Policy analysis for educational leaders a step-by-step approach

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1. Verfasser: Alexander, Nicola A. (VerfasserIn)
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Sprache:English
Veröffentlicht: Boston ; Munich [u.a.] Pearson Education 2013
Schriftenreihe:The Allyn & Bacon educational leadership series
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adam_text IMAGE 1 CONTENTS PREFACE VII CHAPTER 1 LAYING THE GROUNDWORK 1 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 1 EDUCATION VIGNETTE 1 WHY SHOULD LEADERS STUDY POLICY ANALYSIS? 2 PLAYERS ON THE LEADERSHIP LANDSCAPE 2 WHAT POLICY ANALYSIS CAN 00 2 THE ROLE OF PERSUASION 2 USERS OF POLICY ANALYSIS 3 WHY USE THIS TEXT? 5 WH AT IS POLICY ANALYSIS? 5 A BRIEF DEFINITION 5 WHY POLICY ANALYSIS? 5 THE GOAL OF POLICY ANALYSIS 6 TYPES OF POLICY ANALYSIS 6 EX POST AND EX ANTE ANALYSIS 7 FORECASTING, PRESCRIBING, MONITORING, EVALUATING 7 RATIONAL LENS, STRUCTURAL LENS, AND CULTURAL LENS 8 TRANSPARENCY VERSUS OBJECTIVITY 8 PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION 9 VALUES: CORNERSTONE OF WORLDVIEWS AND PHILOSOPHIES 10 BRIEF OVERVIEW OF WORLDVIEWS 10 EIGHT COMMON VALUES 11 DEFINING PHILOSOPHY 14 KEY PHILOSOPHIES AND THEIR ROLE IN EDUCATION POLICY 14 IDEALLSM 14 REALLSM 15 PRAGMATISM 16 PHENOMENOLOGY AND EXISTENTIALLSM 17 CONFLICT THEORY 17 POSTMODERNISM AND CRITICAL THEORY 20 POLICY VALUES IN ACTION 21 CHAPTER SUMMARY 24 REVIEW QUESTIONS 24 NEWS STORY FOR ANALYSIS 24 XIII IMAGE 2 XIV CONTENTS DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 26 SELEETED WEBSITES 26 SELEETED REFERENEES 27 CHAPTER 2 GETTING STARTED AT THE BEGINNING: THINKING OF POLICY ANALYSIS AS PROBLEM ANALYSIS 28 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 28 EDUCATION VIGNETTE 28 WHERE DO YOU START? 29 THE ROLE OF LEADERS 29 POLICY ANALYSIS AS PROBLEM ANALYSIS 29 THE PROBLEM IS THE BEGINNING OF ANALYSIS 29 DIFFERENCES AMONG CONDITIONS, POLICY PROBLEMS, AND POLICY ISSUES 29 THE POLICY ANALYSIS PROCESS 31 THE COMPLEXITIES OF POLICY ANALYSIS 31 POLICY ANALYSIS VERSUS POLICY MAKING 32 THE ROLE OF POLICY ANALYSTS 32 PHASES IN POLICY MAKING 33 PROBLEM STREAM 33 POLITICS STREAM 34 POLICY STREAM 34 STAGES OF THE POLICY-MAKING PROCESS 35 ISSUE DEFINITION 35 AGENDA SETTING 36 POLICY FORMULATION 36 POLICY ADOPTION 37 POLICY IMPLEMENTATION 37 POLICY EVALUATION 37 POLICY ANALYSIS IS NOT POLICY EVALUATION 38 FOCUSING ON THE PROBLEM 38 POLICY EVALUATION 39 POLICY EVALUATION AS FEEDBACK 39 POLICY EVALUATION AS SUMMATIVE JUDGMENT 39 GOING BEYOND EVALUATION 40 THE STEPS TO POLICY ANALYSIS 41 THE CRAFT OF POLICY ANALYSIS 41 KEY QUESTIONS OF THE POLICY ANALYSIS PROCESS 41 CREATING A POLICY ANALYSIS ROADMAP 41 TEN STEPS OF POLICY ANALYSIS 42 IMAGE 3 STEPPING-STONES OF POLICY ANALYSIS 44 CHAPTER SUMMARY 44 REVIEW QUESTIONS 44 NEWS STORY FOR ANALYSIS 45 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 46 SELEETED WEBSITES 46 SELEETED REFERENEES 47 CHAPTER 3 TAKING THE FIRST STEP: DEFINE THE PROBLEM 48 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 48 EDUCATION VIGNETTE 48 STRUCTURING THE PROBLEM 49 WRITING A CLEAR DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM 49 DIFFERENT PHASES IN PROBLEM STRUCTURING 49 PROBLEMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF POLICY PROBLEMS 49 PERSONAL VERSUS POLICY PROBLEM 50 INTERDEPENDENCE OF PROBLEMS 50 SUBJECTIVITY AND ARTIFICIALITY OF STRUCTURING POLICY PROBLEMS 51 DYNAMIC NATURE OF POLICY PROBLEMS 52 BUILDING ON YOUR CONDITION STATEMENT 52 MAKING THE CONDITION A PROBLEM 53 SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM 54 BOUNDING THE PROBLEM 54 WHO IS INCLUDED? 54 CAUSES OF THE PROBLEM 55 RATIONAL PERSPECTIVE 56 INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE 56 CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE 56 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF SOLVING THE PROBLEM IDENTIFIED 58 THE GOAL IS THE OBVERSE OF THE PROBLEM 58 OBJECTIVES ARE WORKING DEFINITIONS OF GOALS 58 OBJECTIVES VERSUS ALTERNATIVES 59 CHAPTER SUMMARY 60 REVIEW QUESTIONS 60 NEWS STORY FOR ANALYSIS 60 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 62 SELEETED WEBSITES 62 SELEETED REFERENEES 63 CHAPTER 4 MAKE THE CASE BY ASSEMBLING THE EVIDENCE 64 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 64 EDUCATION VIGNETTE 64 PURPOSE OF ASSEMBLING THE EVIDENCE 65 CONTENTS XV IMAGE 4 XVI CONTENTS FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH 65 TRANSFORMING DATA INTO EVIDENCE 65 LAYING THE FOUNDATION 65 ASSESSING THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF THE PROBLEM 66 ASSESSING THE PARTICULAR FEATURES OF AN IDENTIFIED POLICY SITUATION 67 ASSESSING PAST POLICIES 67 USING THE PURPOSE OF THE EVIDENCE TO OETERMINE WHAT 15NEEDED 67 EVIDENCE FOR MONITORING 68 EVIDENCE FOR PRESCRIPTION 68 EVIDENCE FOR EVALUATION 69 EVIDENCE FOR FORECASTING 70 OETERMINING THE VALUE OF SPECIFIC OATA 70 HOW DO YOU MAKE GOOD USE OF DATA? 71 BUILDING YOUR ARGUMENT 71 ASSESSING DATA CONTEXTS 71 HOW TO LOCATE RELEVANT SOURCES 72 PEOPLE AND DOCUMENTS ARE KEY 72 COLLECTION STRATEGIES 72 DATA FROM PEOPLE WITHIN AND OUTSIDE YOUR ORGANIZATION 72 DATA FROM DOCUMENTS WITHIN AND OUTSIDE YOUR ORGANIZATION 73 HOW TO CATEGORIZE TYPES OF OATA 73 QUANTITATIVE OR QUALITATIVE DEBATE 73 CHAPTER SUMMARY 74 REVIEW QUESTIONS 75 NEWS STORY FOR ANALYSIS 75 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 76 SELEETED WEBSITES 76 SELEETED REFERENEES 77 CHAPTER 5 ESTABLISH YOUR DRIVING VALUES 79 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 79 EDUCATION VIGNETTE 79 WHAT 00 YOU CARE ABOUT? 80 ESTABLISH EVALUATIVE CRITERIA 80 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VALUES AND CRITERIA 80 WHAT OOES SUCCESS LOOK LIKE? 81 WH AT ARE THE SPECIFIC CRITERIA THAT FRAME POLICY OECISIONS? 82 DOES IT WORK? 82 HOW WILL YOU KNOW? 82 IS IT FAIR? 83 IMAGE 5 HORIZONTAL EQULTY 84 VERTICAL EQUITY 84 TRANSITIONAL EQUITY 86 ABILITY TO PAY 86 BENEFITS PRINCIPLE 87 CAN WE AFFORD IT? 87 WH AT IS THE ROLE OF ECONOMICS? 87 OPPORTUNITY COSTS 88 PRIVATE VERSUS PUBLIC BENEFITS 88 PROVISION VERSUS PRODUCTION 89 COUNTING THE COSTS 90 COSTS VERSUS BENEFITS 90 DECISION TOOLS 91 HOW CAN YOU TELL? 91 USING THE ECONOMIC TOOLS 91 COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS 92 WILL PEOPLE SUPPORT IT? 92 HOW ACCEPTABLE IS THE ALTERNATIVE TO DIFFERENT GROUPS? 93 WH AT FACTORS INFLUENCE THE POLITICAL ACCEPTABILITY OF POLICY? 93 HOW CAN YOU MEASURE THE ACCEPTABILITY OF A POLICY? 93 HOW CAN YOU CHANGE THE ACCEPTABILITY OF A POLICY INTERVENTION? 94 WHO WILL IMPLEMENT IT? 94 IS THERE SUFFICIENT ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITY? 94 WHAT ARE THE MAJOR ORGANIZATIONAL LIMITATIONS? 94 HOW CAN YOU TELL? 94 WHAT IF THE CRITERIA CONFLICT? 96 CHAPTER SUMMARY 96 REVIEW QUESTIONS 97 NEWS STORY FOR ANALYSIS 97 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 99 SELEETED WEBSITES 99 SELEETED REFERENEES 100 CHAPTER 6 DEVELOP ALTERNATIVES 101 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 101 EDUCATION VIGNETTE 101 WH AT ARE ALTERNATIVES? 102 ALTERNATIVES ARE NOT OUTCOMES 102 ALTERNATIVES ARE NOT IMPLEMENTATION PLANS 102 BASIC ALTERNATIVES AND THEIR VARIANTS 102 DEVELOPING ALTERNATIVES BY MODELING THE SYSTEM 103 CONTENTS XVII IMAGE 6 XVIII CONTENTS THE METAPHOR OF THE MARKET 103 THE PRODUCTION METAPHOR 103 EVOLUTIONARY MODELS 104 DOING NOTHING DIFFERENT 104 HOW DO YOU GENERATE ALTERNATIVES? 104 SOURCES OF ALTERNATIVES 105 GENERIC ALTERNATIVES 105 CUSTOMIZING POLICY INTERVENTIONS 106 POLICY TYPES 107 POLICY MECHANISMS AND BEST-PRACTICE CONTEXT 107 INDUCEMENTS 108 CAPACITY-BUILDING POLICIES 108 SYSTEM CHANGE POLICIES 109 MANDATES 109 HORTATORY POLICIES 109 CHAPTER SUMMARY 110 REVIEW QUESTIONS 111 NEWS STORY FOR ANALYSIS 111 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 113 SELEETED WEBSITES 113 SELEETED REFERENEES 114 CHAPTER 7 WEIGH THE OPTIONS: EVALUATING ALTERNATIVES 115 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 115 EDUCATION VIGNETTE 115 HOW DO YOU WEIGH YOUR OPTIONS? 116 ANTICIPATING THE FUTURE 117 SAFEGUARDS IN FORE CASTING 117 DISCUSSING RELEVANT CRITERIA 117 MEASURING EFFECTIVENESS 118 MEASURING EQUITY 119 MEASURING COSTS 119 MEASURING POLITICAL FEASIBILITY 120 MEASURING THE ABILITY OF AN ALTERNATIVE TO BE IMPLEMENTED 120 PACKAGING YOUR ALTERNATIVES 121 DISTINGUISHING AMONG ALTERNATIVES 121 USING QUICK QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 122 CREATING A SCORECARD 122 EVALUATING ALTERNATIVES: THE SINGLE-STEP, NORM-BASED APPROACH 123 IMAGE 7 CONTENTS XIX EVALUATING ALTERNATIVES: THE TWO-STEP, CRITERION-BASED APPROACH 124 CHAPTER SUMMARY 125 REVIEW QUESTIONS 125 NEWS STORY FOR ANALYSIS 126 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 126 SELECTED WEBSITES 127 SELECTED REFERENCES 127 CHAPTER 8 MAKE RECOMMENDATIONS 128 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 128 EDUCATION VIGNETTE 128 TRANSFORMING TRADE-OFFS INTO PREFERRED RESULTS 128 BEYOND EENY, MEENY, MINY, MOE 129 ROLE OF THE ANALYST 130 TRANSFORM VALUES INTO RESULTS 130 EDUCATION LEADER AS RESEARCHER, BUREAUCRAT, OR ENTREPRENEUR? 130 POLICY ANALYST AS ADVISER AND DECISION MAKER 131 NEED FOR ADVOCACY 131 VALUE-LADEN ARGUMENTS 131 ETHICALLY COMPLEX ARGUMENTS 132 IS THERE ONE BEST WAY? 133 REFINE APPROACHES TO RECOMMENDATION 134 TESTING THE CREDIBILITY OF YOUR RECOMMENDATION 134 CHAPTER SUMMARY 135 REVIEW QUESTIONS 136 NEWS STORY FOR ANALYSIS 136 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 137 SELECTED WEBSITES 138 SELECTED REFERENCES 138 CHAPTER 9 PERSUADE YOUR AUDIENCE 140 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 140 EDUCATION VIGNETTE 140 THE ART OF COMMUNICATION 141 HOW TO CONVEY YOUR ANALYSIS 141 WHO IS YOUR AUDIENCE? 142 EXPECTATIONS OF AUDIENCE 142 AUDIENCE KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING 142 AUDIENCE RESPONSE TO THE SOLUTION 143 IMAGE 8 XX CONTENTS AUDIENCE FORUM 143 HOMOGENOUS OR DIVERSE 143 COMPLETE OR ABRIDGED ANALYSIS 143 TIME 144 MAKING THE POLICY ARGUMENT 144 AUTHORITY 144 METHOD 144 GENERALIZATION 144 CLASSIFICATION 146 CAUSE 146 SIGN 146 MOTIVATION 147 INTUITION 147 ANALOGY 147 PARALLEL CASE 147 ETHICS 147 CHECKLIST FOR COMMUNICATING ANALYSIS 148 TIMELINESS 148 CLARITY OF FINDINGS 148 SO WHAT? 149 CHAPTER SUMMARY 149 REVIEW QUESTIONS 149 NEWS STORY FOR ANALYSIS 150 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 151 SELEETED WEBSITES 151 SELEETED REFERENEES 151 CHAPTER 10 IMPLEMENT THE SOLUTION 153 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 153 EDUCATION VIGNETTE 153 SETTING THE STAGE FOR CHANGE 154 WHY WON T IT WORK 154 CREATING AN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 154 OUTLINE THE PLAN 154 EXPAND THE OUTLINE 155 CHECK YOUR PLAN 157 IMPLEMENTING STRATEGICALLY 158 MAJOR IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES 158 HUMAN (PEOPLE-RELATED) PROBLEMS 158 PROCESS (PROGRAM-RELATED) PROBLEMS 159 STRUCTURAL (SETTLNG-RELATED) PROBLEMS 159 INSTITUTIONAL LPROGRAM-RELATED OR SETIING-RELATED) PROBLEMS 159 IMAGE 9 STAGES IN IMPLEMENTATION 160 MOBILIZATION 160 IMPLEMENTATION PROPER 160 INSTITUTIONALIZATION 160 CHAPTER SUMMARY 161 REVIEW QUESTIONS 161 NEWS STORY FOR ANALYSIS 161 DISEUSSION QUESTIONS 163 SELEETED WEBSITES 163 SELEETED REFERENEES 163 CHAPTER 11 MONITOR OUTPUTS 165 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 165 EDUCATION VIGNETTE 165 WHAT 15MONITORING? 166 FUNCTIONS OF MONITORING 166 COMPLIANCE 167 ACCOUNTING 167 AUDITING 167 EXPLANATION 168 WHAT SHOULD WE TRACK? 168 FUNCTIONS, DATA, AND DATA SOURCES 168 THREE KEY MONITORING QUESTIONS 170 WHY SHOULD WE TRACK THESE DATA? 171 WHO SHOULD TRACK THE REQUIRED DATA? 171 HOW OFTEN SHOULD WE TRACK THESE DATA? 171 METHODS OF TRACKING 172 ESTABLISHING BASELINES 172 DETERMINING WH AT CHANGE IS BEING MEASURED 173 MEASUREMENT ACROSS SPACE AND TIME 173 UNITS OF ANALYSIS 173 DISPLAYING DATA 173 CHAPTER SUMMARY 174 REVIEW QUESTIONS 174 NEWS STORY FOR ANALYSIS 174 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 175 SELEETED WEBSITES 176 SELEETED REFERENEES 176 CHAPTER 12 EVALUATE OUTCOMES 178 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 178 EDUCATION VIGNETTE 178 CONTENTS XXI IMAGE 10 XXII CONTENTS EVALUATING VERSUS MONITORING 179 FOCUS OF EVALUATION 179 TYPES AND PURPOSES OF EVALUATION 180 FORMATIVE EVALUATIONS 180 SUMMATIVE EVALUATIONS 180 USERS OF EVALUATION 181 APPROACHES TO EVALUATION 181 METHODS OF EVALUATION 182 COMPONENTS OF AN EVALUATION PLAN 182 ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATIONS 183 COMMON METHODS OF ASSESSMENT 184 RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIALS 184 DIRECT CONTROLLED TRIALS 185 QUASI-EXPERIMENTS 185 MATCHING 185 8EFORE-AND-AFTER COMPARISONS 185 WITH-AND-WITHOUT COMPARISONS 186 NONEXPERIMENTAL DIRECT ANALYSIS 186 NONEXPERIMENTAL INDIRECT ANALYSIS 186 POL ITICA I CONSIDERATIONS 186 CHAPTER SUMMARY 187 REVIEW QUESTIONS 188 NEWS STORY FOR ANALYSIS 188 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 189 SELEETED WEBSITES 190 SELEETED REFERENEES 190 CHAPTER 13 CONCLUDING REMARKS 192 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 192 EDUCATION VIGNETTE 192 REMEMBER WHY WE DO POLICY ANALYSIS 192 POLICY ANALYSIS AND YOU 193 POLICY ANALYSIS AND THE COMMUNITY 193 POLICY ANALYSIS AND CHANGE 194 POLICY ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION 194 THE STEPS IN POLICY ANALYSIS USING AN EXISTING POLICY EXAMPLE 194 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION ACT (ESEA) 194 DEFINE THE PROBLEM 195 MAKE THE CASE 195 ESTABLISH YOUR DRIVING VALUES 195 DEVELOP ALTERNATIVES 196 WEIGH THE OPTIONS 196 IMAGE 11 MAKE RECOMMENDATIONS 196 PERSUADE YOUR AEUDIENCE 196 IMPLEMENT THE SOLUTION 196 MONITOR OUTPUTS 196 EVALUATE OUTCOMES 196 CHAPTER SUMMARY 197 REVIEW QUESTIONS 197 NEWS STORY FOR ANALYSIS 197 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 199 SELEETED WEBSITES 199 SELEETED REFERENEES 200 PULLOUT FIELD GUIDE FOR EDUCATIONAL LEADERS: SUMMARY OF CHECKLIST OF EACH STEP OF THE POLICY ANAL YTICAL PROCESS REFERENEES 201 INDEX 207 CONTENTS XXIII
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spellingShingle Alexander, Nicola A.
Policy analysis for educational leaders a step-by-step approach
Education and state
Bildungspolitik (DE-588)4006667-8 gnd
subject_GND (DE-588)4006667-8
(DE-588)4078704-7
title Policy analysis for educational leaders a step-by-step approach
title_auth Policy analysis for educational leaders a step-by-step approach
title_exact_search Policy analysis for educational leaders a step-by-step approach
title_full Policy analysis for educational leaders a step-by-step approach Nicola A. Alexander
title_fullStr Policy analysis for educational leaders a step-by-step approach Nicola A. Alexander
title_full_unstemmed Policy analysis for educational leaders a step-by-step approach Nicola A. Alexander
title_short Policy analysis for educational leaders
title_sort policy analysis for educational leaders a step by step approach
title_sub a step-by-step approach
topic Education and state
Bildungspolitik (DE-588)4006667-8 gnd
topic_facet Education and state
Bildungspolitik
USA
url http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024509982&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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