Prehistoria e Dibrës
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819766503890747392 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Pasqyra e lëndës
Faqet
Hyrje
9-12
Parathënie
13-18
KAPITULU
I.
Vështrim gjeografiko-historik
19-30
1.
Požita gjeografike dhe kushtet natyrore
19 - 27
2.
Historiku i
kërkimeve
arkeologjike
27 - 30
KAPITULU
II.
Kultura Burim I
31-68
1.
Topografia,
stratigrafia dhe arkitektura
31-39
2.
Analiza kulturore
40 - 59
3.
Përfundime
59 - 68
KAPITULLI
III.
Kultura Topojan I
69-100
1.
Burim
II
69
τ
70
2.
CetushII
71-73
3.
Topojan I
73-96
4.
Përfundime
97-100
KAPITULLI
IV.
Kultura Topojan
II
101-146
1.
Stratigrafia dhe arkitektura
101 - 109
2.
Analiza
kulturore
109-141
3.Pěrfundime
141 - 146
A. Bunguri:
Prehistoria
e Dibrës
KAPITULLI
V.
Kultura
Gradee
147-186
1.
Topografia
e vendbanimeve
149 - 162
2.
Stratigrafia dhe arkitektura
163-167
3.
Analiza kulturore
167 - 182
4.
Përfundime
182 - 186
KAPITULLI
VI.
Kultura
e
epokës së
bronzit
187-222
1.
Kultura
Topóján
III a
188-194
2.
Kultura
Cetush
IV
194 - 204
3.
Kultura
Manasdren
II
205 - 215
4.
Guva
e vizatuar e
Reçit
215-219
5.
Përfundime
219 - 222
KAPITULLI
VII.
Kultura
e
epokës së
hekurit
223 - 270
1.
Vendbanime kodrinore të pafortifikuara
225 - 229
2.
Vendbanime kodrinore të fortifikuara
230 - 250
3.
Vendbanime të hapura
250
4.
Nekropolet. Mbetje tumash
251
5.
Varre
të dysta
252
6.
Kultura materiale
gjatë shek. XI-IX para Kr.
252 - 254
7.
Kultura materiale
gjatë shek. VIII-VII para Kr.
254 - 257
8.
Kultura materiale
gjatë shek. VI-V para Kr.
257 - 267
9.
Përfundime
267 - 270
Konkluzione të përgjithshme
271 - 289
Summary
290 - 307
Lista
e qendrave
prehistorike
308 - 310
Lista
e
figurave dhe
tabelave
311 - 317
Shkurtimet
318
Bibliografia
319-327
Ilustrimet
329 - 450
290
A. Bunguri:
Prehistoria
e Dibrës
Summary
Dibra
region lies on the eastern part of Albania, near the border of
Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM). Since
1913
its
territory had been divided in two parts, from which only one of them had
been included into the Albania, the other one in Western
Macedóniáig.
1).
The relief of Dibra region consists by two mountain chains that stand
on the east side as well as on the west side, and a large valley between
them. This valley belongs to the river of Black Drin, which passes nearly
from the south to the north through this region. This valley had created
in Dibra territory two of its
lägest
basins, recpectively the basin of Dibra
and Peshkopia. The valley of Black Drin and its tributaries was very suit¬
able for human prehistoric communities. It has good geographical and
climatic conditions, fields with fertile soil, numerous springs with fresh
water for drinking, good possibilities for agriculture s development and
livestock-breeding, good conditions for fruits-trees, vineyards as well as
for hunting, fishing etc. That s the reason the two basins of Dibra and
Peshkopia were densely populated in the Neolithic and Calcolithic Ages,
as our studies have confirmed. The Neolithic communities had been
settled on the river s terraces and on the lowlands, and some of them,
stayed there to the end of Neolithic Age.
The distinguished warming of the climatic condition on the begin¬
ning of hollocen, had served as a strong reason for prehistoric peoples
in their going out of the caves settlements and setting up new open air
neolithic
sedentar
sites. Although we have not discover up till now the
cave mesolithic sites, appriory we wold think that this way would had
been one of the ways of the
neolithisätion
process of Dibra region. The
only indication about the mesolithic cave settlement on this region,
comes from the cave of
Gurí i
Kuq (Muhur), on the left hand of
Drini
і
Zi
river, at the crossponit of it and its western branch
Murra.
But
the most important way of
neolithisätion
process had been the tran-
sumance and southeastern coming up of the first neolithic agrucultur-
ists and cattlebringers from Anatolia and neighbourings. In nowdays
level of our knowledges, the earlisest civilisation of that region is that
of Burim I civilisation, descovered by excavation at Burim and Cetush,
and by superficial finds at
Konëza (Fushë
Alie).
These are the earliest
farming villages on Dibra region.
Summary
291
The early Neolithic settlements are located at Burim (Dibra s basin)
as well as at Cetush and
Kronëza (Peshkopia s
basin)
.
The sites of Burim
and
Kronëza
had been settled on lowlands, while Cetush on the river s
terrace of Black Drin. Their culture is so similar, so it was called as Bu¬
rim I culture (fig.
2-5).
It belongs to beginnings of the Early Neolithic Age,
just after the earlier Vlusha phase. The Burim I civilisation was charac¬
terised by the coarse pottery decorated mainly with barbotine style and
rarely with
impresso,
the
oker
to red common pottery, and less by the
red slim monokrome pottery, without the painted pottery. This civilisa¬
tion wss characterised by a few forms of pottery. The vessels had simple
spherical or hemispherical forms, without neck or with very short one,
whereas the conical forms were very rare. At the red slip monochrome
pottery, the main forms were spherical and hemispherical cups as well
as the spherical vessels with short cylindrical neck or curved one. One
of the most important features of Burim I culture was represented by its
decoration, which was realised by the very simple techniques. The com¬
mon decoration technique is the barbotine one, which consists about
47
%
of all decorated fragments of that culture, whereas the nailimpresso
decoration is rarer. The other decorated elements such as plastic and
incision were too rare and had any importance on the appreciation of
that culture. On the other hand, the lack of the painted pottery in the
cultural layer of Burim, as resulted by the excavations of
1978
and
2007
was a very important datagain for the early relative chronology of Burim
as
a Starčevo
I-IIa phases of of Central Balkan. Along the valley of Black
Drin, very strong influences from the Central Balkan, more precisely
from
Starčevo I-IIa
phases had penetrated to the Early Neolithic culture
of Burim I. These influences were reflected at some forms of pottery of
Burim I, at socalled barbotine vases, as well as at the same decor of
finger nailimpressions and pinching.(PI. I-XII).
In the view point of the relative chronology Burim I culture ought to
be placed at the last phase of
Starčevo
I and the beginning of
Starčevo
II
a. It passes the earliest neeolithic phase of Vlusha and was earlier than
Kolsh I phase. In a larger balkanic context, Burim I culture represents
a regional peripheral variant of
Starčevo
I culture, with close cultural-
chronological analogies to settlement of
Gjonaj (Prizren), Rudnik I-II
(Skënderaj),
final phase of
Starčevo
I and the beginning of
Starčevo
II
a (Serbia), Anzabegovo I a in Pelagonia and Presesklo in Thesalia. Dur¬
ing that period, Dibra region had been included in the area of Central
Balkan Complex of Early Neolithic, through the cultural expansion of
Starčevo
culture towards the south and southwest, at its phase Star-
çevo
II a.
292 ·
A. Bunguri:
Prehistoria
e Dibrës
On the other hand, it is indubitably today, that in Early Neolithic
Ages, owing to limited possibilities of production, prehistoric communi¬
ties break up from time to time into smaller groups and thus the cultur¬
al differences were created, which gradually lead to full differentation.
In the later prehistoric periods, integration and assimilation prevail,
and this inturn brings about the cultural integration of larger regions.
During the early neolithic period the territory of Albania was de¬
parted in longitudinal way between two large cultural complexes of the
Southeast Europe: the Balkanic-Anatolic complex with monocrhome
pottery and painted one, as well as with the rich anthropo-zoomorphic
plastic and that of Adriatic-Mediterranean complex with
impresso,
and
rarely impresso-cardium pottery, without
figurai
plastic. The western
boundry of that demarcation line goes on the western higlands of the
left hand of Black Drin valley, which divided Dibra region from
Mati
val¬
ley and its adriatic culture of Blaz II (PI. CXVI).
The middle neolithic civilization of Dibra region, was named as
Topojan I culture. It was knwon by excavation at Topojan (Topojan I
phase) and Cetush (Cetush II phase) settlements as well as by a few
superficial finds at Burim (Burim II phase). We can say that the middle
neolithic culture of Topojan wss derived by that one at Burim II. During
that phase of neolithic development the settlements had been settled
on Black Drin river terraces (Topojan, Cetush) and rarely on the even
lands (Burim).
During the Middle Neolithic Age, the settlements were located main¬
ly in the river Black Drin s terraces, such as in Topojan (fig.
6-7)
and
Cetush (fig.
3).
The culture of this period is called as Topojan I culture.
Its picture was completely changed. The whole pottery was produced
in a dark grey and black colour, as a reflection of new reducing baking
methods. The culture of this period was characterized mostly by Adri¬
atic elements, which were reflected at the burnished ware with incised
and red encrusted decorations as well as at rippled designs. Its civiliza¬
tion was similar to Cakran culture in Albania and to
Danilo
one in the
Dalmatian Adriatic coasts as well as to some Central Balkan elements
derived from Early
Vinca
culture. In this period, Dibra s region had
been included in the Contact zone between the Mediterranean-Adriatic
Complex and Central Balkan ones of the Middle Neolithic Age(Pl. XIII-
XXIII, CXVI).
The culture Topojan I represents a new and more developed cultural
face, which contains the treats of the late phase of the middle neolith¬
ic civilisation. At this period, the pottery had had some technological
achievements, which consists mainly in the techniques of reduce
bak-
Summary
293
ing of the vessels. During this period, a new pottery category appears for
the first time: it was the fine pottery with slim black polished surface,
which was spread out to all the middle neolithic cultures of Balkan too.
These two pottery categories, which appear in this period, would con¬
sist the basement of the middle and late neolithic culture, as well as
the eneolithic ones, being so a continuous cultural element between the
middle neolithic civilisation to the calcolithic one. The most important
change of this process was the replacement of the red monochrome pot¬
tery of Burim I by the grey and black pottery, which during this period
had been a common feature of the middle neolithic culture of southern
Balkan peninsula too.
To the morphologic viewpoint, Topojan I culture was characterised
by a few main vessel forms and some variants of them. The most used
forms had been the different cups, such as the spherical and semi-
spherical cups with everted rims, biconical cups, S-profile cups, trung-
conical open cups, spherical pots with short or long neck etc. Usually
pots have flat bases, except some kind of cups, where rarely we can
meet shallow high bases. The most used handles are that of short verti¬
cal or horizontal ones etc.
A very important interesting component of the culture Topojan I was
its decoration. The most used techniques was the incised decor, with
geometrical motifs, created with
paralel ribbbons
filled with short lines
in an alternate way, and rarely by curbolinear ribbons or concentric
semicircles, whereas the spiral motif was met only at a ritual vessel. A
very sporadic phenomena is the red incrustation of the incised motifs.
Though the incised decoration is within the geometrical ornamental
frame, it excepts totality the decoration with incised triangles, as a com¬
mon feature of the adriatic middle neolithic civilisation. This phenom¬
ena was very interesting in this culture, which consist a strong adriatic
component. In these conditions we think that the special way of incised
decoration, ought to be a variant of adriatic incised techniques, with a
new ornamental concept, which was common not only at Topojan I cul¬
ture, but also in a larger region consisted by the northeastern Albania
(Kolsh II), western Macedonia (Ustie
na Drim
at
Struga,
Trnska
tumba
near
Manastir)
and Dukagjin s basin in Kosovo (Vlashnja near Prizren).
Another feature of Topojan I culture was that of flutes and plastic of dif¬
ferent variants decoration as well as the deep lines ones, whereas the
perforation ornaments, the barbotine and
impresso
ones are very rare.
The spiritual life of Topojan I enriched in comparison with Burim I
culture. Besides the cult of four feet tables, which in this period were
more developed typologically and also more decorated with the
paralel
294
A. Bunguri:
Prehistoria
e Dibrës
incised ribbons, appeared now the new adriatic cults, expressed by a
poor antropomorphic figurines, related to the great Goddess of regen¬
eration , or cults with zoomorphic orientation.
To the genetic viewpoint, the Topojan I culture had been formed
by two components related with the adriatic complex and the
central¬
balkan
or
vinçiak
ones, which had been penetrated here by the Koso¬
vo s variant of
Vinca
culture in form of impulses, during its advanced
phase
Vinca A2-B1.
Topojan I results so to be actually the southern
edgepoint of these
Vinca A2-B1
elements in Albania. In this context,
Topojan I culture was similar to the middle neolithic culture of Kolsh
II
(Kukës),
Vlashnja II (Prizren), Ustie
na Drim
(Strugë), Trnska
tumba
(Manastir)
etc. On the other hand its culture wss similar too Blaz III in
Albania and
Danilo
III in Adriatic eastern coasts, and represents a re¬
gional variant of them in eastern Albania. During the middle neolithic
period, Dibra region had been included in an intermediate cultural
zone, between the Adriatic zone, which was spread out till the conti¬
nental hinterlant of Balkan, and the Central-Balkan ones, and that is
why it contains the cultural elements of both two cultural complexes
(PI. CXVI).
The settlement of Topojan was inhabituated on the very beginnings
of the late Neolithic period, too. It comprises the second cultural layer of
this site. The late Neolithic civilisation of this settlements and all Dibra
basin was called as Topojan II culture. A specific characteristic of the
late neolithic in Dibra region, as well as in the middle neolithic period
too, was the absence of the painted pottery, a fact that as we believe,
ought to explain with the local features of this civilisation and all simi¬
lar civilisations in central and northeastern Albania (PL
XXIV-LXVIII).
The Topojan II culture belong to the very beggining of the late neo¬
lithic civilisation. It was an uninterrupted and gradual development of
the Topojan I culture, which means that we have to do with only one
culture developed in two successive phases, Topojan I and II. During
this period, the habitation occupied the central part of the tarrace of
the settlement. Its life surface was increased with
5-6
times, what pre-
supose the inrease of the number of their inhabitants too.
To the architecture viewpoint, as a new phenomen had been the
building of an oven for the pottery baking, as well as the improving of
the techniques of building the houses, especially their floors. During
the Topojan II phase the flint tools were more developed, and repre¬
sented by a rich collection of chissels, knives, arrowheads with good
bifacial retouches, whereas the stone tools were the same as them of
earlier neolithic periods.
Summary
295
The main treats of Topojan II culture were expressed by its pottery,
which was more developed than that of Topojan I phase. We have to
mention as a new phenomena of this phase the increasing of fine pot¬
tery with black polished surface as well as the appearance of the fine
red slipped pottery, as a result of the technological improvements of the
pottery baking and production.
An essential feature of Topojan II culture was the great number
of pottery forms. To illustrate this idea, we can mention some more
frequent of them to be used generally, like spherical or semispherical
cups with everted rims, globular cups, biconical cups, the profile S-
cups, dishes, teapots, different kinds of kitchen vessels, spherical ves¬
sels with short cilindrical neck, spherical pots with long conical neck,
pithos, sievepots etc. Related to the above vessels we can mention some
types of handles, such as the short vertical handles, which are the more
frequent, the horizontal chanelled handles, the plastic conical bungle
handles, the tounge and chin types handles etc. At this period appears
for the first time the horn-handles with both two side deeply incised.
The most frequented bases were the flat ones, followed by the high leg
bases, sometimes equipted with a small spherical window which were
more rare, whereas the small bases equipted with four short legs was
represented by only one fragment. The phase Topojan II pottery were
decorated richely with a multifarious design techniques with a high
ornamental weight, which distinguished it from all the other neolithic
pottery. An essential characteristic of the
ornamention
of Topojan II
phase consists by the incised design, which in comparison with Topo¬
jan I phase, were based on more developed style concepts, breaking
out the geometrical frame of the ornamental system of Topojan I phase.
Besides the arched ribbons or the concentric semicircles, filled with
short lines in an alternate way, the pottery of Topojan II phase uses
too the concentric rombs or the related ones, encountered by densely
paralel
lines, which are frequently combined with multifarious curbo-
linear decorations, triangle ribbons, sometimes filled with perforations
of
Vinça type,
the incised
ornamention
like arrowhead, meandras, zig¬
zag etc till to the frequent spirals, which was carried out in a high qual¬
ity. These decoration motifs of Topojan II pottery were very similar to
that of late neolithic of
Tërn
group near
Manastir (Pelagonia),
as well as
to the pottery of late neolithic of Ustia
na Drim
and Vranisht
(Struga)
of
the same cultural group in western Macedonia.
A very interesting phenomena of the decoration system of the Topo¬
jan II pottery was the coexistence of the adriatico-mediterranean cul¬
tural tradition and that of
central-balkans
ones, although their differ-
296
A. Bunguri:
Prehistoria
e Dibrës
ent
quantity reports. We have to note the red and white incrustation as
well as the red dusty painting of the incised motifs (crusted), phenom¬
ena which had been met also at the incised pottery of
Tërnska
tumba
near
Manastir
(Pelagoni), Ustie
na Drim
and Vranisht
(Struga), Vlash-
nja IIII (Prizren), Reshtan (Suhareka) etc. These phenomena were very
important in order to determine the chronological and cultural position
of Topojan II phase in the context of the late neolithic culture of the
intermediate zone between the Adriatic coasts and the central Balkan
hinterland.
Very frequent were the flute and the different variants of plastic
decorations of
Vinca
В
1-2
style, as well as the deep spiralic furrows,
very similar to that of Blaz III, and especially to the same ornaments
of the earliest phase of the late dalmatic neolithic culture, namely at
Grapčeva Spilja, Markova Spilja
and
Hvar
I, genetically derived from the
Danilo
IV group.
To the spiritual life the cult of table cults was very strong, whereas
that of god of life and regeneration , and the zoomorphic cults were
rarer etc. During this phase appears for the first time the rhytons,
which confirmed their cult acting still at the very begginning of the late
neolithic culture of Dibra region, as well as in the early phase of the
late dalmatic neolithic of eastern Adriatic coast, namely at
Hvar
I-Lisiçiç
phase.
The Topojan II culture was closely similar to the late elements of
Blaz III and Kolsh II, which means that life in these three settlements
had been partially
paralel,
and Topojan II ought to synchronise with the
ending of Blaz III and Kolsh II, the
latte, redated
by the author of the
excavation mainly in the middle neolithic period and partially in the late
neolithic one. The Topojan phase II would synchronise on the chrono¬
logical and cultural viewpoint too, to the cultural group of Ustie na
Drim (Struga)
to the south and partially to that of Trnska
tumba
near
Manastir
(Pelagoni) to the east. Based on the cultural analogies of Topo¬
jan II phase, Ustie
na Drim
and Trnska
tumba,
we would think that
those three settlements belong to the one cultural group of the interme¬
diate zone between Adriatic coast on the west and the Central Balkan
hinterland on the east. Outside Albania, Topojan II culture would be
synchronized with the final phase of
Danilo
culture
(Danilo
IV), with the
earliest stratum of the late dalmatic neolithic of
Hvar I-Lisicic
phase,
with Butmir
I
-П
in Central
Bosna
and
Vinca B2
in Serbia. On this con-
tex, we can say that Topojan II culture represents a transitional phase
from the middle neolithic to the late one, and that s why it contains ele¬
ments mixed of both two periods.
Summary
297
To the genetical viewpoint, this culture hade been formed by the
colaboration of two components, the first one was the very strong adri-
atico-mediterranean, which was determinant in the formation of this
culture, as well as the
Vinca
one, transmited by the influences of
VinçaK
B2 phase. Finally, according to these cultural features, Topojan II phase
should be included to the intermediated zone of the late neolithic, be¬
tween the adriatic zone and balkano-central one. On these conditions,
we would think that the settlement of Topojan actually represents the
southern edgepoint of spreading out of the
Vinca
elements in Albania.
The late Neolithic civilization of Dibra region links with final phase
of
Danilo
culture as well as with the earliest layer of the late neolithic
of
Dalmaţia,
phase
Hvar
I-Lisiçiç
and Butmir I-II in Central
Bosna,
as
well as
Vinca
С
in Central Balkan. As a conclusion, we can say that the
valley of Black Drin remain the only significant passage channel be¬
tween the Mediterranean and Continental zones, especially it remained
the main
rute
for the diffusion of cultural elements from title two zones
towards the east and northeast parts of Albania. That s why, we can in¬
fer that starting since the Middle Neolithic Age, the Dibra s region was
included indubitably in the Mediterranean zone, with the exception of
some
Vinca
elements which had penetrated here from the Continental
zone of Balkan peninsula through the White and Black Drin river valley
as well as Wardar ones (PI. CXVII).
Finally, the Eneolithic civilisation in this region was represented by
the settlement at
Gradec
near Peshkopia town(fig.
19).
Its culture links
with Maliq
I b
phase of eneolithic civilisation in
Korça
basin, which have
been included into the largest cultural complex of
Bubanj-
Hum-Salcu-
ca-Krivodol of eastern and southeastern Balkan. During the eneolithic
epoch the middle valley of Black Drin, respectively the Dibra and Pesh¬
kopia basins, as well as the
hillforts
area around them, were densely
inhabitated. The settlements were located in some small hillfort, such
as
Gradec,
Cetush,
Blliçe,
Kastriot,
Greve,
Sanxhak,
Majtarë, Mazhicë
etc.
(flg. 18, 20-28).
We have seen all of them, and have carried out some
small excavations on them. The common feature of these hillfort settle¬
ments was the same way of topographical scheme, which was shown on
their placement on the surface of the small
hillforts
or on the terraces
with sharp slopes. They are similiar to the other eneolithic settlements
of Albania, such as Burimas
(Korça), Kolsh (Kukës), Hisar
near Suhare-
ka and Gadimlje
e Epërme
near Lipjan (Kosovo) etc. Their small surface
and the small depth of cultural deposits consist the main distinguished
features of them. They had been inhabitated for a short period of time,
by small nomadic tribes, which had came on these areas by their tran-
298
A. Bunguri:
Prehistoria
e Dibrës
sumance
movements. Their high density within a geographical limited
region is maybe a result of a quantity increase of their population, as
well as moving of the population from the old settlements to new ones,
in order to find new lands and meadows. Perhaps that s the reason that
their culture belongs to the same chronological phase or to close and
undifferentiated chronological ones.
The main common forms of vessels, which may be found nearly in
every hillfort settlement are as follows: semispherical cups with everted
rims, biconical cups, cups with
S
profile, small cups, conical dishes with
everted rims, spherical or globular vessels, vessels with short neck, am¬
phorae etc (PI. LXIX-LXXXIV). Some of them were inherited by the late
neolithic repertour, as was proved by their close similarities to Topojan
II, Maliq la, Bare II etc.
The decoration of these vessels is a very rare phenomen. More fre¬
quent was the flute decor, whereas the plastic and incised decoration
were very rare. The painting grey on grey decoration, which was very
preferable at
Gradec,
didn t yet occur in any other settlements of this
region(Pl.
LXXXV).
Based on these features, we think that their culture
may be included in the first stage of the early eneolithic civilisation,
so they perhaps may be a little earlier than
Gradec
itself or Burimas II
phase, to which didn t synchronise completely.
In some of these settlements, such as in
Rrokoçelja
e
Kutës (Blliçe),
Çuku
і
Lekës (Zall-Dardhë) and Tuma
e Zojcës
(Mazhicë),
were found
two horisons of life, related respectively to the very early eneolithic stage
and to the very early bronze age. We actually don t know the reason why
these small and nearly isolated settlements had been selected to live by
their settlers.
These plain terraces and small
hillforts
where the settlements had
been placed, were formed naturally and not artificially from the remains
of human life, as had been thought in any case. Although, we could t
except the possibility that any of these hillfort settlements, had been
surrounded with water channels to protect them from the wild animals
and eventual attackers, a phenomen known in
Dalmácia
and South
Italy since the middle neolithic period, as well as in eneolithic epoch in
Hisar I and Kasterc of Suhareka (Plain of Dukagjin), and in the Iron Age
in the
Bellaçevc
gradina
in Drenica region of
Kosova
bassen
etc. This
type of hilltop settlements lets us to presupose that it seems to had ful-
filed the defend requests of the eneolithic epoch.
At the very beginning of the early bronze age, the settlements in the
topographical viewpoint had been placed on the plain river tarraces,
with natural defends and near the main traffic roads, such as Topojan,
Summary
299
as well as on the small hilltops, such as sites of
Blliçe,
Zalldardha dhe
Mazhica (fig.
30-31).
Their archaeological culture is quite different from
that of
Gradec
one. It belongs to a new culture which appears for the
first time in this region, as well as in the Southeast Albania, under the
impulses of nomad
stepie
euro-asiatic peoples moving, during their last
movement towards the west Balkan at the middle of third
millenium
B.C. (Kurgan IV phase). The similarities between Dibra region culture
and Maliqi III
а
-b
ones, shows us that Dibra was included to the cul¬
tural group of Maliq III
а
-b
of the southeastern Albania(Pl. LXXXVI-
LXXXVIII, CXIX).
During the middle bronze age, some changes in the typology of the
settlements had been occured. Besides the open river tarraces or hilltop
type ones, appears now for the first time the highland tarrace amongst the
mountains, such as the settlement of
Manasdren(Qafë-Murrë)
(fig.
32).
In the culture of this period, besides the elements of Maliq III c,
such as the pseudomioen cantharos with vertical hands above the rims,
appears in Dibra region, for the first time too, the biconical pots with
horned axes handle above the rims, which came from the north Albania
and Adriatic coasts. This kind of vessels was known in Varvara settle¬
ment of the central regions of Adriatic zone (Bosnje), since in Varvara A
3
phase, which belongs to the very end of early bronze and to the begin¬
ning of middle bronze age, to continue during all the middle bronze age
of the phases Varvara B1-B2. They had been known too at Cetush IV,
Topojan,
Pesjakë
and Manasdren I of Dibra region, as well as at
Gajtan
II and at Shkodra Ib
(Shkqdër),
at Nezir (Mat), while on the southeast¬
ern Albania they appear only at the beginning of the late bronze age
(Maliq
III dl).
During the middle bronze age, Dibra s region was orien¬
tated mainly towards the north Albania, keeping relations to the Maliq
III c
culture of southeastern of Albania, too. (PL CXX).
The late bronze age civilisation was known by excavations at Topo¬
jan, Pesjaka and Manasdren, whereas its elements were confirmed also
in
Greva
as well as in Kepi
i qytetiť
at Lower
Çidhna,
on the left side of
Black Drin valley (PL XCIV-CII). At the very end of this period, appears
for the first time in our region, the hollow dishes with decorated rims
with
oblic turban
flutes, which had been known in eastern part of Al¬
bania too. This kind of dishes, socalled as
Mediana
III type shows us
that during this period our region had been included to the influenced
area of the Aegean moving peoples during the XIII-XII centuries B.C or
at the LHIIIB and LHIIIC
(1300-1100
B.C).
The late bronze age cilivilisation was a further development of an
earlier native one, because a lot of pots and decorations were heritaged
300
A. Bunguri:
Prehistoria
e Dibrës
from the middle bronze age, and some of them from the earlier bronze
age. Also it contains some
stepie
elements, such as some cups with
widened rims, plastic decorations with finger impressions etc.
Judging by these phenomens, we can conclude that during the late
bronze age, the inhabitants of Dibra region had increased their con¬
tacts with the neighbouring region s inhabitants, which had influenced
on the creation and the gradual unification of the main common cul¬
tural features of the illyrian wider units. During these periods, Dibra
region had been orientated towards the synchronised cultures of cen¬
tral and northern Albanian cultures, especially towards the Maty valley
and Shkodra region, whereas some particular elements related it to the
eastern adriatic coast culture of Northwest Balkan as well as them of
the Central Egean Macedonia on Southeast Balkan (PI. CXXI).
During the early Iron Age, Dibra region seems to had been inhabi-
tated densely, judging by the large numbers of fortified illyrian castles
as well as some bronze and iron weapons.
The Early Iron castled had been situated in two sides of the valley
of Black Drin river and its afluents, such as Radika on the east and
the river of Bulqiza and
Murra
on the west side. They were located on
the tip of the high rocking
creas
ts, very natural protected and near the
main roads of the traffic, which were been controled easily by them.
They created a full prehistoric fortification system of the valley of Blac
Drin and its main natural gates (fig.
34-43)..
In the viewpoint of the
building technique of their protected walls, we better know the castle
of Peshkopia, Skudrina,
Sofraçan, Ndërshena,
Selishta etc. In regards
to thier chronological position, we believe that the propier time when
they had been built would be the late bronze age and the very begin¬
ning of the early iron age. This oppinion had been confirmed by some
fragmented vessels discovered by small excavations in Peshkopia and
Sofraçan
castle, as well as by surface fragmented ceramics found at
Koxhaxhik ones.
The early iron age culture was represented too by the biconical pots
with vertical handle above the rims, as a very typical type of pottery of
Mat-Glasinac type of vessels, as well as by an submicenean bronze ar¬
rowhead of egean type (PI. CIII-CV).
The second phase of the early iron age, was known by chance finds.
It was represented only by some iron weapons, such as a sword and
some arrowheads of Glasinac IV
b
types
(725-625
BC)(P1.
CVI).
The third phase of the early iron age, or the archaic one, was known
by chance finds too. Some important artefacts of this phase were un¬
earthed during the work to open
e
new
trasse
of Road of
Arbër
at
Summary
301
Sofraçan
village, where a small excavation was carried out imediatelly
and an illyrian flat cemetry, with stone construct graves had been dis¬
covered.
The flat archaic cemetry lies on the northern edge of the Bulqiza
river tarrace, near the
Sofraçan
village. The archaeological objects were
represented by two bronze illyrian helmets, four iron arrowhead, one
iron oneside knife as well as some pottery fragments decorated with
black vernik of the V-IV century B.C. The bronze and iron weapons are
similar to that of Glasinac IV Cl(625-550 B.C) and IV c2(550-500/475
B.C) types and were included in Mat-Glasinac culture, whereas the pot¬
tery fragments decorated with black vernik represent the imported ves¬
sels from Adriatic cities (Dyrrahu).
Another illyrian helmets of this period have been unearthed in the
Draj-Reç
village, in the northern edge of Dibra region, in an illyrian
damaged tumulus (PL CVII-CXIV). To this period belong also two double
iron axes used as tools and weapons too, found at Peshkopia town and
at Gjorica village, which are very similar to those ones discovered in
Mati
valley,
Kukësi
region as well as at Kosovo s illyrian tumulus. Judg¬
ing by the gained data we can conclude that in the cultural viewpoint
during the early iron age, Dibra region had been included to the illyrian
Mat-Glasinac cultural group area (PL CXXII).
In the historical viewpoint, the discovering of the illyrian helmets as
well as the other weapons fulfills our knowledges about the defense and
attack weapons, which had been used by the illyrian inhabitants of this
region. On the other hand, they prove that since the upper phase of the
archaic period(century V-IV B. C) a new warrior category of hoplit was
born. The diffrent equipment of them by very expensive helmets, prove
that the social diferentation had been increased, and give us some in¬
teresting indications about their military organisation of these inhabit¬
ants, known later on the historical sources with their historical name
as penestian tribues.(Polyb,
XXVIII,
8, 11;
Liv,
XLIII,
19,1-5, 21,1-2).
Regarding to the above notes, we can infer some short synthetic
conclusions:
•
The earliest neolithic civilisation of Dibra region was the Burim I
culture, which chronologically passes the earliest phase of early
neolithic of Vlusha and preleads the late phase of early neolithic
of Kolsh I.
•
Between Burim I and Topojan I phase stand a large chronological
hiatus, which would correspond with Kolsh I phase.
•
Phase Topojan I belong to the developed phase of middle neolithic
and sinchronise to the phase Kolsh II and to the very beginning
302
A. Bunguri:
Prehistoria
e Dibrës
phase of Blaz III. We can infer that Topojan I culture shows a
furthemore development of Burim II phase of the begginning of
middle neolithic, when its habitants seems to had settled up at
the Topojan terrace, near the Black Drin river.
The phase Topojan II is a furthemore evolutive development of
Topojan I phase, which means that we have to do with the same
culture, developed in two successive phases.
Between Topojan II phase and
Gradec
one stand an chronological
hiatus, which would correspond to the phases Bare II aand Maliq
Ia-Kamnik I, repectively with the developed and the late phase of
the late neolithic period.
As the
Gradec
culture was dated at Maliq
I b (Burimas)
phase, we
didn t know yet the advanced and the late phases of eneolithic,
respectively the Maliq
Па
-b
phases.
The chronological hiatus which include the phases Kolsh I, Maliq
I a-Kamnik I and Maliq II
а
-b,
ought to be present in Dibra re¬
gion.
In the topographical viewpoint, we can see an evolution of the
settlement s type from the early neolithic to the eneolithic period.
As during the early neolithic (Burim I), the main type of settle¬
ment consist by the flat
aluvional
land (Burim,
Kronëza),
during
the middle neolithic (Topojan I), this report goes in favour of the
terrace type of settlements (Cetush, Topojan), whereas during the
late neolithic period (Topojan II), that was the only type of the
settlements. During the eneolithic period, the defended character
of all settlements becomes a general phenomen in Dibra region,
where all the settlements belong to the hillfort type ones
(Gradec,
Cetush,
Blliçe, Zall-Sinë, Shumbat, Kastriot, Grevë, Sanxhak,
Majtarë, Mazhicë
etc).
The gradual movements of the prehistoric inhabitants towards
the natural defended settlements, had not been by chance, but
as an answer to the defend requests of the new advanced periods,
especially starting from the eneolithic ones.
As during the early neolithicfBurim I culture) Dibra region had
been part of the Central Balkan cultural complex, respectively of
Starčevo
group, since the middle neolithic (Topojan I culture) till
the early eneolithic
(Gradec
culture), Dibra region was as a part
of intermediate zone between the Adriatic coast and the central
balkans
ones, with the coexistence of the Adriatic (Danilic) and
Vinca
cultural elements during the middle and late neolithic as
well as the easternbalkan ones during the early eneolithic
(Gradec
Summary
ЗОЗ
culture), when we can see a mixed cultural elements of the local
and the eastern Balkan ones, mainly of Bubanj-Hum type and
rarely Baden-Kostolac ones.
In its longway development, the neo-eneolithic civilisation of Di-
bra region, parallelly too many anaolgies with the contempory
neighbouring or further cultures keep up some speciphic local
features, which may be distinguished since the middle neolithic
period. Above all, we have to note the lack of painted pottery,
which consisted an essential feature of the middle and late neo¬
lithic of Southeastern Albania (Dunavec I-II,
Dërsnik, Barç
И,
Maliq I a, Kamnik I) and southwestern Albania (Cakran, Konispol,
Velçë).
The lack of that decoration at Blaz III (Mat), Ustie na
Drim
(Strugë)
and its poorest representation at Kolsh II
(Kukës)
(only
2
painted fragments), tell us that our region had been in¬
cluded to the northern neolithic zone without painted pottery
of the Central and Northern Albania. On the other hand, the
incised decoration with parallel ribbons, filled with short lines
in an alternate way and geometrical motifs consists an essential
characteristic of our middleneolithic and late neolithic cultures,
which are very rare in the Southern Albania zone with painted
pottery. Starting since the middle neolithic (Topojan I) and es¬
pecially since the late one (Topojan II), were appeared the red
incrustation and less the white one, as well as the painted with
dusty red paste of all the incised motifs at Topojan Il(crusted),
elements which perhaps had been more preferable than the sim¬
ple painted decoration.
Another important feature of the neo-eneolithic civilisation of this
region consists by the cultic conservation The main and strong
cult is that of four legged tables, apart from the stylistic and dec¬
orative changes which noted them from one phase to another.
Besides that central cult, during the middle and late neolithic
appears the new cults, devoted to the great goddess or to the
goddess of regeneration , which were represented by the legs of
anthropomorphic figurines or the trung of a naked female, as well
as the cults with zoomorphic orientation, represented by zoomor-
phic figurines. This cultic conservation was expressed too by the
difficulties of acceptance of the new cult of rhytons, which had
been widely spread out during the middle neolithic on all the
adriatic coast of the western Balkan, from Elatea on the south till
Danilo,
Kakanj
e
Smilćić
on the north, which arrives its spread¬
ing out till the intermediate continental zone, as was confirmed
304
A. Bunguri:
Prehistoria
e Dibrës
by some examples from Trnska
tumba (Manastir-Pelagoni)
on the
east, Reshtan and Vlashnja (Dukagjin Plain) in Kosovo on the
northeast. That cult could penetrate to the religion altar of Dibra
region only at the very begginning of the late neolithic, just at the
time when ryhtones play their real authentic role on the ritual
acts. An interesting face of the prehistoric art of bronze age rep¬
resents undoubtedly the rock drawing at
Reç s cave
with astral
motifs.
The neo-eneolithic art, as well as the religion one, were developed
in concordance with the level of social-economic life of the neo-
eneolithic communities. We can say that the neo-eneolithic art
was developed in two main directions: the art of figurative plastic
and the decorative art. The first group includes the anthropo¬
morphic and zoomorphic figurines, which except their religious
character, ought to consider as the real authentic of plastic art,
whereas to the decorative art, the very rich pottery ornaments,
often make difficult to differentiate the common objects from the
authentic art ones. The very rich ornaments with multifarious
motifs, the red incrustation of the incised motifs, the cult objects
and the figurative plastic, confirm to us the borning and develop¬
ing of the neo-eneolithic art, which achieves its peak to the late
neolithic and eneolithic period.
In the coarse of formation of the neo-eneolithic civilisation of that
region, had influenced undoubtedly its appropriate geographical
position. The Black Drin valley was the main natural road through
which that civilisation had kept real relations to the neighbouring
or farthermost civilisation, which have been mentioned during
the cultural analyse of the archaeological material.
In the course of a long and uninterrupted peaceful develop¬
ment, the neo-eneeolithic civilisation of that region had achived
to the late neolithic phase and to the earliest eneolithic period,
a real good development level, which is comparable with the
contemporaneous civilisation of the Albanian territory and its
neigbouring areas. It represents the earlier paleobalkanic sub¬
stratum. During the early bronze age, like the other parts of
southern Balkan, on this region would be appeared a new eth-
no-cultural element, which had arrived here through the last
stepie
euro-asiatic moving of the middle third
millenium B.C,
or by its influences, whose
archeologica!
remains are first of all
the coarse pottery decorated with finger digital impressions or
only with the impressed plastic ribbons. Judging by the up till
Summary
305
now gained data, we can infer that this scanty native elements
would be mingled with the newcomers eastern ones, and had
been included together in the very complicated processes of the
ethno-genetic formation of the illyrian population of that region
during the bronze age and the iron age, known later at the his¬
torical sources as penestian tribue, as a one of the important
tribe of illlyrian
ethnicon(Polyb,
XXVIII,
8, 11;
Liv,
XLIII, 19,1-5,
21,1-2).
* * *
The neo-eneolithic civilisations and the bronze age and iron age cul¬
tures of Dibra region, let us to achieve to the following general social-
economic conclusions:
1.
Starting since the Burim I culture, the nomadism was replaced by
the sedentary life, which consists the foundation of the neolithic civili¬
sation. Just at this new way of life, appears the agriculture and the ani¬
mal husbandry, the essential branches of the neolithic economy. Their
existence was confirmed respecitvely from the
planty
of the wheat chaff
and straw traces in the architectonic houses remains of Burim I, the
mill stones (Burim,
Gradec)
and carbonised of wheat seeds
(Gradec),
as
well as the bones of wild and domesticated animal (Burim I, Topojan
I-II). A helpful branch of economy seems to had been the hunting, con¬
firmed by the wild animal bones as well as the flint arrowheads (Topo¬
jan II). On the other hand, perhaps the inhabitant of neo-eneolithic
habitants had used the fishing, judging by their neighbouring with the
Black
Drín
river.
2.
At the Burim I culture appears the first neolithic handicraft pro¬
duction, such as the produce of the stone and flint tools as well as the
pottery. These handicraft branches would improve themselves perma¬
nently to achieve their peak in
Gradec
culture, when for the first time
the stoneaxes and hammers had been sawed and perforated, which had
influenced directly in their higher
rendiment.
As in technological im¬
provements we have considered too the grey on grey painting eneolithic
pottery
(Gradec),
which was so distinguishable element of the eneolithic
civilisation of Albania and Eastern Balkan.
3.
In the course of its development way, the neo-eneolithic civilisa¬
tion as well as the bronze and iron age cultures, would create close
relations to the neighbouring and farthemost cultures, which were con¬
firmed not only by their cultural analogies, but also by the identical
produce of some vessels of everyday use or their cult plastics.
306
A. Bunguri:
Prehistoria
e Dibrës
4.
The neolithic and eneolithic civilisation of that region, although
some noticed chronological hiatuses, had known a long peaceful devel¬
opment, which achieve its peak to the beggining of the late neolithic pe¬
riod (Topojan II culture) and to the early phase of eneolifhic one
(Gradec
culture). This civilisation would more developed during the bronze and
iron age, in conformity with the new conditions of that metallic epochs,
which had influenced directly in the process of formation of the illyrian
people in generally and specially of the penestian tribes, the ancient
habitants of the Dibra region.
5.
Although the very few scanty and scattered data we posses about
the economic life of this region during the bronze age, we believe that
the main branch of economy had been agriculture and the livestock-
breeding, as well as the hunting as a helping one. The pottery of hand¬
made techniques seems to had been an important handy craft activity
of this
periode,
which were confirmed by a lot of high quality pottery
fragments. On the other hand, the large number of axle wheels with
biconical, spherical or disc shape, related to the late bronze age, proves
the existence of the handicraft of the spinning and the knitting activi¬
ties, which would had beeen used since the earlier periods. Based on the
scodran type of the late bronze age axe, found at the entrance of Lower
Çidhna,
just in the crossroad between Peshkopia basin,
Lura
highlands
and Mirdita beyond them, we can
infere
that an exchange way road had
existed through them, which related the Dibra and Peshkopia basins
with the
metalurgie
area of the pirustae region and Northern Albania,
very rich in ore resources.
6.
This
metalurgie
activity in the northern albanian territory be¬
comes more evident during the iron age, including the Dibra region,
where the iron obejcts were widely spreaded out. The large number of
iron spearheads, chronologicaly related to the II-III phase of this ep¬
och, respectively to the VIII-VII and VI-V/IVB.C, as well as the illyrian
bronze helmets of the third one, were a clear testimony of the existence
of the
metalurgie
activity in northern Albania territory, very rich in ore
resources. Although we have not up till now the appropriate data about
the existence of these
metalurgie
factories in Dibra region, the above
weapons were a sure testimony of the close exchange relations of Dibra
inhabitants with the
metalurgie
zones of northern Albania. These ex¬
change relations would become more intense during the archaic period,
when they would be orientiated towards the luxury vessels too, as the
table vessels decorated with black
vernie
imported from Dyrrachium
proves, which on the other hand notes the prologue of the real trade
activity of the ancient market economy of that region.
Summary
307
Finally we ought to say that the archaeological researches in Dibra
region are yet very scarce and partialy, and besides that, the excava¬
tions were carried out only on small surfaces of the sites. Although this
presentation of the prehistoric civilisations of Dibra region consists a
new contribute to a better knowing of its neolithic and eneolithic civili¬
sations as well as the bronze and iron age ones of Dibra region, hoping
that the new archeological researches will go further in their analyses
and synthesis.
Translated by
Adem Bunguri
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Bunguri, Adem 1954- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1178690121 |
| author_facet | Bunguri, Adem 1954- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Bunguri, Adem 1954- |
| author_variant | a b ab |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039576884 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)756307530 (DE-599)BVBBV039576884 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Dibër Landschaft (DE-588)4767847-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Dibër Landschaft |
| id | DE-604.BV039576884 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-24T02:20:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789995604516 |
| language | Albanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024428276 |
| oclc_num | 756307530 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 450 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Botime MB |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Bunguri, Adem 1954- Prehistoria e Dibrës Eisenzeit (DE-588)4014102-0 gnd Vor- und Frühgeschichte (DE-588)4078951-2 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 gnd Neolithikum (DE-588)4075272-0 gnd Chalkolithikum (DE-588)4138001-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4014102-0 (DE-588)4078951-2 (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4008357-3 (DE-588)4075272-0 (DE-588)4138001-0 (DE-588)4767847-1 |
| title | Prehistoria e Dibrës |
| title_auth | Prehistoria e Dibrës |
| title_exact_search | Prehistoria e Dibrës |
| title_full | Prehistoria e Dibrës Adem Bunguri |
| title_fullStr | Prehistoria e Dibrës Adem Bunguri |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prehistoria e Dibrës Adem Bunguri |
| title_short | Prehistoria e Dibrës |
| title_sort | prehistoria e dibres |
| topic | Eisenzeit (DE-588)4014102-0 gnd Vor- und Frühgeschichte (DE-588)4078951-2 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 gnd Neolithikum (DE-588)4075272-0 gnd Chalkolithikum (DE-588)4138001-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Eisenzeit Vor- und Frühgeschichte Funde Bronzezeit Neolithikum Chalkolithikum Dibër Landschaft |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024428276&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024428276&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bunguriadem prehistoriaedibres |