Applied photovoltaics
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Earthscan
2011
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| Ausgabe: | Third edition |
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| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV039548094 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20220412 | ||
| 007 | t| | ||
| 008 | 110826s2011 xx a||| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 020 | |a 9781849711425 |c pbk |9 978-1-84971-142-5 | ||
| 020 | |a 9781849711418 |c hbk |9 978-1-84971-141-8 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)750955749 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV039548094 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rda | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 049 | |a DE-M347 |a DE-1050 |a DE-703 |a DE-Aug4 |a DE-523 |a DE-1043 |a DE-634 |a DE-29T | ||
| 082 | 0 | |a 621.31244 | |
| 084 | |a ZP 3730 |0 (DE-625)157971: |2 rvk | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Wenham, Stuart R. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Applied photovoltaics |c S.R. Wenham, M.A. Green, M.E. Watt, R.P. Corkish, A.B. Sproul |
| 250 | |a Third edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a London ; New York |b Earthscan |c 2011 | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2012 | |
| 300 | |a XIII, 289 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Photovoltaic cells |2 blmsh | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Photovoltaic power generation |2 blmsh | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Fotovoltaik |0 (DE-588)4121476-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Fotovoltaik |0 (DE-588)4121476-6 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe |z 978-1-84977-698-1 |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024400028&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024400028 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819594425905446912 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
Chapter
1—
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SUNLIGHT
3
1.1
Particle-wave duality
3
1.2
Blackbody
radiation
3
1.3
The sun and its radiation
4
1.4
Solar radiation
5
1.5
Direct and diffuse radiation
7
1.6
The Greenhouse Effect
9
1.7
Apparent motion of the sun
10
1.8
Solar insolation data and estimation
11
1.8.1
Extraterrestrial radiation
11
1.8.2
Terrestrial global radiation on a horizontal surface
12
1.8.3
Global and diffuse components
18
1.8.4
Radiation on tilted surfaces
21
1.9
Solar energy and photovoltaics
24
Chapter
2—
SEMICONDUCTORS AND
p
-п
JUNCTIONS
29
2.1
Semiconductors
29
2.1.1
The bond model
30
2.1.2
The band model
31
2.1.3
Doping
31
2.2
Semiconductor types
32
2.2.1
Crystalline silicon
32
viii Applied Photovoltaics
2.2.2
Multicrystalline silicon
32
2.2.3
Amorphous silicon
33
2.2.4
Other tetrahedral semiconductors
33
2.2.5
Organic, plastic and dye solar cells
35
2.3
Absorption of light
35
2.4
Recombination
36
2.5
p
-п
junctions
37
Chapter
3—
THE BEHAVIOUR OF
SOLAR
CELLS
41
3.1
Effect of light
41
3.2
Spectral response
45
3.3
Effect of temperature
46
3.4
Effect of parasitic resistances
47
Chapter
4—
CELL PROPERTIES AND DESIGN
53
4.1
Efficiencies
53
4.2
Optical losses
54
4.3
Recombination losses
57
4.4
Top contact design
58
4.4.1
Bulk and sheet resistivities
59
4.4.2
Grid spacings
60
4.4.3
Other losses
62
4.5
Laboratory cells versus industry requirements
64
4.6
Improved Cell Sequences
65
4.6.1
Selective emitter and double printing
65
4.6.2
Laser based processing
66
Chapter
5—
PV CELL INTERCONNECTION AND MODULE
FABRICATION
69
5.1
Module and circuit design
69
5.2
Identical cells
69
5.3
Non-identical cells
70
5.4
Non-identical modules
70
5.5
Hot-spot heating
72
5.6
Module structure
76
5.7
Environmental protection
77
5.8
Thermal considerations
78
5.9
Electrical insulation
81
5.10
Mechanical protection
81
5.11
Degradation and failure modes
82
5.12
Embodied enerav and life cvcle issues
84
Chapter
6—
STAND-ALONE PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS
89
6.1
Introduction
89
6.2
Stand-alone PV system design
91
Contents ix
6.3 Solar
modules
92
6.4
Batteries
93
6.4.1
Types
93
6.4.2
Applications
93
6.4.3
Requirements
94
6.4.4
Efficiency
94
6.4.5
Power rating and capacity
94
6.4.6
Depth-of-discharge
94
6.5
Lead-acid batteries
95
6.5.1
Types
95
6.5.2
Plate material
95
6.5.3
Charging regimes
95
6.5.4
Efficiencies
97
6.5.5
Benchmarking and categorisation of similar use
97
6.6
Other electrical charge storage methods
97
6.6.1
Nickel-cadmium batteries
97
6.6.2
Nickel-metal-hydride batteries
98
6.6.3
Lithium-ion and lithium-polymer batteries
98
6.6.4
Rechargeable alkaline manganese (RAM) batteries
98
6.6.5
Redox-flow batteries
99
6.6.6
Super capacitors
99
6.7
Power conditioning and regulation
99
6.7.1
Diodes
99
6.7.2
Regulators
99
6.7.3
Inverters
104
6.8
Balance of system components
105
6.8.1
Wiring
106
6.8.2
Over-current protection
106
6.8.3
Switches
106
6.8.4
Connectors
106
6.8.5
Earthing (grounding)
107
6.8.6
Lightning protection
107
6.8.7
Metering and alarms
107
6.8.8
Battery housing and signage
108
6.8.9
Housing of electronics
108
6.8.10
Module mounting
108
Chapter
7—
DESIGNING STAND-ALONE PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS
117
7.1
Introduction
117
7.2
System availability
117
7.3
Hybrid systems
118
7.4
A simplified PV system design approach
119
7.5
Sandia
National Laboratory approach
121
7.6
Australian Standard AS4509.2
122
7.7
System design software
123
Chapter
8—
SPECIFIC PURPOSE PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS
125
8.1
Introduction
125
8.2
Space
125
8.3
Marine navigational aids
126
χ
Applied Photovoltaics
8.4
Telecommunications
126
8.4.1
Transportable PV power supplies
126
8.4.2
Radio telephone services
128
8.4.3
Mobile phone networks
128
8.4.4
Optical fibre networks
128
8.5
Cathodic protection
129
8.5.1
System sizing
129
8.5.2
Controllers
130
8.5.3
Power sources
130
8.6
Water pumping
133
8.7
Consumer products for indoor use
136
8.8
Battery chargers
137
8.9
Photovoltaics for developing countries
137
8.10
Refrigeration
138
8.11
Photovoltaic-powered transport
138
8.12
Solar cars
139
8.13
Lighting
140
8.14
Remote monitoring
141
8.15
Direct-drive applications
142
8.16
Electric fences
142
ír
9—
REMOTE AREA POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
147
9.1
Household power systems
147
9.1.1
The choice between AC and DC
149
9.1.2
Appliances
149
9.1.3
Consumer education
150
9.1.4
Photovoltaic-diesel/petrol generator
hybrid systems
152
9.1.5 Dieselgenerators
154
9.1.6
Petrol generators
156
9.1.7
Hybrid system design
156
9.2
RAPS system costs
158
9.3
Portable RAPS systems
158
9.3.1
Portable systems for remote aboriginal communities
158
9.3.2
Integrated solar home systems
160
9.3.3 Stationpower® 160
9.4
Reliability and maintenance
160
9.5
Government assistance schemes
160
Chapter
10—
GRID-CONNECTED PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS
165
10.1
Introduction
165
10.2
P V
systems in buildings
166
10.2.1
Module mounting approaches
167
10.2.2
The inverter
168
10.2.3
On-site storage
170
10.2.4
Size and economics
172
10.2.5
Other issues
173
Contents
zi
10.3 Utility
applications
for photovoltaics
173
10.4
Design issues for central power stations
175
10.4.1
Cell interconnection
175
10.5
Safety
177
10.5.1
Islanding
178
10.6
The value of PV-generated electricity
179
10.6.1
Energy credit
179
10.6.2
Capacity credit
180
10.6.3
Distributed benefits
181
10.6.4
Example
1—
Distribution Feeder
1103,
Kerman,
California
182
10.6.5
Example
2—
Kalbarri, Western Australia
184
10.7
International PV programs
184
10.7.1
USA
185
10.7.2
Japan
187
10.7.3
Europe
188
10.7.4
India
189
10.7.5
China
189
10.7.6
Australia
190
Chapter
11—
PHOTOVOLTAIC WATER PUMPING SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
199
11.1
Introduction
199
11.2
System configurations
200
11.3
Water pumps
202
11.3.1
Centrifugal pumps
203
11.3.2
Displacement or volumetric pumps
205
11.4
Motors
209
11.4.1
Introduction
209
11.4.2
DC motors
210
11.4.3
AC motors
214
11.4.4
Motor losses
214
11.4.5
Integrated pump/motor machines
215
11.5
Power conditioning circuitry
215
11.6
Batteries
218
11.7
Array wiring and mounting
219
11.7.1
Array wiring
219
11.7.2
Array mounting
219
11.8
PV Water pumping system design
220
11.8.1
Introduction
220
11.8.2
Basic steps in system design
220
11.8.3
Desian of
а
directiv
coupled system
222
xii
Applied
Photovoltaics
APPENDIX A—STANDARD
AMO
AND AM1
.5
SPECTRA
229
APPENDIX B—
EQUATIONS
FOR CALCULATING
SUN POSITION
235
APPENDIX C—CHARACTERISTIC DAYS AND DECLINATIONS
237
APPENDIX D—SOME INSOLATION DATA SOURCES
239
D.1 Ground-based measurements
239
D.2 Satellite-derived data
240
D.3 Australia and New Zealand
240
D.4 Europe
241
D.5 Hong Kong
241
D.6 USA
241
D.7 Algeria
242
D.8 Brazil
242
D.9 Regression constants
242
D.10 Theoretical models and calculators
242
D.11 Global Gazetteer
243
APPENDIX E—STANDARDS
245
E.1
ASTM
international
245
E.2 Australia
—
Standards Australia
247
E.3 Canada
—
Standards Council of Canada
247
E.4 China
—
Standardization administration of China (SAC)
247
E.5 European Committee for Electrotechnical
Standardization (CENELEC)
249
E.6 Germany
—Deutsches
Institut
für Normung
(DIN)
250
E.7 Global
Approval Program for Photovoltaics (PVGAP)
252
E.8 Indonesia
—
Badan
Standardisas! Nasional (BSN)
253
E.9 Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
253
E.10 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
254
E.1
1
International Organization for Standards (ISO)
255
E.12 Japan
—
Japanese Standards Association
(JSA)
255
E.13 Korea
—
Korean Standards Association (KSA)
256
E.14 Mexico—
Dirección
General
de Normas (DGN)
258
E.
15
Russia
—
Federal Agency for Technical Regulation
and Metrology
258
E.16 Sweden
—
Standardiseringen i Sverige
(SIS)
258
E.
17
Taiwan (ROC)—Bureau of Standards, Metrology
and Inspection (BSMI)
259
E.18 Thailand
—
Thai industrial standards institute
(TISI)
259
E.1
9
TÜV
Rheinland 259
E.20 Underwriters Laboratories (UL)
259
Contents xiii
E.21
Zimbabwe
—Standards
Association
of Zimbabwe
(SAZ)
259
E.22 Universal Technical Standard for Solar Home Systems
260
E.23 Best Practice Guidelines and Accreditation
260
E.24 International Solar Energy Society (ISES) and
Deutsche
Gesellschaft für Sonnenenergie
eV (DGS)
260
APPENDIX F—
STAND-ALONE PHOTOVOLTAIC
SYSTEM DESIGN
263
F.1
Introduction
263
F.2
Stand-alone system
design
procedure
263
F.3
Sandia National
Laboratory approach
265
APPENDIX
G—
SYSTEM DESIGN FOR PV-POWERED WATER
PUMPING
271
G.1 Introduction
271
G.2 Insolation data manipulation
271
G.3 PV module characteristics
274
G.4 Example of a directly coupled system design
278
INDEX
285
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Wenham, Stuart R. |
| author_facet | Wenham, Stuart R. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Wenham, Stuart R. |
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| dewey-ones | 621 - Applied physics |
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| dewey-search | 621.31244 |
| dewey-sort | 3621.31244 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik Energietechnik |
| edition | Third edition |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV039548094 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-24T02:19:53Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781849711425 9781849711418 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024400028 |
| oclc_num | 750955749 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M347 DE-1050 DE-703 DE-Aug4 DE-523 DE-1043 DE-634 DE-29T |
| owner_facet | DE-M347 DE-1050 DE-703 DE-Aug4 DE-523 DE-1043 DE-634 DE-29T |
| physical | XIII, 289 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Earthscan |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Wenham, Stuart R. Applied photovoltaics Photovoltaic cells blmsh Photovoltaic power generation blmsh Fotovoltaik (DE-588)4121476-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4121476-6 |
| title | Applied photovoltaics |
| title_auth | Applied photovoltaics |
| title_exact_search | Applied photovoltaics |
| title_full | Applied photovoltaics S.R. Wenham, M.A. Green, M.E. Watt, R.P. Corkish, A.B. Sproul |
| title_fullStr | Applied photovoltaics S.R. Wenham, M.A. Green, M.E. Watt, R.P. Corkish, A.B. Sproul |
| title_full_unstemmed | Applied photovoltaics S.R. Wenham, M.A. Green, M.E. Watt, R.P. Corkish, A.B. Sproul |
| title_short | Applied photovoltaics |
| title_sort | applied photovoltaics |
| topic | Photovoltaic cells blmsh Photovoltaic power generation blmsh Fotovoltaik (DE-588)4121476-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Photovoltaic cells Photovoltaic power generation Fotovoltaik |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024400028&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT wenhamstuartr appliedphotovoltaics |