Lietuvos filosofijos istorija 1 Viduramžiai, Renesansas, Naujieji amžiai
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Vilnius
Kultūros, Filosofijos ir Meno Institutas
2004
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Lietuvos filosofijos istorija |n 1 |p Viduramžiai, Renesansas, Naujieji amžiai |c Romanas Plečkaitis |
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LIETUVOS FILOSOFIJOS ISTORIJA
TURINYS
PRATARMÉ.13
I. SENOJI LIETUVOS FILOSOFIJA
1. Filosofijos feodalinéje Lietuvoje pobüdis ir apibréztys.15
2 Saltiniai.17
3. Tyrinéjimai.21
Nuorodos.26
VÉLYVOJI VIDURAMZiy FILOSOFIJA LIETUVOJE
n. KRIKSCIONISKOSIOS LIETUVOS ATVERTIS MOKSLUI
l. Krikscioniskosios intelektualinés kultüros prielaidq kürimasis.28
2 Lietuviq studijos uzsienio universitetuose.31
3. Filosofijos atsiradimas Lietuvoje.45
Nuorodos.56
RENESANSO FILOSOFIJA
m. RENESANSINISHUMANIZMAS
1. Epochos m^stymo pokyciai.58
2. Renesanso filosofijos keliai \ Lietuvq.61
3. Filosofinés rastijos pobüdis.67
4. Asmuo ir jo vertybés.69
V
Zmogaus prigimtis.69
Asmuo tautoje.78
lstorinê sqmonè.82
Istorijos detemimntai ir ístoriné tiesa.86
5
LIETUVOS FILOSOFIJOS ISTORIJA
IV REFORMACIJOS S/JLJDZIO FILOSOFIJA
1. Filosofija reformatio mokyklose.93
2. Protestantiskoji filosofijos orientacija ir m^stymo
metodopaieskos. 101
3. Protestantiskosios teorines filosofijos apraiskos.114
4. Zmogaus filosofija.120
Nuteisinimas tikejimu.121
Predestinacija.127
5. Kvietimas tolerancijai.135
6. Arijonij. socialine utopija.143
Utopijos kilme.143
Nesipriesinimas blogiui.147
Poziüris i valstyb% irjos institucijas.151
Nelaisve ir nuosavybe.157
Utopijos verte.160
V VISUOMENES TEORIJOS FORMAVIMASIS
1. Pilietinesbendruomenes kilme.162
Z Suverenas. 171
3. Konstitucinis valdymas.176
Konstitucinio valdymo principy paieskos. 176
Atsvara suvereno galiai.178
Teisingumo virsenybe teisetumui. 181
Prigimtines teis¿s virsenybe.185
4. Visuomene gerai tvarkomoje valstybeje. 188
Pilietinio ir dorovinio gyvenimo suglaudinimas.188
Nuo laisvis luomines sampratos \ laisves sferos ispletimq,.191
Modernus poziüris \ luomus.202
Turtejanti visuomene. 208
Nuorodos.217
6
LIETUVOS FILOSOFIJOS ISTORIJA
SCHOLASTINÈ FILOSOFIJA
VL AKADEMINIO FILOSOFINIO LAVINIMO PRADZIA
1. Filosofijos studijos Vilniaus universitete ir kolegijose.224
Pasaulieciy filosofinio lavinimo pradzia. 224
Filosofijos profesoriai, studentai, kolegijy moksleiviai.231
Paskaitos ir disputai.235
Promocijos.237
Mokymo nuostatai.245
2. Filosofinis lavinimas vienuolynq mokyklose.249
3. Filosofinis lavinimas slaviskose Lietuvos DK zemése.257
4. Küiyba.259
5. Scholastinis metodas.262
VILPAZINIMAS
1. Pazinimo teorija.274
Pazinimo problematika.274
Scholastinis racionalizmas.277
Empiriniai ir aprioriniai veiksniai pazinime.278
Pazinimo instrumentarijus.281
Tiesos problema.285
2. Realizmasirnominalizmas.288
Universalijos.288
Individuacija.294
Krypciii polemika.296
Realizmo ir nominalizmo atitikmenys siuolaikiniame moksle.306
3. Mokslo teorija.309
Mokslinio iinojimo pobüdis.309
Mokshj skirstymas.316
Mokslas ir tikèjimas.317
7
UETUVOS FILOSOFIJOS ISTORIJA
4. Pasiekimailogikoje.318
Dialektika.318
Loginesformos samprata. 320
Teiginiq logika.323
Logines sekos teorija.329
Predikaty logika.333
Loginiy klasitf. teorijos uzuomazgos.334
Modaline logika.335
Logine semantika.339
5. Semiotika.345
6. Kalbos filosofija.348
VIII. GAMTA
1. Fizikosobjektasirmetodas.353
2. Gamtos küm\ pradai.358
3. Modizmas .364
4. Priezastingumo koncepcija.366
5. Judejimo teorija.370
6. Erdve ir tustumos problema.374
7. Laikas. 382
8. Begalybe ir kontinuumas. 384
9. Atsiradimo ir nykimo koncepcija.389
10. Meteorologija.392
11. Filosofinebiologija.397
12. Pasaulis. 403
Dualistinis pasaulio vaizdas. 403
Galimi pasauliai.406
13. Naujosios gamtotyros aiskinimas.409
Naujoji anatomija ir fiziologija.411
Scholastines kosmologijos saulelydis.415
Kelyje { heliocentrizmo pripazinimq.418
8
LIETUVOS FILOSOf IJOS ISTORIJA
IX. BÜTIES TEORIJA
1. Metafizikosproblematika.423
2. Bütis ir jos pradai.427
3. Esme ir egzistavimas.432
4. Substancija.438
X. ZMOGUS
1. Scholastine antropologija.442
2. Psichologija.446
Psichologijos problematika.446
Siebs substancialumas.451
Siebs gebejimai.456
3. Morales filosofija.461
Etikos objektas ir metodas.461
Moralumo apibreztis.469
Laimes koncepcija.470
Dorybis. 473
Moralinio blogio tyrimas.478
Scholastinis etikos verte.482
XL VISUOMENE
1. Politine filosofija.485
Jezaus Draugijos politine orientacija.485
Politikos mokslo pobüdis.488
Teoretizavimo metodas.491
Valstybes tikslas ir kilme.493
Esamos valstybiws santvarkos priimtinumas.496
Karaliaus autoritetas irdidenybe.500
Valstybis stabilumas.501
Antimakiaveliskoji nuostata.503
9
LIETUVOS FILOSOFIJOS ISTORIJA
2. Teisés filosofija.505
Teisès filosofijos Vüniaus universitete saltiniai ir problematika.505
Teisés kilmê ir legislatüros perleidimas.509
Teisès mokslas.512
Teisès pagrindimas.515
¡statymo teorija.516
3. Socialiné filosofija.519
Krikscioniskasis ekonominiy santykiy teisingumas.519
Nelaisvès reiskinys.527
I socialiniy santykiy ir valstybès reformq.530
Uzsklanda. Scholastiné filosofija Lietuvos DK visuomenés gyvenime.534
Nuorodos.537
NAUjyjV AMZiy FILOSOFIJA
XII. FILOSOFIJOS MODERNÈJIMAS
1. Apsvietos epochos pradzia.544
Scholastikos zlugimas. 544
Svietimo pertvarka.545
2u Senoji tradicija ir naujoji filosofiné orientacija.552
3. Filosofijos objektasiristorinéraida.556
4. Método problemos.561
Metodij dermès paieskos.561
Matematinis jrodymq metodas filosofijoje.563
Xin. LOGIKA
1. Logikos tapsmas pazinimo teorija.570
2 Pirmieji pazinimo principal.573
3. Diskusija dél \gymi\\ ir zinojimo kilmés.574
4 Tiesa ir jos kriterijus.578
5. Loginékombinatorika.583
10
LIETUVOS FILOSOFIJOS ISTORIJA
XIV METAFIZIKA
1. Ontologija.585
Ontologijos objektas ir problematika.585
Büties pradai.588
Büties rüsys ir büviai.590
2. Kosmologija.595
Kosmologijos problematika.595
Visuotinis pasaulio reiskiniq sqrysis.597
Pasaulio tobulumas.600
3. Naujqjqpsichologijos teorijqrecepcija.602
Psichologija - savarankiSka filosofijos disciplina.602
Tiziologiniai psichinès veiksenos pagrindai.604
Psichika ar siela?.608
Sielos ir küno sqveika.610
Psichinè veiksena.614
Z oopsichologija.617
Psichometrija.621
4. Prigimtiné teologija kaip filosofijos disciplina.623
Disciplinos pobüdis.623
Ateizmo analizè.625
Filosofiniai Dievo buvimo jrodymai.626
Dieviskoji pasaulio determinacija.628
XV GAMTOS MOKSLAI IR jy FILOSOFINÉS PROBLEMOS
1. Naujojifizika.631
2. Newtono fizika ir gamtos tyrimo metodologija.639
3* Materiali substancija ir jos búviai.643
4. Dinamirds pasaulio modelis.649
5. Heliocentrizmo pripazinimas.655
6. Fluidq chemijos bei fizikos ir natürfilosofijos sqveika.658
7. Istorinio poziúrio \ gamtq formavimasis.664
8. Gyvybésirjoskilméshipotezés.668
11
LIETUVOS FILOSOFIJOS ISTORIJA
XVLETIKA
1. Etikos modeméjimas.672
2. Moralés normq kilmé bei pobùdis.674
3. Metaetikos uzuomazgos.676
Uzsklanda. Naujiyq amziq filosofíja Lietuvoje - dirvos Apsvietos idéjoms
parengimas.678
Nuorodos.681
XVIIPRIEDAI
Biogramos.684
Asmenvardziq rodyklé.703
Contents.718
Summaiy.726
ASMENVARDZiy RODYKLÉ
Abelardas Petras, Petrus Abaelardus 30,56
Abramavicius Jonas 42, 695
Abraomas 132, 347
Aduszkiewicz Adam 541
Ageisonas Gorgonijus, Ageison
Gorgonius 388, 392
Agrícola Rudolphus 43
Agripa Venclovas Jonas 80, 81,197
Agripos 94
Ajdukiewicz Kazimierz 342
Akvinietis —» Tomas Akvinietis
Alabiano Garcia 238
Albertas Didysis 33, 47, 264, 293, 450
Albertas Saksas 319, 357, 377
Albius Thomas 563
Albrechtas, kunigaikstis 43
Aleksandras Afrodizijietis 247-248
Aleksandras, didysis kunigaikstis 47- 48,
62, 418, 701
Aleksandras, dominikonas 52
Aleksandras Makedonietis 87,190
Algirdas 75
Alséniskis Povilas 689
Althusius Johannes 169
Alvarez Balthasarus 273
Amonijas, Amonijas Sakas 293
Anaksagoras 393, 404, 556
Angeliskasis Daktaras —» Tomas
Akvinietis
Andriejus is Brodo 35
Andrius, dominikonas 50
Andrius is Prúsijos 35
Anzelmas Kenterberietis 317, 450
Aquaviva Claudius 232,238,267,273, 540
Argentus Ioannes 240
Arias Antonio 238, 265
Arijus, Arias 94-95
Aristarchas Samietis 419
Aristotelis, visoje knygoje
Arminijus, Arminius Jacobus 131
Arnauld Antoine 570
Arnoldt Daniel Heinrich 56, 217
Arriaga Rodericus 264, 265, 284, 375,
384, 386, 405, 440, 457, 460, 537
Astikai 94
Augustas II, karalius 500
Augustas III, karalius 500
Augustinas Aurelijus 54,70-71, 84,123,
128, 129, 152, 217, 264, 270-271, 277,
297, 347, 348, 402, 443, 450, 469, 479,
612, 618, 657
Aureolis Petras, Petrus Aureoli 282, 295
Averojus 115, 247-248, 293, 450
Avicena 34, 372,450
Bacon Francis 504, 572
Bacon Roger 289, 314
Bayle Pierre 302, 623, 624, 674
Baltramiejus, bernardinas 251
Banez Domingo 443
Banfi Fabricius 243
Bargiel Franciszek 23, 688, 700
Barycz Henryk 56, 217
Baryczowa Mar ja 697
Bartoldas Karolis, Bartold Carolus 489,
496, 537, 549, 685
Basanavicius Jonas 56
703
Batoras Steponas —» Steponas Batoras
Beinoravicius Marijonas, Beynarowicz
Marianus 681
Bellarmin Robert 443, 444, 486
Bembus Mateusz 135
Berkley George 306, 560, 615,633
Bernuolli Jacob 582, 636
Biel Gabriel 266
Bielinski ]6zef 21-22,26
Bielskis Marcinas, Bielski Marcin 91
Bileviciai 94
Bilevicius Teodoras 472, 504,537,657
Birziska Mykolas 31-32,35,56,62
Birziska Vaclovas 31-32,35,56,62
Bisi, Bisio Stefano 549
Blandrata Georgas 96
Blazkiewicz Henryk 681
Boerhaave Herman 636,637,658,659, 660
Boetijus, Boethius 289,339,350,366
Bodin Jean 142,168,169,199,212,213,
417,472
Bogusas Ksaveras 625
Boyle Robert 556, 615, 624, 636, 638,
645, 658
Bona Sforza 79
Bonaventüras, sv. 450
Boratinskis Jonas 503
Boreisa Andrius, Boreysza Andreas 217,
489, 501, 537, 685
Borzecki Andreas 388,537
Boscovich Roger Joseph, Boscovicius
Rogerus Josephus 636, 638, 648, 649-650,
651,652, 653, 654, 681
Bouguer Pierre 636,637
Bradwardine Thomas 406
Brahe Tycho 410,415,420,633,636,638,
648, 649-650, 651, 652, 653, 654, 681
Braun David 218
Bresietis — Fortunatas Bresietis
Brikcijus, Brictius Joannes, Brix Johann
385-386, 388,416, 537, 659, 685
Brozek Jan 382
Brudzewski Wojciech 37,62,418
Bruno Giordano 388,410
Brzozostousky Lukas 42
Budnas Simonas, Budny Szymon 80,108,
111,137,138-139, 143,144,146-147,
150,151,152,153,155-157,158-159,
160, 163,218, 686
Buffier Claude 554
Bujalskis Antanas 552
Bulakowskis Benediktas, Bulakowski
Benedictus 251,414,597
Buonaccorso da Montemagno 202,218
Burba Jeronimas 362, 365,421, 537,686
Burchardas is Bolingeno 40
Burgersdyck Franco 302
Buridan Jean 319,322, 344,357,372,537
Burley, Burlaeus Walter 327,385
Bumet Thomas 666
Butautaitis Jonas Vaidotas 35,37
Butkevicius-Popucevicius Juozapas 505,
506, 525, 537
Butrimas Vladislovas 36
Butvilas Danielius 231
Butvilas Jeronimas 238
Cabeo Niccolö 410
Caietanus Thomas de Vio 264,265,305,
432,433, 435,437
Calvin Jean 64,93,96,101,123,127,131,
134, 138,167,216,218, 221, 687
Camerarius Joachimus 216
Campano Paulus 238
Cantor Georg 306
Capreolus Joannes 264,266,295,437
704
Cardano Girolamo 64, 389, 410, 413,
414, 450
Cartesius — Descartes
Casmann Otto 602
Castellion, Castellio Sebastian 137,218
Cavendish Henry 663
Cesalpino Andrea 64, 398,410
Cezaris Julijus 612
Ch^dzyriski Jan 232, 495, 505, 507, 531-534,
538, 540, 686
Chafuen Alejandro Antonio 538
Chevalier Jean 595-596, 598-599, 602-603,
638, 643, 681, 687
Chmaj Ludzvik 23, 218, 695
Chmiel Adam 56
Chmieleskis Martynas 97
Chodkeviciai 41, 43, 62, 94
Chodkevicius Grigas 695
Chodkevicius Jonas Karolis 234, 503
Chodkevicius Kristupas 243
Chreptavicius Jokimas Liutauras 687
Chruszczewski Adam 56
Ciceronas Markas Tulijus 72^73, 82, 84,
102, 168, 183, 186, 187, 192
Cichovius Nicolaus 220
Cieciszewski Wojciech 232
Clavius Christoph 410, 415, 419
Clauberg Johannes 585
Cnogleris, Cnoglerus Quirinus 302, 538
Comptonas, Thomas Comptonus
Carleton 384
de Condillac Etienne Bonnot 577
Confalonieri Bernardinus 233
Contzenas Adamas 503
Couturat Louis 584
Cracanthorp R. 302
Crell Jan 139
Cremonini Cesare 44, 218
Crusius — Krauzé Florijonas
Cudworth Ralph 132-133
Cusanus Nicolaus 388,419
Czechowic Marcin 109,139,144,
147-149, 153, 155, 218, 687, 692
Czerkawski Jan 218, 530
Cirskis (Cerskis) Aleksandras, Czyrski
Alexander 313, 319, 320, 332, 333,
342-343, 538, 687
Dambrovskis Kristupas 32, 42,104
Danilavicius Ignas, Danilowicz Ignacy 90
Darowski Roman 22-23, 26, 538, 539, 684,
689, 690, 695, 698, 699, 701
Daugéla Albertas Paulius 489
Dauksa Mikalojus 81, 82, 218, 688
Daugéla Aleksandras 252
Daunoravicius Vincentas 252,255,553, 655
Demokritas 360, 393, 450, 556, 560
Descartes René 100,107,108,129,266,269,
270, 314-315, 360, 364, 399, 410, 414, 419,
420, 441, 538, 546, 547, 550, 552, 556, 560,
561, 562, 563, 570, 572, 573, 574, 575, 578,
580, 585, 588, 589, 592, 603, 607, 608, 609,
610, 611, 615, 617, 619, 627, 633, 635, 636,
639-640, 642, 647, 654, 655, 665, 669, 681
Diblinskis Albertas, Dyblinski Albertus
242, 417
Dilgeris Simonas 506
Diogenas Laertietis 559
Dionysius à S. Antonio —» Dzialtovskis
Dlugosz Jan 190, 492
Dobsevicius Benediktas 245, 551, 556,
557, 561-562, 569, 572, 573, 575-576, 580,
591, 602, 603, 615, 618, 632-638, 650-654,
655-656, 660, 662, 666, 670-671, 681, 688
Domanowski Fabian 155
705
Domariski juliusz 56,218
Dombkovskis Valentinas, D^bkovius
Valentinus 239
Dominikas, dominikonas 51
Donner Johann 117-118,220
Dorohostaiskiai 94,100
Dovydas Dinanietis, David de Dinant 625
Drakonas 156
Drewsas Johannas, Drews Joannes 388,
414, 450, 455, 538,688
Duhamel Jean 585
Dunsas Skotas, Ioannes Duns Scotus 102,
129,228,251,260,264,266,269,284-285,
290,293,304,357, 361,362-363,364, 365,
385,434,435,450,453,457,538
Durandas, Durandus de Sancto Porciano
54, 264, 282, 357, 440, 450
Dzialtovskis Antanas, Dzialtowski Antoni
558, 583-584, 616,619,620,622,633-638,
643,650-654, 656-657,659-660, 662, 667,
681, 688
Eddington Arthur Stanley 650
Edwards Jonathan 140
Egidijus Romietis, Egidius Romanus
264, 281,453-454
Einoravicius Kristupas, Eynarowicz
Christophorus 320,538
Einstein Albert 383,650,653
Ekfantas 419
Empedoklis 360, 393,450
Epiküras 450,546, 550,560,625
Erazmas Roterdamietis 43, 59, 64, 102,
103, 211
Eriugena Joanas, Joannes Scotus
Eriugena 126
Euklidas 33,39,322,612
Euler Leonhard 636
Ezajas, Esaias, dominikonas 51,52
Ezopas 225
Fabri Honorato 563
Fabricius Johann 415
Fabris Jonas 35
de Fermat Pierre 582
Fernelis, Fernei Jean 410,412,413,414
Ficino Marsilio 168, 289,442
Fleming Hans Friedrich 548
Folwarski H. H. 701
Fonseca Petrus 261,265, 302,366
Forbek Letovas Motiejus, Vorbek Lettow
Mattaeus 97,222
Fortunatas Bresietis, Fortunatus a Brixia
552, 554, 572, 586, 633
Fracastoro Girolamo 410, 413
Franck Sebastian 126
Francus di Franco 136
Franklin Benjamin 638
Frisch H. 218
Gabrielis, dominikonas 52
Galenas, Galenus Claudius 397,400,411,
412, 450, 607
Galileo Galilei 44,64,278, 360, 368-369,
373, 378, 379, 410, 415, 416,417, 420,
560, 638, 665
Gassendi Pierre 547,552,556,560,572,
577, 603, 619, 633, 635, 645
Gecevicius Baltramiejus 234
Gediminaiciai 36,91,173
Gediminas 30,56,73,250
Genujietis, Genuensis Antonius 555,577,
586
de Gerson Jean 216
Geulinx Arnold 610
Giedraiciai 41,43,62,94
706
Giedraitis Merkelis 41, 699
Gill KV 681
Giréjai 175
Girskis Tomas Kazimieras 530, 538
Gizbert Boguslaw 539
Glebaviciai 94
Glisson Francis 605
Goclen Rudolf, Goclenius 585, 602
Gonezijus Petras, Gonesius Petrus, Piotr z
Goni^dza 106,107,124,143,147, 220, 689
Gorazdowski (Raphael ab Angelis) 539
Górski Konrad 23, 689
Gostautai 41, 62
Gostautas Albertas 36, 79-80,189, 218, 503
Gostautas Jonas 36
Grabowski Adam 539
Grickevicius Arünas 539
Grimaldi Francesco Maria 636, 637
Grincevicius Liudvikas, Hryncewicz
Ludovicus 252, 539
Gronckis Andrius, Grqeki Andreas 240,
242, 250-251, 462, 488, 538, 689
Grotius Hugo 163,168,176
Grozgis Marianas, Grozgy Marian 49
Gruzevskiai 94
Gruzevskis Jonas 231, 463, 507, 509, 524,
539, 689
Grzebieñ Ludwik 538, 684
Gudavicius Edvardas 220
von Guericke Otto 556
Gurskis Jonas, Górski Jan, Gos, Gosius
Ioannes 413,539
Gustavas Adolfas 503
Hallam Henri 539
Halley Edmund 638
Haller Albrecht 607, 670
Harvey William 410, 414
Hegel Georg 221,557
Hejus Dzonas, Hay John, Haius Ioannes
225, 227, 228, 235, 260, 309-310, 359, 361,
405, 425, 439, 446, 455
Hemingas is Boltenhageno 39
Henrichsonas Johannas, Henrichson
Ioannes 361, 388, 539
Henrikas Gentietis, Henricus
Gandovensis 377, 406, 434, 440
Herakleitas 450
Heraklidai 172
Heraklidas 419
Hermanas is Rygos 35
Herodotas 84, 86
Hesse Benedikt 37
Hincas Valentinas, Hintz Valentinus 673,
681
Hipokratas 34, 397, 400, 413, 450, 461
Hobbes Thomas 163, 165,166, 167,169,
176,185, 226, 306, 603, 609, 625-626
Hooke Robert 636
Horacijus 225
Hozijus, Hosius Stanislaus 146
Hryncewicz —» Grincevicius Liudvikas
Hume David 306
Huygens Christian 599, 636, 653
Hurtadus, Hurtandus Petrus 264, 265,
440, 460
Hus Jan 36,39,63,101
von Hutten Ulrich 219
Illinicz Joannes 539
Ilovskis Tomas, Ilovius Thomas 239
Ivanas IV, Ivanas Rustusis 497
Izajas, Izaijas 123
Izaokas 132
Izaokas ben Solomonas 285
707
Jadvyga, karaliene 34, 56
Jamielkauskas Jonas 505
Janas Glogovietis 37
Jankowski Jozef 21,26
Jaronski Feliks 21,26
Jaroslavas is Pozesino 35
Jelenskis Aleksandras 270
Jeronimas, dominikonas 51
Jeronimas Prahiskis 63
Jeronimas, sv. 138
Jezerskis Karolis 547
Joachimowicz Leon 222
Joannes de Mirecourt 314
Jobas 559
Jogaila 29,34,36, 75, 172,190
Jogailaiciai 17,91,174
Jokübas is Kalinuvkos 143, 157,159
Jonas, Drohicino kunigaikstis 36
Jonas is Rohicano 34
Jonas Lietuvis 44
Jonas Kazimieras, karalius 161
Jonas III, karalius 497
Jonas Vilniskis 37
Jonkus Dalius 24
Jovaisas Albinas 697
Junevicius Mykolas, Juniewicz Michael
419, 539
Jungas Hadrianas, Jung Hadrian 239,
441, 461,488, 528, 539
Junius Franciscus 99
Juozapas 559
Juraga-Giedraitis Jonas 550,551
Jurgevicius Lukas 41
Jurginis Juozas 24
Jurgis Austras, Gregorius de Austria 50,51
Jurgis is Lietuvos 36
Jurkevicius Damijonas 356
Juszkiewicz Eduardus 681
Kainas 163
Kalimachas Pilypas, Buonaccorsi Philippo
62
Kantas Immanuelis 44,126,173, 236,
313,431, 545, 563, 570, 584, 594, 609, 630,
642, 668
Karolis Gustavas 161
Karolis V 501
Karolis IX 503
Karolis V Ismintingasis 100
Kazimieras Jogailaitis 36,209
Kazlauskas Benediktas 218,690
Keckermann Bartholomeus 103,104,
116-118, 134, 220, 301, 696
Kepler Johannes 107,108,218,410,415,
416-417,418, 420, 633, 638, 641, 656,
658, 690
K^sgailos 94
K^sgailos - Mykolas ir Elena 36
K^startas Sebastijonas 159
K^stutaitis Baltramiejus 35
Kestutis 75
Kimbarai 44
Kimbaras Jonas 32,44, 242, 284,363,
459, 539
Kircher Athanasius 410, 415,638,691
Kirsmantas Mikalojus 35
Kisiel Aleksander 22,26
Kiska Dominikas 42
Kiska Jonas 64,143,686, 689
Kiska Kristupas 243
Kiskos 41,94
Kleantas Samietis 419
Kleinas Jonas 260-261, 539
Klingeris Andrius, Klinger Andreas 696
Kochariski Adam 410
Koyre Aleksandr 539
708
Kojelavicius-Vijükas Albertas 21, 26, 83,
89, 90, 231, 245, 259, 378-382, 465, 483,
489, 492, 539, 690
Kojelavicius-Vijükas Kazimieras 690
Kojelavicius-Vijükas Petras 690
Kolakowski Leszek 218
Kolman Ernst 681
Kolumbas, Colombo Cristoforo 397
Komensky Jan Arnos 112,113, 220
Konarski Stanislaw 547, 548
Konstantinas Ostrogiskis 79
Kopernikas Mikalojus 29, 37,103, 278,
410, 415, 416, 417, 418-419, 420, 421, 633,
636, 655, 656, 657, 658, 668
Korolec Jerzy 539
Korsakas Kostas 219
Kostka Fridericus 538
Kot Stanislaw 23, 32, 56, 218, 686
Kraikowskis Jonas 239
Krakeris Leonardas, Kraker, Crakerus
Leonardus 231, 238, 239, 246, 260, 441,
461-462, 465, 488, 528
Krauze Florijonas, Krauze, Crusius
Florianus 107-108, 218, 690
Krygeris Osvaldas, Kriger, Krüger
Osvaldus 242, 245,278, 284, 381, 382,
410, 411, 416, 417, 421, 446, 539, 691
Kristupas is Lietuvos 35, 39
Kriugeris Zigmantas, Krüger Sigismundus
302-303, 305, 320, 323, 325, 334, 539, 691
Kristus 63, 95,106,109,123,125,128,
129,137,146,147,149,151,154,155,158,
159, 486, 518
Kritijas 625
Kromer Marcin 62, 91, 492
Krosneviäus Baltazaras, Crosnievicius
Balthasarus 44, 67, 97,114-116,120,
134, 218, 691
Krupskis Adomas 539
Kserksas 386
Kuc Leszek 437
Kuczynski Leszek 541
Kuksewicz Zdislaw 539
Kulvietis Abraomas 41, 44, 95-96,
122-123, 219
Kuolys Darius 25, 80,219, 700
Kuszel Josephus 681
Laskis Petras, Laschki Petrus 587, 681
Laurinavicius Joakimas, Lawrynowicz
Joachim 599, 640, 654, 691
Laurynas, dominikonas 50
Laurynas is Heilsbergo 39-40
Lavoiser Antoine Lourent 663
Lazutka Stanislovas 220
Lebedys Jurgis 219, 688
Lech, kunigaikstis 91-92, 497
van Leeuwenhoek Antony 636, 669
Lefèvre Jacques, Faber Stupelensis 64
Leibniz Gottfried Wilhelm 266, 280, 290,
313, 410, 431, 552, 553, 554, 556, 560, 563,
564, 569, 570, 572, 573, 574, 575, 576, 578,
580, 581, 582, 583, 584, 585, 588, 589, 592,
593, 594, 597-598, 600, 601, 603, 612, 621,
623-624, 629, 630, 636, 642, 644, 649, 650,
670, 671
Leys, Lessius Leonardus 524
Lemerey Nicola 636, 637, 658
Lemonnier, Le Monnier Pierre Charles
19, 611, 638
Leonardo da Vinci 64
Lesniak Kazimierz 537
Lesniewski Stanislaw 308, 342
Leukipas 360, 419, 556
Lévi-Strauss Claude 56
Liauksminas Zygimantas 226, 231, 232,
245, 259, 691-692
709
Licinijus Namislovijus Jonas, Licinius
Namisloviensis Ioannes 99,109,110-111,
144, 219, 221, 692
Likurgas 156
Lingeviftus Reginaldas, Lingiewicz
Reginaldus 658, 681, 692
Lippomano Luigi 224
Lipsas, Lipsius Justus 491-492,497
LiSänskis Kazimieras 136
Liudvikas XIV 497
Livijus, Titus Livius 491
Locke John 140, 151,155,165,166, 306,
572, 576, 577, 603, 615
Loyola Ignatius 224, 245, 273
Lorentz Hendrik Antoon 650
Losiewskis Stanislawas, Losiewski
Stanislaus 400, 414, 436,458, 540, 692
Lubieniecki Stanislaw 100
Lukac I. 540
Lukaszewicz Jözef 219
LukoSevicius Steponas 240
Lukauskas Kiprijonas 680
Lukrecijus 450
Lullus Raimundus 570
Luksaite Inge 25, 56, 207, 219,532, 684,
686, 687, 689, 696, 702
Luther Martin 44, 94, 95, 96,101-102,
103,122,127, 219, 266
Macharijus, dominikonas 51
Machiavelli Niccolö 79,88,168,174,214,
219, 472, 491, 503, 504
Machwicas Placidas 370,540
Madura Ronuinus Fabianus 56, 217
Magni Valeriano 378-379, 540
Mako Paulus 555
Makowski Jan 129,132, 700
Malebranche Nicolas 101,560, 603,
610, 611
Malpighi Marcello 669
de Mariana Juan 524
Mariotte Edmas 633, 636
Markas is Greco 39
Markvartas Jokübas 261, 413-414, 425,
447, 540
Markvartas Jonas 506, 540, 693
Marsilius Paduvietis, Marsilius de Padova
169,175
Martin Jacobus 117
Martenis Henrikas 98
Masalskis Ignacas 577
Masalskis Lukas 42
Matas is Lovicii^ 49
de Medina Juan 524
Melanchthon Philipp 43,44,101,102,
103,104, 117,188, 216, 266, 602, 689
Mersenne Marin 107
Miechowita Maciej 492
Migne Jean-Paul 56
Mikalojus is Lietuvos 36
Mikalojus is Livonijos 35
Mikalojus is Prüsijos 35
Mikalojus Otrekurietis, Nicolaus de
Autrecourt 357
Mikalojus Vilniskis 45
Mikalojus V, popiezius 245
Mykolas Lietuvis 25, 80, 87, 91, 175,190,
219, 693
Mindaugas 250
Minkowski Herman 383
Mirándola — Pico della Mirándola
Mitkeviciai 94
Mitkeviciüté-Vnuckiené Sofija 159
Mlodzianowski Tomasz 367
710
Mniszek Michal 232,462, 542, 702
Mniszekai 232
Modzelewski Zacharias 489, 490, 497,
540, 693
Modrzewski Frycz Andrzej 163,169,
188-189, 196, 218, 221
Moygis Mykolas, Moygi Michael 489,
540, 693
de Molina Ludovicus, Luis de Molina
264, 265, 444-445, 524, 629
Monikovijus Laurynas 232
Montaigne Michel 64, 609
Morkus is Krokuvos 49
Mornay du Plessis Philipp 169
Mosnerius — Fabri Flonorato
Motiejus, kanauninkas 36
Motiejus Vilniskis 35, 36, 39,40
Mozé 559
Mundijus Lukas, Mundijus Morkünas
Lukas 143,145
Müntzer Thomas 219
van Muschenbroeck Pieter 636, 637, 658
Nakcijonavicius Jokübas 654
Narbutas Kazimieras 25, 657, 680, 681
Narbutas Sigitas 695
Narmuntas Kazimieras Mykolas 255
Naruse viciai 43, 94
Naruse vicius Kazimieras 637
Nemiricius J. 695
Nemrotas 158
Neronas 172
Newe Matthias 538
Newton Isaac 391, 556, 560, 596, 607,
627, 633, 635, 636, 637, 638, 639-642, 644,
645, 646, 647, 648, 649, 650, 653, 654, 655,
656, 660, 665, 668, 681
Nicole Pierre 570
Niemsta Samuelis 42
Nojus 91,163
Nollet Jean-Antoine 620, 636, 637, 658, 662
Norkus Zenonas 219, 222
Norvaisa Pranciskus 245, 632
Novacijus Andrius, Novakas, Novatius
Andreas 231, 261,412-413, 425, 435, 447,
460-161, 462, 465, 488, 540, 689, 693-694
Nowak Ludwik 540, 541, 699
Nowicki A ndrzej 218
Numa, karalius 419
Obirek Stanislaw 540, 698
Ockham William, Ockhamus Wilhelmus
129,175, 264, 282-283, 312, 319, 349,
366, 641
Ogonozuski Zbigniew 23, 56, 218, 219, 220
Olekaitis Jurgis 699
Oleskevicius Baltramiejus 231, 232
Olizarovijus Aronas Aleksandras 25,
67-68, 168-170, 176, 178, 182, 186-187,
192, 198-199, 200, 204, 220, 259, 500,
505, 506, 540, 694
Olszewski Jokubas, Olszewski Jacobus
275, 311, 340, 349, 694
Oporinus Johann 137
Oresme Nicolaus 100
Ortizas Diego, Ortizas Jokubas, Ortizius
Jacobus 231, 265, 293, 302, 311, 413,
447, 540, 694-695
Ortizas Migelis, Ortizius Michael 231,265
Orzechowski Stanislaw 83, 88, 169, 172,
175, 189, 193, 195, 196, 202
Otonss is Torunes 51
Ovidijus 225
Oviedus Franciscus 264, 265, 460
711
Paberzis Samsonas 42
Pacai 41,62,94
Pacas Mikalojus 234,462
Palacz Ryszard 56
Paleologus Jacobus 144,150
Paplauskas Adornas 462
Paracelsus 398,402,410,414
Pascal Blaise 101,266,378,582,627
Pasakinis Jonas, Poszakowski Joannes 549
Pasuta Vladimir 56
Pauli Zegata 56
Paulius, dominikonas 52
Paulius, sv. 144,148,474
Paulius Venecijietis, Paulus Venetus 319
Paulus Diaconus 89
Pázmány Petrus 44,636
Pelagijus 109,131
Periandras Korintietis 120
Petras, sv. 46,518
Petras Dusburgietis 83
Petras Episcopi 94
Petras Ispanas 33, 264,315, 319,333, 336,
349, 351, 540
Petras Lombardas 51
Petras is Sochacevo 49
Philoponus Joannes 293,372
Piastai 449
Piccolomini Ascanio 216,491
Pico della Mirándola 272,293,410,442
Piechnik Ludwik 23,26,699, 701
Pijus V, popiezius 262,287
Piotr z Goni^dza — Gonezijus Petras
Pipirellus Vilhelmus 44
Pyszka Stanislaw Kazimierz 540,686
Pitagoras 419, 556,560
Platonas 34,130,162,211,260,264,281,286,
287,297,299, 302, 319,350, 351,404,419,
433,450,464,469,481,495,510,556,560
Pleckaitis Romanas 26, 56, 218, 538, 540,
684
Pliateris Konstantinas 668,671
Plinijus 43,242,393,397
Plutarchas 410,419
Pocalajevskis Kornelijus, Pocalojewski
Cornelius 654,681
Pocapovskis Jonas, Poczapowski 392, 540
Pocobutas Martynas 245,632,657
Polibijas 84,491
Poltz Anton 553
Pomponazzi Pietro 410, 450
Pontano Giovani 491
Pontius Joannes 251
Poplatek ]an 687
Porfirijas 276,289, 292, 293, 296, 306,
350, 537, 538, 572
Povilas Alséniskis 689
Povilas is Dobrino 34
Povilas is Viznos 143,157, 158
Povilas Vorcinietis 37
Pozeckis Tomas, Porzecki Thomas 302,
320, 330, 355, 356, 363-364, 365, 370,
377, 384, 416, 540, 695
Pranciskus Asyzietis 250
Preuschhoff Johann 21,26
Priestly Joseph 663
Protagoras 625
Protasevicius Valerijonas, Protaszewicz
Szuszkowski Walerian 224
Przylubski Felix 42
Przypkowskis Samuelis, Przypkowski,
Przipcovius Samuel 100,110,112-114,
139-142,144, 151, 157, 220, 221, 695
Ptolemajas 33,403,417,418, 419,633,
636, 655,657
Pucilowski Christophorus 489,540
Purchot Edmond 547
Puzinas Petras, Puzyna Petrus 466,477,540
712
Quine Willard Van Orman 307, 540
Rabikauskas Paulius 541,698
Rad vanas Jonas 75, 76, 83, 87,197, 220
Radvanas Stanislovas 51
Radvila Boguslavas 695
Radvila Jonusas 41
Radvila Kristupas 75, 97,110,139, 695, 696
Radvila Kristupas, Perkûnas 97
Radvila Mikalojus 47
Radvila Mikalojus, Juodasis 42, 64, 224,
686, 687
Radvila Mikalojus, Rudasis 76, 97, 172,
503, 701
Radvila Mikalojus Kristupas, Naslaitélis
42, 221, 234, 485
Radvila Stanislovas 42
Radvilos 41, 42, 43, 62, 75, 79, 94,197, 701
Ramée Pierre, de la Ramée Pierre, Petrus
Ramus 64, 102,116, 293
Rapin P. 541
Rapolionis Stanislovas 25, 44, 56,101,
122,123, 220, 695-696
Rastauskas Stanislovas, Rostowski
Stanislaus 21,26
Rawls John 200
Réaumur René Antoine 636, 638
Régnault Noël 636,636
Reichan Jerzy 56
Reichenbach Hans 383, 541
Reid Thomas 554
Rekutis Vaitiekus 159
Retz Franciscus 546
Ribadereira, Pedro di Ribadereira 503
Ricci Laurentius 551
Riccioli Giovani Baptista 415, 416, 637,
638, 656
Richman Georg 638
Ricardas is Midltauno, Richardus de
Middleton, Richardus de Media villa 406
Rybicki Pawel 694
Rimgaila Juozapas, Rymgaylo Josephus
337, 340, 540, 696
Rocka Marcelinas 25,190, 200, 693, 702
Roizijus, Roisius Petrus 186
Romulevicius Petras 239
Rondelet Guilelmus 397, 410,415
Rostoga Tomas 261, 405, 408, 416, 420,
540, 696
Roterdamietis —» Erazmas Roterdamietis
Rothmann Christoph 415, 417, 420
Rotundas Augustinas 41, 68, 73, 77,80,
83, 87, 88, 89, 91, 146,172,173,174,175,
186, 189,192, 193,194,197, 200, 697
Ruczyñski Jacek 541
Rudamina Dusetiskis Joñas 242
Rudziszewska J. 700
Russell Bertrand 307, 342, 437
Rutskis Velaminas 258
Ruvius Antonius 261, 265, 365, 366, 384
Ruzewicz Michael 541
Sadkovskis Joñas, Sadkowski Joannes
365, 366, 370, 373, 376, 384, 417, 420,
472, 541, 697
Sagner Kaspar 555
Saliamonas, karalius 618
Salmerón Alonso 224
SalpaMicheli 419
Sapiega Andrius 243
Sapiega Joñas 42
Sapiega Kazimieras Leonas 89, 243, 505
Sapiega Leonas 42, 80,179, 186, 209
Sapiega Stanislovas 42
Sapiegos 41, 43, 94
Sarbievijus Motiejus Kazimieras 483
713
Scaligero Giulio Cesare 81,221
Scheiner Christoph 410,415, 416
Schelling Friedrich 557
Scherbius Philippus 218
Schlichting Jonasz 100,139
Schönhoff Gregorius 388
Schwang Johann 388
Schwenckfeld Kaspar 126
Seneka 472,491
Silvestravicius Juozapas 602
Simon de Prato 51
Simonavicius Kazimieras 245,411
Simplirijas,Simplikijas 293
Sirvydas Konstantinas 245, 530
de Sitter Vilem 653
Siwek Pawel 597
Sivickas Dominikas 589, 638,639, 697
Skarga Petras 120,135,161,238, 485,
498, 499, 503, 530, 541, 697-698
Skorulskis An tanas 245, 550, 551, 556, 575,
600, 602, 604-605, 606, 608-609, 611,
612-613, 618, 627, 632, 633, 639, 655,
666, 669, 681, 698
Skorulskis Mikalojus 41
Sluskos 94
Smigleckis Martynas, Smiglecius
Martinus 25,120,199,231,245,246, 259,
261, 268,281, 285, 291, 295, 296,299-301,
302, 310, 311, 312, 316,320, 344, 350, 352,
428,429-130, 520,522-523, 524-525, 526,
528-529, 531, 540, 541, 692, 698-699
Soarez Franciscus 265
Sodnus, Socin Faust 93,109-110,133-134,
142,144,150, 221
Sokratas 560
Solonas 156
de Soto Dominicus, Domingo de Soto
264, 265,434, 506, 521, 524, 541
de Soxo Benedictus 506,510, 513,514,
518, 541, 699
Spengler Oswald 100
Spinoza Benedictus 564,572,609,616, 617,
620, 625-626, 639
Stageirietis — Aristotelis
Stanislavskis Jurgis, Stanislawski Georgius
314, 365, 366, 376, 387, 541, 699
Starowolski Szymon 140
Stefanowski Hieronim 447, 694
Stephano de Monte 344
Steponas Batoras 44, 150,228,260-261,
485, 701
Steponas is Prüsij os 35
Stobnickis Albertas 46
Stryjkovskis Motiejus 76, 82, 85, 88, 89,
90, 91-92, 203, 221, 492, 699-700
Strockis Mindaugas 217
Struve Henryk 22, 26
Suarez Franciscus 103,119, 264,265,266,
267,284, 295,296,298, 361, 362, 365, 366,
375, 376,428,434, 436, 440, 443, 444, 486,
487,506,516,531,541
Suchodolski Bogdan 221
Sunyer Franciscus 235,237,238
Sveciskis Jurgis 42
Svencickis Jonas Baptistas 158
Swift Jonathan 301
Éwiçtochowski Robert 56, 541
Swiezawski Stefan 437,541
Svirskis Andrius 37
Szczucki Lech 23, 56,218,687,692
Szydlowski Jan 129-132, 221,700
Sadurskis Stanislovas, Szadurski
Stanislaus 551, 564,565-567,569, 618,
646, 660, 662, 666, 667, 681, 700
714
Sapoka Adolf as 56
Semetos 94
Skotas —» Dunsas Skotas
Stal L 56
Stuopis Jurgis 24, 26, 56
Sventojo Kryziaus Jonas 273
Svoba Martynas 159
Talis Miletietis 559
Tartaretus Petrus 264
Tatarkiewicz Wladislaw 22, 26, 541
Tazbir Janusz 23, 214, 221, 541, 698
Telstietis Mykolas 231
Teoboltas Albertas, Tobolski Wojciech 227
Teresè, sv. 273
Tholosanus Pierre Grégoire 168, 216
Thomson Joseph John 654
Tiskeviciai 94
Tiskevicius Jurgis 243
Tylkowski Wojciech 233, 259, 343, 372,
376, 402, 410, 411, 414, 416, 417, 418,
419, 480, 481, 541, 542, 700
Tync Stanislaw 221
Toletus Franciscus 264, 267, 365
Tolvaisos, Tolvaisai 94
Tomas Akvinietis 45, 54,102,115, 138,
169,185, 221, 246, 247, 269, 280, 282, 285,
293, 295, 297-298, 317, 350, 357, 361, 362,
365, 373, 385, 390, 405, 428, 432, 433-434,
435, 437, 440, 443, 450, 452, 453, 456,468,
470, 474, 479, 480, 491, 493, 499, 506, 507,
508, 516, 517, 521, 522, 524, 527, 612, 627
Torricelli Evangelista 378, 536, 633, 638
Tournemine René Joseph 555
Treius, Trew Abdias 563
Trypucko Juzef 26
Tukididas 84
Tumelis Juozas 25, 696
Tupikas Stanislovas 231
Turskis Baltramiejus 231
Ulanowski Boleslaw 56
Ulcinaite Eugenija 25, 692
Urban Waclaw 56
Urbonas VIII, popiezius 413
Vaclovas, dominikonas 50, 51
Vaisnaravicius Kazimieras 462
Vaitkus Mykolas 217
Valatka Vytis 24, 542
Valaviciai 41, 43, 62, 94
Valavicius Eustachijus 143,159, 505, 693
Valavicius Jeronimas 505
Valikonyte Irena 220
Valimantas Stanislovas 36
Valla Lorenzo 442, 472
Vallisneri Antonio 666
Varanavicius Aloyzas 24, 25,221, 690, 701
Varonas 560
Vartenbergietis Jonas 261
Vasilevskiene Irena 221
Vasilevskis Zefirinas, Wasilewski
Zephyrinus 672, 673, 676, 682, 701
Vasquez Gabriel 264-265, 440, 443
de Vauban, Sebastian le Prestre de
Vauban 548
de Vega Emmanuel 120, 238, 265
Veinholdas, Weinhold Cornelius 42
Venclovas Mikolajaitis — Mykolas Lietuvis
Vergilijus 225
Verneius Aloisius Antonius 577, 681
Vesalius Andreas 44, 64, 410, 411, 414
Viezbickis Kazimieras, Wierzbicki
Kazimierz 332, 542
Vigeris Jonas, Vigerius Joannes 227
715
Vijana Petras, Viana Petrus 228,261,265,
298-299, 318, 354, 361, 371, 392,408, 413,
425, 428, 434, 446-447, 455, 459,461,485,
542, 701
Visconti Ignatius 550,551
Visniaveckis Mykolas 499
Vytautas 29, 31, 56, 63,75,87, 91,171,
175,180,190,196
Vitelijus Erazmas, Vitelius Erasmus 25,
62, 76,221,690, 701
Vitello 314
de Vittoria Francisco 524
Viviani Vincenzo 378
Vladislovas Vaza 97, 150, 378, 379,
501, 505
Vnuckos 94
Voisé Waldemar 221
Volanas Andrius, Volanus Andreas 25,
62,68,72-73,76,125,135,159,161,163-
168,174,175,176, 179,182-183,187-188,
191,192-193, 197, 198, 200-201,203-204,
205-210, 215, 221,222,227,692,701-702
Volodkovicius Andrius, Wolodkowicz
Andreas 270,542
Volteras, Voltaire, François-Marie Arouet
de 555
Vorbek Lettow — Forbek Letovas Motiejus
Weber Max 215-216, 222
Wçgierski Andrzej, Wçgerscius Andreas
95, 136, 222, 691
White Thomas —» Albius Thomas
Wicker W. 700
Wicklef Joannes, Wyclyf John 101
Wiszowaty Andrzej 100
Wyczawski Hieronim Eugeniusz 684
Wolff Christian 266, 430,431, 552, 553-
554, 556, 557, 558, 560, 561, 566, 572, 573,
574, 584, 585-586, 588, 592, 594, 595, 597,
598, 600, 601, 602, 603, 608, 609,611,612,
613, 614, 615, 624, 630, 636, 644, 645, 670,
679, 681, 682
Wolzogen Jan Ludwik 150-151, 222
Wujek Jakub 120,139, 218
Zabarella Jacopo 410, 450
Zaluskis Lukas, Zaluski Lukasz 232, 259,
462, 464,470,474, 488, 502, 521, 542,702
Zamoyski Jan 698
Zathey Jerzy 56
Zavisa Mikalojus 232
Zavisos 43, 94
Zbonskiai 687
Zdelaricas Tomas, Zdelaritius Thomas
226-227
Zenavicius Kristupas 159
Zenonas Elejietis 384, 386,387
Zigmantas, imperatorius 31, 56
Zigmantas Vaza 96, 135,150, 689, 701
Zubovas Vladimiras 702
Zabickis Jonas, Zabicki Joannes 408-409,
542
Zagiela Martynas 42
Zebrauskas Tomas 245, 550, 632, 671,
682, 702
Zygimantai 75
Zygimantas Augustas 62,66, 87,96,135,
174,191, 224, 503, 693, 697, 701
Zygimantas Senasis 64, 76, 94,174,194,
250, 528, 529, 693, 697, 701
THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
IN LITHUANIA
Volume I
THE MIDDLE AGES - THE RENAISSANCE - MODERN TIMES
Summary
The academic History of Philosophy in Lithuania in three volumes will
be published by the Institute of Culture, Philosophy and Art. The first
presented volume covers the development of Lithuanian philosophy from
the 16th to the 18th centuries. It includes late medieval and Renaissance
philosophy, the second scholasticism and modern philosophy.
The first Lithuanians to be introduced to philosophy were young mem-
bers of the gentry who studied in European universities at the end of the
14th century. The recently baptized Lithuania strove to adopt Western cultu-
re and to present itself as a Western state. Some graduated from the univer-
sities as bachelors or masters of philosophy and returned to their country.
At the end of the 14th century, Vilnius Cathedral School was founded. The
elements of logic were probably taught there. The growth of the political
and economic power of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania brought about the
need for higher education. That need was significantly increased by the
growing activity of various religious orders. In 1507 the Dominicans star-
ted teaching philosophy and theology to their novices. They were able to
teach late medieval philosophy in its thomistic interpretation. We can re-
gard 1507 as the year Lithuania benefited form a new phenomenon, pro-
fessional philosophy, and the Dominicans as its initiators. They taught not
only the disciplines of late medieval philosophy but also the basics of the
other sciences. The Dominicans, and later the Jesuits, Franciscans, Bernardi-
nes, Carmelites, Trinitarians and other monastic orders, enriched intellectu-
al life in Lithuania by teaching philosophy in their schools.
The spread of Renaissance culture started at the end of the 15th century
and lasted till the middle of the 17th century. The palace of the Grand Duke
of Lithuania and the estates of the gentry were the centers for this culture.
726
They attracted men of letters, artists, architects, actors and scientists, and
gave them patronage. The graduates of European universities introduced
Renaissance ideas to Lithuanian society and applied a new humanist phi-
losophical mentality in their own historical, fictional and public writings.
Until higher schools and colleges with philosophical training were founded,
Lithuanian intellectuals were preoccupied not so much with speculative
philosophy as with social, political, juridical and moral theories of practical
philosophy. The culture of private estates was interested in seeing the the-
oretical meanings of the problems of practical life, in expanding personal
opportunities by means of a humanistic interpretation of moral virtues, in
improving the social and political organization of the Lithuanian State, and
in fostering a national self-awareness. Intellectuals followed the Renaissance
principle that knowledge has to be concrete and useful, directed not at the
supernatural but at the natural.
Lithuanian humanists interpreted human nature and personal value in
a typically Renaissance way, rejecting metaphysical speculation and rela-
ying on the inquiry of creative personal activity and its results. They sig-
nificantly secularized the notion of human nature, substituting original
sin for the exploits of the great men, rulers and nobles, who protected the
statehood of the Grand Duchy. They admitted democratically that each
person, who contributes to the well-being of the state, is worthy of praise.
Authors of legends about the origins of the Lithuanian people praised the
natural properties of the national character. The old man-world opposition
was seen as not quite correct. The belief that by his creative activity a man
humanizes the surrounding reality and at the same time perfects his own
personality was regarded as being more correct. The Renaissance persona-
lity expected to satisfy its thirst for glory within the limits of the nation and
the State. The political entity of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was united
by economic factors as well as by the territorial mobility of the nation.
Models created in the attempt to unite a state-citizen consciousness with an
ethnic-cultural one regarded language as the main factor for the expression
of that unity and gave the status of social determinant to Latin or to the
native colloquial language. Such models were created by Mykolas Lietuvis,
A. Rotundas and M. Dauksa.
727
Stryjkovskis, a history, together with the didactic history writers tried
to waken the historical consciousness. According to them, mentally mee-
ting and talking with people from all epochs is a necessary condition for
an understanding of the present. Through the past and the present, man
and nation can travel to the future, but through historic memory they
travel to eternity. Humanist historians believed that historic truth was
one and knowable, that the main problems of humankind was always the
same. The moralizing writers of history based the striving for glory on
working for the sake of the State's and society's well-being, which was
treated as the principal virtue. The didactic writers of history considered
human nature and the willpower of great men as historical determinants.
The Grand Duke Vytautas was regarded as the most prominent. A. Ro-
tundas, a prolific writer in praising the personalities of Lithuanian rulers,
conducted successful polemics against opinions degrading the Lithuanian
State that were generated in Poland and spread in Lithuania.
A philosophy of a new character was created by the Reformation.
Protestant schools opened in Vilnius, Birzai, Kedainiai and in other places.
Protestant Aristotelianism, based on B. Keckermann, was taught in them.
Calvinism and Arianism were the most prominent Protestant trends in the-
oretical thinking. The Calvinists - S. Budnas, A. Volanas and A. Rasijus -
wrote political and social treatises concerning the improvement of the go-
vernance of the Lithuanian State and on perfecting the social and economic
order in the process of the State's economic development. Volanas elabora-
ted social theory based on social contract. He treated natural rights as a
source of political power, although he was not conceptually mature enough
to explain clearly how natural rights turn into political rights. A. A. Olizaro-
vijus, a Vilnius University jurisprudence professor, described the origin of
civil society in terms of late Renaissance political theories. The founders of
the philosophy of law in Lithuania formulated the principles of constitutio-
nal governance. They regarded law as a counterbalance to sovereign's po-
wer; for law was supreme in relation to political power, which was treated
as mere executive. They maintained the supremacy of social justice in rela-
tion to legality as the expression of legal proceedings, and derived positive
law from the natural law. Vilnius theoreticians were adherents of the an-
cient concept of society as not only a political but also a moral community
728
of citizens. They condemned serfdom and called for the expansion of free-
dom in the State by granting civil rights to the biggest part of society, the
peasants and town dwellers. Applying the modern conception of social
estates, they called for the réévaluation of feudal nobility, and maintained
that personal value was not inherited from a person's ancestors but deser-
ved through personal activity. Rasijus proposed including intellectuals
and rich merchants in the nobility, and in a mercantilist way underlined
the significance of foreign trade to internal and foreign politics during the
process of the economic development of the State.
Arian theoreticians, dissatisfied with the status quo, produced a social
utopia, directed against the feudal way of life, the feudal state and its insti-
tutions, against private property, serfdom and war. In Poland and Lithuania
Arian radicals incited people to abandon the society of evil, and taught
them not to resist evil by force and do not participate in the activities of
state institutions. They called for the abolition, or at least for significant
reduction, of serfdom. Radical Arian theoreticians elaborated the theory of
renunciation, but it was not accepted even by the part of the gentry that
professed Arianism. The Arian gentry had no desire to renounce their privi-
leges and property. They interpreted the idea of selling land and distribu-
ting money to the poor as a future ideal, but not as a practical demand to be
implemented immediately. The utopia was criticized by the moderate Arians,
especially by Budnas. And the majority of the gentry regarded Arian theo-
ries as irrational and dangerous. In the end the Arians were accused of
collaboration with the hostile states and were expelled from the Republic
of the Two Nations under the pretext of their refusal to convert to Catholi-
cism. A positive aspect of the Arian utopia lay in the questioning of feudal
social relations as problematic and encouraging the belief that the status
quo was unacceptable.
The secular academic teaching was launched by the Jesuits, who were
invited to Lithuania to fight against the Reformation. In Vilnius they foun-
ded the academic gymnasium, a college. There, in 1571, they began to
teach philosophy. But the most important event in the development of
philosophy in Lithuania was the foundation of Vilnius University in 1579.
The disciplines usual to second level scholastics were taught in its philosophy
department: logic, natural philosophy (physics), metaphysics and ethics.
729
A separate professor taught mathematics and astronomy. The university
conferred scientific degrees. According to incomplete data, the old Vilnius
University conferred 1,810 bachelor of philosophy and 1,700 master (doctor)
of philosophy degrees. The Jesuits founded many colleges in the Grand
Duchy. There they schooled lay students in philosophy. Many religious
schools had philosophy sections in which the clergy were trained. The te-
aching of philosophy at Vilnius University, the colleges and monasteries
schools in Lithuania did not differ from contemporary philosophical te-
aching in West European universities and colleges. It consisted of Aristo-
telian philosophy and the theories of the most prominent representatives
of medieval scholastics: Albert the Great, St Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus,
William of Ockham, Durandus and others. In Lithuanian schools Jesuit the-
oreticians, as well as other theoreticians of scholastics of the 16th to the 17th
centuries, were popular, namely Franciscus Toletus, Antonius Ru vius, Petrus
Fonseca, Thomas Caietanus, Franciscus Suarez, Gabriel Vasquez, Ludovicus
Molina, Rodericus Arriaga, Dominicus de Soto, Petrus Hurtadus and others.
Scholasticism, in spite of its drawbacks and imperfections, was an
important phenomenon. It influenced Europe over the ages. Scholastics
elaborated the terminology which was widely used by Renaissance thin-
kers. Some scholastic terms still function in contemporary thinking. They
raised and inquired into questions of essence and existence, of possible
worlds, of semiotics, of abstraction, of system analysis, and other real and
important questions. They were interested not so much in the inquiry into
empirical reality as in the analysis of thinking, and therefore elaborated a
theory of logic of a high standard. Their achievements were appreciated
and employed in Lithuanian schools. Consequently, ideas closely related to
mathematical logic were brought to light. They belonged to propositional
logic, the theory of logical consequence, the quantification logic, the logic
of classes, modal logic and logical semantics. Lithuanian scholastics studied
empirical and a priori factors of cognition. They interpreted questions of the
truth and of cognitional means in an Aristotelian way. They discussed a cen-
tral question of scholastic logic - the problem of universal. A lively debate
was conducted between the adherents of conceptualism and the adherents of
moderate realism. The well-known professor M. Smiglecius, of Vilnius Uni-
versity, published his work Logica in 1618. This work was republished in
Oxford and was popular as a textbook in many European universities.
730
At Vilnius University along with scholastic theories of natural philo-
sophy, Renaissance and modern times theories of nature were studied. In
the lectures of the most courageous teachers a student could learn the
names of contemporary scientists and philosophers of the Renaissance
and modern times, they could learn about the theories of Copernicus,
Galileo, Scheiner, Kircher, Clavius, Cabeus, Cardano, Ricciolli, Tycho Brahe,
Vesalius, Caesalpino, Fracastoro, Fernel, Zabarella, Bruno, Pomponazzi, and
others. Interpreting psychology in the treatise De Anima, Vilnius Univer-
sity teachers relied on Vesalius' work De humani corporis fabrica and on his
anatomical atlas. Astronomical observations were carried out in the uni-
versity, and students were in immersed in new discoveries. In 1645, Pro-
fessor Osvald Kriiger acknowledged that Copernicus' system yielded the
best explanation for the solar system's planetary movements.
The recognition and consideration of the achievements of the new
natural sciences stimulated their liberation from the supervision of metap-
hysics, which ceased to be regarded as the pinnacle of knowledge. As a
theory of being, metaphysics experienced a crisis. It suffered from a metho-
dological error: the theory of real being was gradually transformed into the
theory of possible non-contradictory being, and metaphysics turned into
formal ontology. This transformation reduced the role of metaphysics in
schools in Lithuania.
Scholastic moral philosophy was supposed to be not only a theory of
behavior but also a social theory, encompassing ethics and politics. It was
directed at the Christian interpretation of Aristotelian ethics. The justice of
economical relations was considered the same way. The role of the moral
factor was overemphasized, and therefore the theories of economic rela-
tions were not quite adequate to the then economic practice. Nevertheless,
Vilnius thinkers who followed the economic doctrine of the second scho-
lastics, managed to contribute to economical theory. They demonstrated
the necessity of private property, spoke out for consumers' rights, condem-
ned monopolies and discussed the limits of state power in controlling pri-
ces and profit norms.
Vilnius University theoreticians who tried to justify the political cons-
titution of the Polish-Lithuanian State by the principles of Aristotelian po-
litical theory drew arguments from the work of modern philosophers such
as J. Bodin, J. Lips, and others. The teaching of political science at Vilnius
731
University was a positive innovation spreading civil and other social vir-
tues among the young gentry. The professors maintained that essential
political reform of the State was inevitable, that it was necessary to overco-
me the gentry's views, which were alien to legal thinking, and therefore
the nobles saw the law in force as to a hindrance to their liberties. Vilnius
theoreticians saw the foundations of law in natural and supernatural fac-
tors and regarded law as the instance, giving legality to laws. They defined
law as the essential means for the implementation of Christian justice. They
were close to the contemporary theories of justice by regarding impartia-
lity as a principle of justice. Some philosophers of law, following the Re-
naissance ideas and employing both the empirical and inductive methods,
criticized the political and legal reality of the Republic of the Two Nations.
The Renaissance theory of law underlined freedom as an individual and
social activity in accordance with the law in force, and called for social
liberty for every social class. It demonstrated that the principles of civil
life were not properly implemented, and sought a significant extension of
civil law and the enrichment of its content.
In the mid-18th century scholastic philosophy could no longer satisfy
the ruling class of the Polish-Lithuanian state, which under the influence
of the ideas of the Enlightenment started to consider the Enlightenment
as a powerful means to halt the general economic and political degenera-
tion of the state. Philosophy in Lithuania entered a new period of deve-
lopment: the end of scholastic philosophy and the spread of the philosophy
of modern times.
The society of the Republic of the Two Nations was susceptible to the
ideas of the Enlightenment. The drawbacks of State and civil life encoura-
ged the revision of civil order regarded earlier as natural and permanent.
They incited the elaboration of a new understanding of the social situation
and a refusal to foster vices, produced by the traditional liberties of the
gentry. They stimulated the search for social reform programs in the ideology
of the European Enlightenment. They encouraged a change in the rules of
teaching and educating.
During the spread of the new philosophy in Lithuania, the titles of the
disciplines remained the same, but their content was significantly moder-
nized and some new disciplines added. Philosophers sought a balance
732
between analytic and synthetic deductive and inductive methods. But the
authority and influence of C. Wolff and his followers determined that the
deductive method prevailed in their work. The mathematical way of de-
monstration was transferred to philosophy, and some Vilnius University pro-
fessors tried to deliver pieces of philosophy by means of geometrical method.
Because of the nihilistic attitude towards the heritage of scholastic
philosophy, modern philosophy failed to assess properly the concepts of
scholastic logic. In Lithuania the development of logic was directed at the
theory of cognition, in which logical and psychological elements were mi-
xed together and logic was engaged by epistemological problems. This new
species of logic had its roots in the schools of Lithuania in the middle of the
18th century, as is obvious from the work of the Vilnius University professor
B. Dobsevicius, entitled Praelectiones logicae (1761).
Metaphysics consisted of ontology, cosmology, psychology and natural
theology. Ontology embraced most questions of scholastic metaphysics.
It treated being as something static. The permanency of being overshado-
wed historicity and mutability. Ontology was an abstract discipline in
philosophy which used the conceptual means established by Wolff.
Following Wolff, the cosmology was also included in the metaphysi-
cal disciplines. Philosophical cosmology should produce concise Catholic
interpretations of new data concerning cosmic relations, order and the
perfection of the universe. The interpretation of the universal intercon-
nection of all cosmic phenomena was very significant. According to G. Leib-
niz, it was based on the principle of sufficient reason: each phenomenon
has more than one reason of its coming into being and existing. In the
schools of Lithuania, the universal interconnection of all the phenomena
was explained in terms of causal relations as well as of synchronic or suc-
cessive existence.
Psychology gained a higher status by becoming an independent phi-
losophical discipline. The Vilnius University professors A. Skorulskis and
B. Dobsevicius published works, in which they explained the content of the
psychology of the time. In these works, relaying mostly on Wolff, they
interpreted psychological concepts of Descartes, Gassendi, Malebranche,
Locke, Leibniz, and others. The associative psychology of the time regarded
the flow of vital spirits (spiritus vitales) as the physiological foundation of
733
the psychological associative connections. It explained the interaction
of mind and body by means of physical influence, criticized occasiona-
lism, the theory of pre-established harmony, and taught the principles
of zoopsychology and psychometrics as the measurement of the dura-
tion, force, precision etc of mental processes.
In the second half of the 18th century, physics became a most modern
philosophical subject in Lithuanian schools. The new achievements in the
contemporary natural sciences were considered. The latest discoveries in
astronomy, thermodynamics, and the sphere of electric phenomena were
explained. In the second half of the 18th century in Lithuanian schools
(especially in Vilnius University and Vilnius Trinitarian College) the level
of physics taught was as high as at the most distinguished European schools.
Descarte's physics was not seen in Lithuania as a by-passed stage in
the development of physics. It was criticized with reference to Newton's
principles in physics. Alongside Leibniz's and Wolff's concepts, not only
Newton's ideas in physics, but his philosophical ideas and methodological
principles of the investigation of nature were taught.
The professor of philosophy A. Dzialtovskis, who taught at the Vilnius
Trinitarian College in 1763-1765, explained to his students the atomistic
understanding of the structure of matter in the dynamical interpretation.
He explained the key ideas of Boscovich's dynamical atomism. He was a
consistent supporter of the Copernicus' system.
Scientists in Lithuania began to see nature historically: some profes-
sors opened a discussion concerning the origin and development of inor-
ganic nature. They used cataclysms as a means of explaining the history
and geological processes of the earth. Natural and supernatural factors
were combined in this explanation.
The content of ethics teaching was also modernized. Ethics was trea-
ted as a science of moral customs. The origin and character of moral norms
was interpreted by human nature, a concept based on the supernatural
factors. Catholic ethics formulated principles of metaethics: analyzing the
functions of moral propositions it ascertained their descriptive, presc-
riptive, estimative and expressive functions. It was regarded that the
estimative function belonged to the conscience. Issues of substantiation
in ethics were studied.
734
The spread of modern philosophy in the second half of the 18th century
prepared the ground for the acceptance of the ideas of the Enlightenment in
Lithuania, and created preconditions for setting out a new mentality proper
to the independently and rationally acting person.
I Bayerlsche ^
Staatsbibiiomek
V.
Miinchsfi
J
Contents
PREFACE.13
I. ANCIENT LITHUANIAN PHILOSOPHY
1. Character and determinants of feudal Lithuanian philosophy.15
2. Sources.17
3. Research.21
References.26
LATE MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY IN LITHUANIA
II. THE OPENNES OF CHRISTIAN LITHUANIA TO THE SCIENSES
1. Preconditioning of Christian intellectual culture.28
2 Lithuanian students in universities abroad. 31
3. The rise of philosophy in Lithuania .45
References.56
RENAISSANCE PHILOSOPHY
III. THE HUMANISM OF THE RENAISSANCE
1. Epochal mentality changes . 58
2 The forms of the penetration of Renaissance philosophy
into Lithuania. 61
3. The character of philosophical writings.67
4. The person and its values.69
Human nature.69
Person and nation.78
Historical consciousness.82
Historical determinants and historical truth. 86
718
IV. REFORMATION PHILOSOPHY
1. Philosophy in Protestant schools.93
2. Protestant philosophy and the search for
the method of thinking.101
3. Manifestations of Protestant theoretical philosophy.114
4. Philosophy of man.120
Justification by faith alone. 121
Predestination. 127
5. The call for tolerance.135
6. The Arian social utopia.143
Origin of the utopia.143
Non-resistance to evil. 147
Attitude to the State and its institutions.151
Serfdom and property. 157
The value of the utopia.160
V. THE FORMATION OF SOCIAL THEORY
1. The origin of civil community.162
2. The sovereign.171
3. Constitutional governance.176
The search for the principles of constitutional governance. 176
The counterbalance to the sovereign s power. 178
The supremacy of justice in relation to legitimacy. 181
The supremacy of natural law. 185
4. Society and well-ordered state.188
Bringing closer civil and moral life. 188
From the concept of class freedom to the expansion of the sphere
of freedom . 191
The modern understanding of the social classes.202
Enriching society. 208
References.217
719
SCHOLASTIC PHILOSOPHY
VI. THE BEGINNING OF ACADEMIC PHILOSOPHICAL EDUCTION
1. Philosophy studies in Vilnius University and the colleges.224
The beginning of secular philosophical education.224
Professors of philosophy, students and pupils of the colleges.231
Lectures and disputes.235
Promotions.237
Rules of teaching.245
2. Philosophy education in the monasteries schools.249
3. Philosophy education in the Slavic territories of the Grand Duchy
of Lithuania.257
4. Creative work.259
5. Scholastic method.262
VII. COGNITION
1. Cognition theory.274
Problems of cognition.274
Scholastic rationalism.277
Empirical and a priori factors of cognition.278
Instruments of cognition.281
The issue of truth.285
2. Realism and nominalism.288
Universals.288
Individuation.294
Polemics of the trends.296
Equivalents of realism and nominalism in contemporary science.306
3. The theory of science.309
The character of scientific knowledge.309
The division of sciences.316
Science and faith.317
720
4. Achievements in logic.318
Dialectics . 318
Concept of logical form. 320
Propositional logic. 323
Logical consequence theory. 329
Predicate logic. 333
Elements of logical class theory.334
Modal logic. 335
Logical semantics . 339
5. Semiotics. 345
6. The philosophy of language.348
VIII. NATURE
I. Subject and method of Physics .353
2 Principles of natural bodies.358
3. Modism.364
4. The concept of causality.366
5. Movement theory.370
6. Space and the problem of vacuum.374
7. Time.382
8. Infinity and continuum.384
9. The conception of generation and corruption.389
10. Meteorology.392
II. Philosophical biology.397
12. The world .403
A dualistic picture of the zoorld.403
Possible worlds.406
13. The interpretation of the modern natural sciences.409
Modern anatomy and physiology. 411
The decline of the scholastic cosmology.415
On the way to the acknowledgment ofheliocentricism.418
721
IX. THE THEORY OF BEING
1. Problems of metaphysics.423
2. Being and its principles.427
3. Essence and existence.432
4. Substance. 438
X. MAN
1. Scholastic anthropology. 442
2. Psychology.446
Problems of psychology. 446
The substantiality of the soul.451
Powers of the soul. 456
3. Moral philosophy.461
Subject and method of ethics.461
The definition of morality. 469
The concept of happiness. 470
Virtue.473
Studies of moral evil.478
The value of scholastic ethics.482
XL SOCIETY
1. Political philosophy.485
The political orientations of the Society of Jesus.485
The character of political science.488
The method of theorizing.491
The aim and origin of the State.493
The acceptability of the status quo.496
Royal authority and majesty.500
The stability of the State.501
An anti-Machiavellian attitude.503
2 The philosophy of law. 505
The sources and problems of the philosophy of law
at Vilnius University.5G5
722
The origin of law and the alienation of legislation.509
Jurisprudence. 512
The substantiation of law.515
The theory of law. 516
3. Social philosophy.519
Christian justice and economical relations.519
Phenomenon of serf dom.527
The reform of social relations and the State.530
Conclusion: The role of scholastic philosophy in the social life
of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.534
References.537
MODERN PHILOSOPHY
XII. THE MODERNISATION OF PHILOSOPHY
1. The beginning of the Enlightenment. 544
The end of scholasticism. 544
The reorganization of education. 545
2. Old tradition and new philosophy.552
3. The subject of philosophy and historical process.556
4. Problems of method.561
The search for the concordance of methods . 561
The mathematical method of demonstration in philosophy.563
XIII. LOGIC
1. Transformation of logic into the theory of cognition.570
2. The first principles of cognition.573
3. The discussion concerning innate ideas and
the origin of cognition.574
4. Truth and its criteria.578
5. Logical combinatorics.583
723
XIV METAPHYSICS
1. Ontology.585
Subject and problems of ontology.585
Principles of being.588
Species and modes of being.590
2. Cosmology .595
Problems of cosmology.595
The universal interconnection of phenomena.597
The perfection of the world.600
3. The reception of the theories of modern psychology.602
Psychology as an independent philosophical discipline.602
The physiological foundations of psychic acts.604
Psyche or soul?.608
The interaction of mind and body.610
Psychic activity.614
Zoopsychology.617
Psychometrics.621
4. Natural theology as a philosophical discipline.623
The character of the discipline.623
Analysis of atheism.625
Philosophical arguments for the existence of God's.626
The divine determination of the world. 628
XV THE NATURAL SCIENCES AND PHILOSOPHICAL ISSUES
RELATED TO THEM
1. Modem physics.631
2 Newtonian physics and the methodology of natural sciences.639
3. Material substance and its states.643
4 A dynamic model of the world.649
5. The recognition of heliocentricism.655
6. The interaction of physics, the chemistry of fluids
and natural philosophy.658
7. The formation of a historical conception of nature.664
8. Hypotheses concerning life and its origin.668
724
XVI. ETHICS
1. The modernization of Ethics.672
2. The origin and character of moral norms.674
3. The beginnings of metaethics.676
Conclusion: Modern philosophy paved the way for the ideas
of the Enlightenment.678
References.681
XVIL ADDITIONS
Concise biographies.684
Index of proper names. 703
Contents.718
Summary.726 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Plečkaitis, Romanas 1933- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)114529892 |
| author_facet | Plečkaitis, Romanas 1933- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Plečkaitis, Romanas 1933- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040106577 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)796206306 (DE-599)BVBBV040106577 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV040106577 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-08T08:25:00Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9986638496 |
| language | Lithuanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024963006 |
| oclc_num | 796206306 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 734 S., [40] Bl. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2004 |
| publishDateSearch | 2004 |
| publishDateSort | 2004 |
| publisher | Kultūros, Filosofijos ir Meno Institutas |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Plečkaitis, Romanas 1933- Verfasser (DE-588)114529892 aut Lietuvos filosofijos istorija 1 Viduramžiai, Renesansas, Naujieji amžiai Romanas Plečkaitis Vilnius Kultūros, Filosofijos ir Meno Institutas 2004 734 S., [40] Bl. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier (DE-604)BV040106573 1 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024963006&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024963006&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Personenregister Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024963006&sequence=000007&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024963006&sequence=000008&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Plečkaitis, Romanas 1933- Lietuvos filosofijos istorija |
| title | Lietuvos filosofijos istorija |
| title_auth | Lietuvos filosofijos istorija |
| title_exact_search | Lietuvos filosofijos istorija |
| title_full | Lietuvos filosofijos istorija 1 Viduramžiai, Renesansas, Naujieji amžiai Romanas Plečkaitis |
| title_fullStr | Lietuvos filosofijos istorija 1 Viduramžiai, Renesansas, Naujieji amžiai Romanas Plečkaitis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lietuvos filosofijos istorija 1 Viduramžiai, Renesansas, Naujieji amžiai Romanas Plečkaitis |
| title_short | Lietuvos filosofijos istorija |
| title_sort | lietuvos filosofijos istorija viduramziai renesansas naujieji amziai |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024963006&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024963006&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024963006&sequence=000007&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024963006&sequence=000008&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV040106573 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT pleckaitisromanas lietuvosfilosofijosistorija1 |