brent A. Golden, Michael S.
Jaskółka,
and Ramon L. Ruiz
Dermoid cysts are congenital lesions that commonly arise from nondisjunction of
surface ectoderm from deeper neuroectodermal structures. They tend to be found
along planes of embryonic closure. Classification by site is helpful for diagnostic
planning and surgical treatment. A distinction can be made between frontotemporal,
orbital, frontoethmoidal, and calvarial lesions. The risk of extension into deeper tis¬
sues must be determined before surgical intervention. Simple lesions are amenable
to direct excision. Deeper lesions often require a coordinated surgical approach
between
a neurosurgeon
and craniofacial surgeon after thorough
radiographie
imaging. Follow-up through the developmental years is recommended for complex
dermoid lesions.
Craniofacial Fibrous Dysplasia
427
Pat
Ricalde,
Kelly R. Magliocca, and Janice S. Lee
Despite recent advances in the understanding of the natural history and molecular
abnormalities, many questions remain surrounding the progression and man¬
agement of fibrous dysplasia (FD). In the absence of comorbidities, the expected
behavior of craniofacial FD (CFD) is to be slow growing and without functional con¬
sequence. Understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms contributing to the
various phenotypes of this condition, as well as the predictors of the different
Contents
behaviors of
FD
lesions, must be improved. Long-term follow-up of patients with
CFD is vital because spontaneous recovery is unlikely, and the course of disease
can be unpredictable.
Vascular Anomalies in Children
443
Shelly Abramowicz and Bonnie L.
Padwa
The process of understanding and treating children with vascular anomalies has
been hampered by confusing and occasionally incorrect terminology. The most im¬
portant step when evaluating a maxillofacial vascular anomaly is to determine
whether it is a tumor or a malformation. In most cases, this diagnosis can be
made by history and physical examination. Selective
radiographie
imaging is helpful
in differentiating vascular malformations or the extent of bony involvement and/or
destruction. Children with vascular anomalies should be managed by an interdisci¬
plinary team of trained providers who are committed to following, treating, and
studying patients with these complex problems.
Pediatric
Neck Masses
457
Michael R. Goins and Michael S. Beasley
The majority of neck masses in the
pediatric populă
^n
are congenital or inflamma¬
tory in origin requiring a thorough understanding of embryology and anatomy of the
cervical region. However, malignancy must always be ruled out as they represent
11
%-1
5%
of all neck masses in the
pediatric
population. The initial history and
physical are of utmost important to correctly work-up and eventually diagnose the
lesion. This article addresses many aspects of the workup, diagnosis and eventual
proper surgical or medical management of
pediatric
neck masses.
Pediatric
Infectious Disease: Unusual Head and Neck Infections
469
Kathryn S. Moffett
Infections in children in the head and neck regions are common, leading to frequent
use and overuse of antibiotics. This review includes common as well as diverse and
unusual infectious diseases, such as PFAPA (Periodic Fever Aphthous stomatitis,
Pharyngitis, Adenitis) syndrome, Lemierre Syndrome, Arcanobacterium infection,
and tuberculous and nontuberculous adenitis, which occur in infants, children,
and adolescents. In addition, the first
pediatric
vaccines available with the potential
to prevent oropharyngeal cancers are reviewed.
Sinonasal Disease and Orbital
Cellulitis
in Children
487
Daniel J.
Meara
Sinonasal disease is common in the
pediatrie
population because of anatomic,
environmental, and physiologic factors. Once
paranasal
sinusitis develops, orbital
cellulitis
is a concerning sequela that can result in loss of visual acuity and even
intracranial disease. Thus, a clear history and physical examination in conjunction
with
radiographie
studies are critical to a correct diagnosis and timely institution
of treatment that may include
hospitalizaron,
serial ophthalrnologic examinations,
intravenous antibiotics, and surgery. The serious nature of orbital
cellulitis
in children
cannot be overestimated; but, if prompt and appropriate treatment is initiated, the
prognosis is excellent and long-term sequelae should be limited.
Contents
Facial
Dermatologic
Lesions in Children
497
Joli
С.
Chou and Bruce
В.
Horswell
This
article
briefly reviews some of the most common skin lesions in the head and
neck of a child. Benign lumps and bumps are very common in children and it is
prudent for the
pediatric
maxillofacial surgeon to be familiar with their presentation,
workup (including
radiographie
studies), and definitive surgical management.
Inflammatory and infectious lesions require prompt treatment to avoid more serious
sequelae of progressive infection and scarring.
Child Maltreatment
511
Bruce B. Horsweli and Sharon Istfan
Oral and maxillofacial surgeons are in a unique position to identify and report child
abuse. In the career of any practitioner, maltreated children (both physically abused
and neglected) will present for management of injuries and infections. There must be
a high level of vigilance for, and understanding of, mechanisms of injury and skill in
sorting out inflicted injuries or evidence of neglect. Because of this, the medical
community, society, state law, and the legal system place oral and maxillofacial
surgeons in a position of expertise and accountability in the care of children.
Index
519
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