A concise introduction to additives for thermoplastic polymers

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1. Verfasser: Fink, Johannes Karl (VerfasserIn)
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Sprache:English
Veröffentlicht: Hoboken, N.J. Wiley 2010
Salem, Mass. Scrivener Pub.
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adam_text Distils the essence of the twenty-one most important and commonly used additives A Concise Introduction to Additives for Thermoplastic Polymers focuses on additives for thermoplastic polymers and describes 21 of the most important and commonly used additives from Plasticizers and Fillers to Optical Brighteners and Anti-Microbial additives. It also includes chapters on safety and hazards, and prediction of service time models. While there are many exhaustive and complex books dealing with additives for polymers, the size of them deter students and many industry engineers from using them. The purpose of this book, therefore, is to fill this void and present a concise introduction to this important subject. Written in an accessible and practical style, the author introduces the reader to the complex subject of plastics additives in an engaging manner. His ability to be concise is the result of his teaching courses on the subject and using his own lecture notes for material. This book comprises the author s course notes so that a larger public can benefit from his knowledge. A Concise Introduction to Additives for Thermoplastic Polymers is the ideal primer for students who will later work in polymer science or the development of plastics formulation, as well as industry engineers and specialists who want to have a deeper knowledge of the plastics industry. JOHANNES KARL FINK PhD is Professor of Macromolecular Chemistry at Montanuniversität, Loeben, Austria. His industry and academic career spans more than 30 years in the fields of polymers, and his research interests include characterization, flame retardancy, thermodynamics and degradation of polymers, pyrolysis, and adhesives. Professor Fink has published several books on physical chemistry and polymer science. ISBN WILEY wiley.com www.scrivenerpublishing.com 609552 Contents Preface xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Classification 1 References 3 2 Plasticizers 5 2.1 Principle of Action 6 2.2 Principle of Selection 6 2.3 Characterization 7 2.4 Risks and Drawbacks 8 2.4.1 Leaching 8 2.4.2 Inherent Toxicity 9 2.5 Classes of Plasticizers 9 2.5.1 Phthalate Plasticizers 9 2.5.2 Cyclohexanoic Diesters 12 2.5.3 Phophate Plasticizers 13 2.5.4 Aliphatic Esters 13 2.5.5 Polymeric Plasticizers 14 2.5.6 Ionic Liquids 15 2.6 Specific Examples of Application 16 2.6.1 Heat Shrinkable Films 16 2.6.2 Adhesive Compositions 17 2.6.3 Interlayer Films for Safety Glasses 17 2.6.4 Electrolyte Membranes 18 2.6.5 Porous Electrodes 18 2.6.6 Biodegradable Polymers 19 2.6.7 Plasticizers for Energetic Polymers 20 References 21 vi Contents 3 Fillers 25 3.1 Surface Modification 25 3.1.1 Siloxanes 25 3.1.2 Dispersion and Coupling Additives 25 3.2 Special Applications 29 3.2.1 Rame Retardant Fillers 29 3.2.2 Conductive Fillers 30 3.2.3 Solder Precoated Fillers 32 3.2.4 Nano Clays 33 3.2.5 Mixed Matrix Membranes 34 References 34 4 Colorants 37 4.1 Physics Behind a Color 37 4.1.1 Human Eye 37 4.1.2 Tristimulus Values 37 4.1.3 Color Spaces 39 4.2 Color Index 40 4.3 Test Standards 41 4.4 Pigments 43 4.5 Organic Colorants 43 References 47 5 Optical Brighterners 49 5.1 Basic Principles 50 5.2 Measurement 51 5.3 Inorganic Brighteners 52 5.4 Organic Optical Brighteners 52 5.4.1 Reactive Optical Brighteners 52 5.4.2 Melt Extrusion 54 5.4.3 Photographic Supports 55 References 56 6 Antimicrobial Additives 59 6.1 Modes of Action 59 6.1.1 Types of Irritations 60 6.2 Plasticizers 60 Contents vii 6.3 Special Formulations 65 6.3.1 Contact Lenses 65 6.3.2 Food Packaging 66 6.3.3 Polymers with Inherent Antimicrobial Properties 67 References 68 Flame Retardants 71 7.1 Mechanisms of Flame Retardants 71 7.1.1 Flame Cooling of Halogens 71 7.2 Smoke Suppressants 73 7.3 Admixed Additives 74 7.4 Bonded Additives 77 7.4.1 Examples of Polymers 77 References 83 Lubricants 87 8.1 Principle of Action 87 8.2 Methods of Incorporation 88 8.2.1 Conventional Method 88 8.2.2 Separate Delivery of the Lubricant 88 8.3 Types of Lubricants 89 8.3.1 Alcohols 89 8.3.2 Fatty Acids, Esters and Amides 90 8.3.3 Waxes 90 8.3.4 Polymeric Lubricants 91 8.4 Special Applications 91 8.4.1 PVC 91 8.4.2 Chlorinated PVC 91 8.4.3 Electically Conductive Polymers 92 References 92 Antistatic Additives 95 9.1 Types of Additives 95 9.2 Areas of Application 96 9.3 Additives in Detail 98 9.3.1 Conventional Additives 98 9.3.2 Polymeric Additives 100 viti Contents 9.3.3 External Antistatic Additives 101 9.3.4 Intrinsically Antistatic Compositions 101 9.3.5 Conductive Fillers 101 References 104 10 Slip Agents 107 10.1 Basic Principles of Action 107 10.2 Compounds 109 10.3 Special Formulations 110 10.3.1 Polyethylene terephthalate) 110 10.3.2 Formulations for Poly(ethylene) 111 References 111 11 Surface Improvers 113 11.1 Additives 114 11.1.1 Fluorocarbon Compounds 114 11.1.2 Acrylics 114 11.1.3 Modified Pigments 115 11.1.4 Organic Salts 116 References 116 12 Nucleating Agents 119 12.1 Crystalline Polymers 120 12.1.1 Crystal Structures 120 12.1.2 Modification of Properties by Crystallinity 120 12.2 Experimental Methods 121 12.2.1 Nucleation Technologies 121 12.2.2 Characterization of Polymer Crystallization 121 12.3 Classes of Nucleating Agents 122 12.3.1 Inorganic Nucleating Agents 122 12.3.2 Sorbitol Compounds 123 12.3.3 Phosphates 124 12.3.4 Carbon Nanotubes 124 12.3.5 Coupled Nucleating Agents 124 Contents ix 12.4 Crystallization Accelerators 124 12.5 Clarifying Agents 125 References 125 13 Antifogging Additives 127 13.1 Field of Use 127 13.2 Principles of Action 128 13.2.1 Thermodynamics of Surfaces 128 13.3 Conventional Compounds 130 13.4 Compounds for Grafting 133 References 135 14 Antiblocking Additives 137 14.1 Examples of Uses 138 14.1.1 Film Resins 138 14.1.2 Sealable Coatings 140 14.1.3 Membranes 141 14.1.4 Poly(vinyl butyral) 142 References 144 15 Hydrolysis 145 15.1 Hydrolytic Degradation 145 15.1.1 Ordinary Hydrolysis 145 15.1.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis 146 15.1.3 Stabilization 146 15.2 Polymers 146 15.2.1 Poly(ester)s 147 15.2.2 Poly(ester urethane)s 147 15.2.3 Poly(lactide)s 148 References 149 16 Dehydrochlorination Stabilizers 151 16.1 Dehydrochlorination of PVC 151 16.2 Stabilizers 152 16.2.1 Alkyl Tin Compounds 154 16.2.2 Mixed Metal Compounds 155 16.2.3 ß-Diketones 155 χ Contents 16.2.4 Epoxidized fatty acids 155 16.2.5 Hydrotalcite Clays 156 16.2.6 Zeolites 157 16.2.7 Costabilizers 158 References 158 17 Acid Scavengers 161 17.1 Acid Scavenging 161 17.2 Examples of Formulation 162 17.2.1 Poly(olefin)s 162 17.2.2 Polyethylene terephthalate) 163 17.2.3 Poly(urethane)s 163 References 163 18 Metal Deactivators 165 18.1 Action of Metals in Polymers 165 18.2 Usage 166 18.2.1 Residues of Catalysts 166 18.2.2 Metallic Reinforcing Parts 166 18.3 Examples of Metal Deactivators 167 18.3.1 Side Effects 169 References 170 19 Oxidative Degradation 173 19.1 Autoxidation 173 19.2 Inhibition of Autoxidation 174 References 183 20 Degradation by Light 185 20.1 Photolysis 189 20.1.1 Redox Catalysis 190 20.1.2 Scavenging 190 20.2 Photooxdation 191 20.3 UV Stabilizers 193 References 195 21 Blowing Agents 197 21.1 Blowing Agents 197 21.1.1 Physical Blowing Agents 198 Contents xi 21.1.2 Chemical Blowing Agents 199 21.2 Ozone Depletion Potential 202 21.3 Test Methods 203 21.4 Special Applications 203 21.4.1 Poly(urethane) Foams 203 21.4.2 Poly(imide) Foams 205 21.4.3 Poly(ethylene) Foams 205 References 206 22 Compatibilizers 209 22.1 Estimation of Compatibility 210 22.1.1 Glass Transition Temperature 210 22.1.2 Hildebrand Solubility Parameters 211 22.2. Compatibilizers 215 22.2.1 Classification 217 22.2.2 Reactive Processing 221 22.3 Special Examples 221 22.3.1 Block Copolymers as Compatibilizers 221 22.3.2 Poly(olefin) Blends 222 22.3.3 Poly(amide) Blends 223 22.3.4 Polycarbonate) Blends 224 22.3.5 Composites of PVC and Cellulosic Materials 225 22.3.6 Packaging Applications 226 References 227 23 Prediction of Service Time 233 23.1 Accelerated Aging 233 23.1.1 Cumulative Material Damage 233 23.1.2 Arrhenius Extrapolation 234 23.1.3 Interference of Phase Transitions 235 23.2 Theory of Critical Distances 235 23.3 Monte Carlo Methods 236 23.4 Issues in Matrix Composites 236 References 236 24 Safety and Hazards 239 24.1 Plasticizers 239 24.1.1 Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 239 xii Contents 24.1.2 Ingestion of PVC 240 24.1.3 Tricresyl Phosphate 242 24.2 Flame Retardants 242 24.2.1 HET-Acid 242 24.2.2 Brominated Diphenyl Ethers 243 24.3 Antifogging Agents 243 24.4 Other 244 24.4.1 Bisphenol A 244 24.4.2 Azodicarbonamide 244 References 245 Index 249 Acronyms 249 Chemicals 251 General Index 261
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spelling Fink, Johannes Karl Verfasser aut
A concise introduction to additives for thermoplastic polymers Johannes Karl Fink
Hoboken, N.J. Wiley 2010
Salem, Mass. Scrivener Pub.
xiii, 267 p. ill.
txt rdacontent
n rdamedia
nc rdacarrier
Includes bibliographical references and index
Polymers Additives
Thermoplastics
Thermoplast (DE-588)4059844-5 gnd rswk-swf
Zusatz (DE-588)4132717-2 gnd rswk-swf
Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 gnd rswk-swf
Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 s
Thermoplast (DE-588)4059844-5 s
DE-604
Zusatz (DE-588)4132717-2 s
Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024442808&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024442808&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext
spellingShingle Fink, Johannes Karl
A concise introduction to additives for thermoplastic polymers
Polymers Additives
Thermoplastics
Thermoplast (DE-588)4059844-5 gnd
Zusatz (DE-588)4132717-2 gnd
Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 gnd
subject_GND (DE-588)4059844-5
(DE-588)4132717-2
(DE-588)4046699-1
title A concise introduction to additives for thermoplastic polymers
title_auth A concise introduction to additives for thermoplastic polymers
title_exact_search A concise introduction to additives for thermoplastic polymers
title_full A concise introduction to additives for thermoplastic polymers Johannes Karl Fink
title_fullStr A concise introduction to additives for thermoplastic polymers Johannes Karl Fink
title_full_unstemmed A concise introduction to additives for thermoplastic polymers Johannes Karl Fink
title_short A concise introduction to additives for thermoplastic polymers
title_sort a concise introduction to additives for thermoplastic polymers
topic Polymers Additives
Thermoplastics
Thermoplast (DE-588)4059844-5 gnd
Zusatz (DE-588)4132717-2 gnd
Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 gnd
topic_facet Polymers Additives
Thermoplastics
Thermoplast
Zusatz
Polymere
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