Habitat management for conservation a handbook of techniques

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1. Verfasser: Ausden, Malcolm (VerfasserIn)
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Sprache:English
Veröffentlicht: Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2010
Ausgabe:Reprinted
Schriftenreihe:Techniques in ecology and conservation series
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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text Contents Acknowledgements vii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 What is habitat management and why ¡s ¡t necessary? 1 1.2 Principles of habitat management 5 1.3 The aims and scope of this book 8 1.4 Outline of the book 10 2. Philosophical approaches to habitat management 13 2. t Preserving cultural habitats or managing change? 13 2.2 Recreating former cultural habitats or creating new ones? 16 2.3 The level of intervention: focusing on individual species or encouraging natural processes? 16 2.4 Integrating habitat management with other interests and values 22 2.5 Conclusions 22 3. Setting objectives and monitoring 27 3.1 Management planning 27 3.1.1 The format of the management plan 28 3.2 Monitoring and surveillance 44 3.2.1 Recording management actions 45 3.2.2 Making the most of existing information 45 3.2.3 Reverse planning and deciding what level of evidence is required 45 3.2.4 Using indices and sampling 47 3.2.5 Use of controls 49 3.2.6 Frequency of monitoring 50 3.2.7 Maintaining consistency of methods 50 3.2.8 Quick and dirty site audits 52 3.3 Achieving conservation objectives in the wider countryside: agri-environment schemes and conservation programmes 53 3.3.1 Prescription-led 53 3.3.2 Outcome-led 53 3.3.3 Auctioning conservation contracts 55 vi I Contents 4. General techniques and considerations 57 4.1 Management for different taxa 57 4.1.1 Plants 57 4.1.2 Fungi 58 4.1.3 Lichens 59 4.1.4 Vertebrates 59 4.1.5 Invertebrates 60 4.2 Landscape factors 63 4.2.1 Area of habitat 64 4.2.2 Connect/Wty 64 4.2.3 Edge effects 67 4.2.4 Surrounding habitats 68 4.3 Disturbance 68 4.4 Crazing 69 4.4.1 Levels of control over grazing 69 4.4.2 Breed type 74 4.4.3 Use of anti-parasitic drugs 75 4.5 Controlling unwanted plants 77 4.6 Eradicating introduced cats and rats on islands 79 4.7 Taking account of climate change 82 4.7.1 Impacts 82 4.7.2 Mitigation and compensation 83 5. Dry grasslands 87 5.1 General principles of managing grasslands 88 5.1.1 Effects of management on vegetation 88 5.1.2 Effects of management on fungi 90 5.1.3 Effects of management on the grassland fauna 90 5.2 Non-intervention 92 5.3 Differences between grazing, cutting, and burning 94 5.3.1 Sward composition and structure 94 5.3.2 Scrub 96 5.3.3 Soil nutrients 96 5.3.4 Dung and carrion 97 5.4 Management by grazing 97 5.4.1 Effects of different grazing animals 97 5.4.2 Using mixtures of grazing animals 103 5.4.3 Crazing pressure 105 5.4.4 Timing and duration of grazing 109 5.5 Management by cutting with or without grazing 113 5.5.1 Meadows, and silage and haylage fields 113 5.5.2 Other grasslands 115 5.5.3 Topping 116 Contents I vii 5.5.4 Minimizing losses of birds nests and chicks during cutting 117 5.6 Managing by burning with or without grazing 117 5.7 Rotational management and the size of areas managed at any one time 120 5.8 Soil disturbance 121 5.9 Use of fertilizers, lime, slurry, and farmyard manure 124 5.10 Diversifying botanically dull grasslands 125 5.10.1 Obtaining suitable seed 128 5.10.2 Oversowing and addition of green hay 128 5.10.3 Slot seeding 129 5.10.4 Plantingyoung pot-grown plants or seedling plugs 129 5.10.5 Providing suitable aftercare 129 6. Dwarf-shrub habitats and shrublands 131 6.1 Key factors influencing the suitability of dwarf-shrub habitats for plants and animals 132 6.2 General principles of managing dwarf-shrub vegetation and shrublands 132 6.3 Burning 135 6.4 Crazing and browsing 140 6.5 European Atlantic lowland heathlands 141 6.5.1 Key factors influencing the suitability of Atlantic lowland heathlands for plants and animals 142 6.5.2 Overview of management 145 6.5.3 Cutting and burning lowland heathland vegetation 148 6.5.4 Crazing and browsing 152 6.5.5 Removing individual trees and patches of scrub 158 6.5.6 Controlling bracken 160 6.5.7 Sod cutting/turf stripping to reduce nutrient levels and other methods of creating bare and disturbed ground 160 6.6 Atlantic upland heaths and moorlands 164 6.6.1 Overview of management 166 6.6.2 Burning and cutting 167 6.6.3 Crazing 169 6.6.4 Controlling bracken 171 7. Forests, woodlands, and scrub 173 7.1 Important features of forests and woodlands for wildlife 173 7.1.1 Tree-species composition 174 7.1.2 Growth stage and structure of stands 174 7.1.3 Theory of woodland regeneration 174 v¡¡¡ I Contents 7.1.4 Cyclical succession of woodland, scrub, and grassland mediated through grazing X77 7.1.5 Changes in biodiversity in relation to growth stage and structure 179 7.1.6 Quantities and types of dead wood 180 7.1.7 Presence of gaps, glades, forest edge, and associated habitats 181 7.1.8 Variation in soils, topography, and drainage 182 7.2 Types of forest and woodland 182 7.2.1 Old-growth 183 7.2.2 Recent secondary woodland and scrub 185 7.2.3 Managed high forest 185 7.2.4 Coppice 185 7.2.5 Managed open woodland systems 186 7.3 Managing scrub 187 7.3.1 Scrub removal 189 7.3.2 Diversifying the structure of closed-canopy scrub and preventing scrub from succeeding to woodland 191 7.3.3 Increasing the extent of scrub 191 7.4 Managing woodlands and forests for conservation 191 7.4.1 Enhancing formerly managed high forest and recent secondary woodland 193 7.4.2 Managing coppice woodland 197 7.4.3 Managing short-rotation coppice 205 7.4.4 Managing open woodland systems 207 7.4.5 Grazing and browsing 209 7.4.6 Burning 211 7.4.7 Integrating conservation management with commercial forestry 215 Freshwater wetlands and water bodies 229 8.1 Principles of manipulating water levels 230 8.2 Water quality 232 8.3 Large, deep water bodies 234 8.3.1 Islands and rafts 234 8.4 Large, shallow water bodies 237 8.4.1 Increasing food supply for waterbirds: moist-soil management 238 8.4.2 Providing shallow-water, mud, and open marginal habitat 241 8.5 Temporary pools 242 8.6 Permanent ponds and water-filled ditches 242 8.6.1 Clearing out vegetation to set back succession 244 8.6.2 Re-profiling to provide suitable water depths 246 Contents I ix 8.6.3 Management of marginal vegetation 248 8.6.4 Management of water levels 249 5.6. S Creating new water bodies within existing networks of ditches 249 8.7 Rivers 249 8.8 Swamps and fens 252 8.8.1 Manipulating the annual water regime 253 8.8.2 Manipulating the proportions of open water and swamp using periodic drawdowns and year-to-year fluctuations in water levels 254 8.8.3 Preventing or reversing succession by long-term raising of water levels 257 8.8.4 Lowering the substrate to set back succession and provide open water 257 8.8.5 Long-term maintenance of open water 262 8.8.6 Vegetation management: differences between mowing, burning, grazing, and non-intervention 262 8.9 Bogs 279 8.10 Wet scrub 281 8.11 Wet woodland 283 8.12 Wet grasslands 283 8.12.1 Maintaining existing botanically rich swards 288 8.12.2 Providing suitable conditions for wintering wildfowl and other waterbirds 289 8.12.3 Providing suitable conditions for breeding waders/ meadow birds 290 9. Coastal habitats 301 9.1 Sea cliffs 301 9.2 Intertidal mudflats, saltmarsh, and other tidal marsh vegetation 302 9.2.1 Grazing 305 9.2.2 Burning 309 9.2.3 Reducing erosion and increasing sediment supply 310 9.3 Management of intertidal habitat-creation sites 311 9.3.1 Tidal regime 311 9.3.2 Re-introducing topographic variation 313 9.4 Restoration of impounded saltmarsh 315 9.5 Saline water bodies 318 9.5.1 Manipulating salinities 321 9.5.2 Manipulating water levels 323 9.5.3 Controlling marginal vegetation 325 9.5.4 Creating and managing islands 325 9.6 Beaches and shingle 326 9.7 Dunes 327 Contents 9.7.1 Crazing 328 9.7.2 Bare ground and erosion 329 9.73 Management of dune slacks 330 10. Arable land 331 10.1 Farming systems and crop types 334 10.1.1 Low-input, mixed, and organic farming 334 10.1.2 Spring-sown crops and winter stubbles 336 10.1.3 Fallow, set-aside, and grassland creation 338 10.1.4 Undersowing cereal crops 340 10.1.5 Non-inversion tillage 340 10.2 Minimizing pesticide and fertilizer use on field margins 341 10.3 Providing cultivated but unsown areas within fields 344 10.4 Minimizing destruction of birds nests during mechanical operations 344 10.5 Providing unharvested crops for birds to eat 345 10.6 Manipulating flooding regimes 347 10.7 Uncropped habitats 349 10.7.1 Hedgerows, shelterbelts, shrubby fencerows, and other scattered trees and scrub 351 10.7.2 Grassy field edges (grass margins/field borders, grass filter strips, and beetle banks) 352 10.7.3 Water-filled ditches/dykes 353 10.7.4 Nectarstrips 354 11. Gardens, backyards, and urban areas 355 11.1 Managing urban areas, gardens, and backyards for wildlife 357 11.1.1 Minimizing or avoiding harmful gardening practices 360 11.1.2 Planting flowers, shrubs, and trees that provide good wildlife habitat 360 11.1.3 Creating specific features for wildlife 362 11.1.4 Artificial nest and hibernation sites 366 11.1.5 Minimizing prédation on wildlife by domestic cats 368 11.2 Brownfield and mineral-extraction sites 369 References 371 Index 399
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spelling Ausden, Malcolm Verfasser aut
Habitat management for conservation a handbook of techniques Malcolm Ausden
Reprinted
Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2010
X, 411 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
txt rdacontent
n rdamedia
nc rdacarrier
Techniques in ecology and conservation series
Biodiversität (DE-588)4601495-0 gnd rswk-swf
Habitat (DE-588)4239536-7 gnd rswk-swf
Naturschutz (DE-588)4115348-0 gnd rswk-swf
Landschaftspflege (DE-588)4034353-4 gnd rswk-swf
Habitat (DE-588)4239536-7 s
Naturschutz (DE-588)4115348-0 s
DE-604
Biodiversität (DE-588)4601495-0 s
Landschaftspflege (DE-588)4034353-4 s
Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024550162&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle Ausden, Malcolm
Habitat management for conservation a handbook of techniques
Biodiversität (DE-588)4601495-0 gnd
Habitat (DE-588)4239536-7 gnd
Naturschutz (DE-588)4115348-0 gnd
Landschaftspflege (DE-588)4034353-4 gnd
subject_GND (DE-588)4601495-0
(DE-588)4239536-7
(DE-588)4115348-0
(DE-588)4034353-4
title Habitat management for conservation a handbook of techniques
title_auth Habitat management for conservation a handbook of techniques
title_exact_search Habitat management for conservation a handbook of techniques
title_full Habitat management for conservation a handbook of techniques Malcolm Ausden
title_fullStr Habitat management for conservation a handbook of techniques Malcolm Ausden
title_full_unstemmed Habitat management for conservation a handbook of techniques Malcolm Ausden
title_short Habitat management for conservation
title_sort habitat management for conservation a handbook of techniques
title_sub a handbook of techniques
topic Biodiversität (DE-588)4601495-0 gnd
Habitat (DE-588)4239536-7 gnd
Naturschutz (DE-588)4115348-0 gnd
Landschaftspflege (DE-588)4034353-4 gnd
topic_facet Biodiversität
Habitat
Naturschutz
Landschaftspflege
url http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024550162&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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