Between Rome and Jerusalem Herod the Great and his sons in their struggle for recognition ; a chronological investigation of the period 40 BC - 39 AD, with a time setting of New Testament events
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| Schriftenreihe: | Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta
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| 100 | 1 | |a Mahieu, Bieke |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Between Rome and Jerusalem |b Herod the Great and his sons in their struggle for recognition ; a chronological investigation of the period 40 BC - 39 AD, with a time setting of New Testament events |c by Bieke Mahieu |
| 264 | 1 | |a Leuven [u.a.] |b Peeters |c 2012 | |
| 300 | |a XXXVIII, 668 S. |b Ill. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta |v 208 | |
| 502 | |a Zugl.: Leuven, Univ., Diss., 2009 | ||
| 600 | 0 | 7 | |a Herodes |b I. |c Judäa, König |d v73-v4 |0 (DE-588)118549847 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 40 v. Chr.-39 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Chronologie |0 (DE-588)4010178-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4113937-9 |a Hochschulschrift |2 gnd-content | |
| 688 | 7 | |a Herodes der Große |0 (DE-2581)TH000003727 |2 gbd | |
| 688 | 7 | |a Jüdische Geschichte, römische Kaiserzeit |0 (DE-2581)TH000003726 |2 gbd | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Herodes |b I. |c Judäa, König |d v73-v4 |0 (DE-588)118549847 |D p |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Chronologie |0 (DE-588)4010178-2 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Geschichte 40 v. Chr.-39 |A z |
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| 830 | 0 | |a Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta |v 208 |w (DE-604)BV000004770 |9 208 | |
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| adam_text | TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
Preface
..............................................
vu
Table of contents
.....................................
їх
Abbreviations
A. Ancient literature
....................................
χχΐχ
B. Ancient papyrology
.................................. xxxii
C. Ancient epigraphy
................................... xxxii
D. Ancient numismatics
................................. xxxiii
E. Dictionaries and encyclopedias
......................... XXXIII
F. Modern works
...................................... xxxiii
Introduction
A. Subject of the research
................................ 1
B. Research objectives
.................................. 2
С
State of the art
...................................... 3
D. Heuristics
.......................................... 4
1.
Ancient literature
.................................. 5
2.
Ancient papyrology (ostraca, papyri, and parchments)
.... 8
3.
Ancient epigraphy
................................. 8
4.
Ancient numismatics
............................... 8
5.
Ancient iconography
............................... 9
E. Source criticism
..................................... 9
1.
Ancient literature
.................................. 9
2.
Ancient epigraphy and numismatics
................... 11
F. Synthesis
........................................... 12
1.
Structure of the text
................................ 12
2.
References and citations
............................ 13
Ancient timekeeping
A. Lunar calendars
..................................... 17
1.
Characteristics
.................................... 17
2.
The Seleucid calendar
.............................. 17
3.
The Jewish calendar
............................... 19
4.
The Nabatean calendar
............................. 21
X TABLE OF CONTENTS
B.
Solar calendars
...................................... 23
1.
Characteristics
.................................... 23
2.
The Julian calendar
................................ 23
3.
The calendars identical to the Julian calendar in the Hemero-
logia
............................................ 25
-
The calendar of Antioch
.......................... 25
-
The calendar of Sidon
............................ 26
4.
The calendars of the Alexandrine type in the Hemerologia
. . 26
-
The calendar of Alexandria
........................ 27
-
The calendar of Arabia
........................... 27
-
The calendar of Ascalon
.......................... 28
-
The calendar of Gaza
............................ 28
5.
The calendars of the Tyrian type in the Hemerologia
..... 29
6.
The calendar of the Tyrian type in Eusebius
............ 31
7.
The coexistence of lunar and solar calendars in Palestine
. . 33
C. Year indications
..................................... 34
1.
References to an office
............................. 34
2.
Regnal years
..................................... 35
-
Characteristics
.................................. 35
-
The Nabatean regnal years
........................ 37
3.
Eras
............................................ 40
-
Characteristics
.................................. 40
-
The Olympiads
................................. 41
4.
Unnumbered year cycles
............................ 42
-
The
indiction
cycle
.............................. 42
-
The Sabbatical cycle
............................. 43
Part one
-
Herod in full power
Chapter one
-
The consolidation of Herod s power
......... 49
A. Herod s appointment in Rome
.......................... 49
1.
The year of Herod s appointment in Rome
............. 49
2.
The date of Herod s departure for Rome
............... 50
-
Herod s departure in the winter of
41/40
ВС?
......... 50
-
Herod s departure in July-August
40
ВС
............. 51
-
Herod s departure in Ol.
184...................... 53
3.
The day of Herod s appointment in Rome
.............. 54
-
The parameters for Herod s appointment in Rome
..... 54
-
The dating and circulation of the Tyrian calendar
...... 55
-
The provenance of the Tyrian calendar
.............. 55
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
XI
-
The significance of the Tynan New Year
............ 56
4.
The plausibility of an appointment on
18
November
..... 57
-
The day after the
ludi plebei.......................
57
-
Herod s seven days in Rome
...................... 58
-
The introduction of the Tyrian calendar
.............. 59
B. Herod s capture of Jerusalem
.......................... 60
1.
The year of Jerusalem s capture:
38
ВС?
.............. 60
2.
The year of Jerusalem s capture:
37
ВС
or
36
ВС?
...... 62
-
The data found in Josephus
....................... 62
-
The conventional interpretations of the data
.......... 62
-
A new interpretation of the data
.................... 63
3.
The period dating the siege of Jerusalem:
10
Tishri
37
BC-
13
Adar
36
ВС
................................... 64
-
The data found in ancient literature
................. 64
-
The conventional interpretations of the data
.......... 65
-
A new interpretation of the fast
.................... 67
-
A new interpretation of the third month
............. 68
-
A new interpretation of the fifty-five days
............ 68
-
A new interpretation of the duration of the siege
....... 70
-
A new interpretation of the summer
................. 71
-
A new interpretation of the end of the winter
......... 73
-
A new interpretation of the year indications
.......... 73
4.
The historical context
.............................. 74
-
Antony s Parthian campaign
....................... 74
-
Antigonus s execution
............................ 75
5.
Evidence for Jerusalem s capture on
5
March
36
ВС
..... 75
-
Herod s dedication of Caesarea on
5
March
.......... 75
-
Herod s dedication of Caesarea on the anniversary of Jeru¬
salem s capture
................................. 77
-
A possible objection to Jerusalem s capture on
5
March
36
ВС
......................................... 79
6.
Evidence for Jerusalem s capture on
13
Adar
36
ВС
..... 82
-
The repair of Jerusalem s wall in the
M
e
gillat
Ta anit.
. 82
-
The victory over
Nicanor
......................... 82
-
Herod s capture of Jerusalem during a festival
........ 83
7.
Possible objections to the capture on Thursday
5
March
36
ВС
........................................... 84
-
Herod s capture of Jerusalem on a Saturday
.......... 84
-
Antigonus s rale
................................ 86
8.
Possible objections to Jerusalem s capture on
13
Adar
36
ВС
87
-
Herod s capture of Jerusalem on the Day of Atonement
87
XII TABLE OF
CONTENTS
-
The
introduction
of the Fast of Esther
............... 88
-
The motive
for the mourning......................
89
-
The creation of a fast on
13
Adar
................... 90
-
Evidence for the disappearance of a festive
13
Adar.
... 91
-
The survival of the Fast of Esther
.................. 93
-
The disappearance of
Nicanor
s
Day
................ 94
-
The coexistence of feasts and fasts
.................. 96
-
The preservation of
Nicanor
s
Day in the rabbinic tradition
98
C. Pompey s capture of Jerusalem
......................... 99
1.
Pompey s activities before Jerusalem s capture
.......... 99
2.
The year of Jerusalem s capture
...................... 101
3.
The day of Jerusalem s capture
...................... 101
-
The data found in ancient literature
................. 101
-
The conventional interpretation of the data
........... 101
-
A comparison between the years
63
ВС
and
36
ВС
.... 102
-
A new interpretation of the same day, the fast, and the
Sabbath
....................................... 103
-
A new interpretation of the third month
............. 105
4.
A possible objection to Jerusalem s capture on
5
March
63
ВС
.............................................. 106
-
Pompey s departure for Damascus in the spring
....... 106
-
Pompey s departure for Damascus in October
......... 107
5.
Evidence for Jerusalem s capture in early
63
ВС
........ 108
-
Soon after the provincialisation of Syria
............. 108
-
Pompey s actions following Jerusalem s capture
....... 108
-
The Hasmonean rulers
........................... 109
-
The era of Gadara
............................... 110
-
Scaurus s Nabatean campaign
..................... 110
6.
Evidence for Jerusalem s capture on
13
Adar
63
ВС
.....
Ill
-
The repair of Jerusalem s wall in the
M
e
gillat
Ta anit.
.
Ill
-
Pompey s capture of Jerusalem and Nicanor s defeat.
. .
Ill
7.
Pompey s capture of Jerusalem and Mithridates s death.
. . 112
-
The time setting of Mithridates s death
.............. 112
-
The historical setting of the news of Mithridates s death
112
-
Josephus or Plutarch
............................. 113
8.
Augustus s appointment as
pontifex maximus...........
115
-
Augustus s commemoration of Hyrcanus II
s
appoint¬
ment
............................................ 115
-
Augustus s attitude towards Hyrcanus II and the Jewish
cult
........................................... 116
D. Herod s regnal years
................................. 118
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
XIII
1.
The starting points for Herod s regnal years
............ 118
-
The two possible starting points
.................... 118
-
The starting point used by Herod
................... 119
-
The starting points used by Josephus s sources
........ 119
2.
The reckoning systems for Herod s regnal years
......... 120
-
The conventional proposals for Herod s regnal years.
. . 120
-
A new proposal for Herod s regnal years
............ 121
E. Conclusion
......................................... 122
Chapter two
-
Events dated by regnal years of Herod
...... 125
A. The earthquake in Herod s seventh year
.................. 125
1.
The earthquake in the spring of
31
ВС?
............... 125
2.
The earthquake in the spring of
30
ВС
................ 125
3.
The development of the conflict
..................... 127
4.
Evidence for the earthquake in the spring of
30
ВС
...... 129
-
The Sabbatical cycle
............................. 129
-
Hyrcanus II
s
request for assistance
................. 129
-
Malichus
I s
death
............................... 129
-
The Nabatean coinage and inscriptions
.............. 131
B. The founding of Samaria-Sebaste and the famine in Herod s
thirteenth year
....................................... 132
1.
The founding of Samaria-Sebaste
.................... 132
-
The founding of Samaria-Sebaste:
27
ВС
or
25
ВС?
... 132
-
The grant following the first Actiad
................. 133
-
A possible objection to the grant in
27
ВС
........... 135
-
Evidence for the grant in
27
ВС
.................... 136
-
The grant in
27
ВС
and the Syrian governorship
....... 137
2.
The famine
....................................... 138
-
The famine s end
................................ 138
-
The famine s beginning
........................... 139
-
The historical context
............................ 140
3.
Herod s thirteenth year
............................. 140
-
The conventional conversion of Herod s thirteenth year
. . 140
-
A new conversion of Herod s thirteenth year
......... 140
-
The campaign after Herod s thirteenth year
........... 140
-
The drought and the famine in Herod s thirteenth year.
. 141
4.
The Egyptian prefect during the famine
................ 142
-
The sequence of the first Egyptian prefects
........... 142
-
The conventional resolution for the Egyptian prefect during
the famine
..................................... 143
XIV TABLE OF
CONTENTS
-
A new resolution for the Egyptian prefect during the famine
144
C.
Augustus s visit to Syria in Herod s seventeenth year
....... 146
1.
The conventional conversion of Herod s seventeenth year.
146
2.
A new conversion of Herod s seventeenth year
.......... 147
D. The work on the Temple in Herod s fifteenth and eighteenth
years
.............................................. 147
1.
The conversions of Herod s fifteenth and eighteenth years
147
-
The apparent contradiction between B.J. and A.J.
..... 147
-
The consistency between B.J. and A.J.
.............. 148
-
The consecration of the Temple building and the Temple
enclosures
..................................... 149
-
The beginning of the work on the Temple enclosures before
the end of
20
ВС
................................ 150
-
The end of the work on the Temple enclosures before the
autumn of
15
ВС
................................ 151
2.
The Temple s dedication day
........................ 152
-
Herod s accession day
............................ 152
-
The date of the dedication
........................ 153
3.
Evidence for the dedication on
18
November
= 27
Heshvan
153
- 27
Heshvan in the Megillat Ta anit
................. 153
-
The dedications of Saint Peter s and Saint Paul s basilicas
in Rome
....................................... 154
-
The dedication of the
Nea
basilica in Jerusalem
....... 154
4.
Evidence for the dedication in
18
ВС
.................. 155
-
The Maccabean dedication and the Seleucid era
....... 155
-
The dedication of the
Nea
basilica
.................. 156
-
The historical context
............................ 156
5.
The beginning of the work on the Temple building
....... 157
-
The Festival of Pentecost of the year
19
ВС
.......... 157
-
The historical context
............................ 158
6.
The beginning of the work on the Temple enclosures
..... 158
-
The coincidence of the works on the palace and the enclos¬
ures
.......................................... 158
-
The coincidence of the works on the palace, the theatre,
and the amphitheatre
............................. 160
-
The historical context
............................ 162
-
A possible objection to the coincidence of the works in
25
ВС
......................................... 162
E. Caesarea s
completion in Herod s twenty-eighth year
....... 165
1.
The time setting of
Caesarea s
construction
............. 165
-
The data found in Josephus
........................ 165
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
XV
-
The conventional interpretations of the data
.......... 166
-
A new interpretation of the data
.................... 166
2.
Evidence for the beginning of
Caesarea s
construction in
20
ВС
........................................... 167
-
The conventional historical context
................. 167
-
The new historical context
........................ 167
-
The textual context
.............................. 168
3.
Evidence for the dedication of
Caesarea s
construction in
8
ВС
............................................ 168
-
A stone weight of Herod
.......................... 168
-
The historical context
............................ 170
-
The textual context
.............................. 171
-
A possible objection to
Caesarea s
dedication in
8
ВС
. . 172
4.
The Caesarean Games and the Olympiad cycle
.......... 174
-
The Olympic year of
8
ВС
........................ 174
-
One Olympiad after
12
ВС
........................ 174
-
Three Olympiads after
20
ВС
...................... 177
-
Four Olympiads after
24
ВС
....................... 177
-
Seven Olympiads after
36
ВС
..................... 177
5.
Caesarea s
construction and the tenth year
.............. 178
-
The tenth year of
Caesarea s
construction?
........... 178
-
Caesarea s
construction in the tenth year
............. 179
F. Conclusion
......................................... 180
Chapter three
-
Events not dated by year indications
....... 183
A. The first block:
37-25
ВС
............................. 183
1.
The executions of Aristobulus III, Joseph, and Hyrcanus II,
and Cleopatra s visit
............................... 183
2.
The executions of Sohemus, Mariamme I, Alexandra, Cos-
tobar, and
Baba s
sons
............................. 185
3.
Alexander and Aristobulus IV s journey to Rome
........ 186
-
Alexander and Aristobulus s departure in
27
ВС
....... 186
-
Alexander and Aristobulus s departure at the ages of nine
and eight
...................................... 187
-
Alexander and Aristobulus s education
.............. 188
4.
The appearances of Mariamme II and Simon, and the con¬
struction of Herodium
.............................. 189
B. The second block:
17-8
ВС
............................ 191
1.
Herod, Alexander, and Aristobulus IV in Rome
......... 191
2.
Herod s meetings with Marcus
Agrippa
................ 192
XVI TABLE OF
CONTENTS
3.
The first
conflict
.................................. 193
4.
The second
conflict
................................ 193
-
The time setting of the second conflict
.............. 193
-
A voyage to Rome?
............................. 194
5.
The third conflict
.................................. 194
6.
The fourth conflict
................................. 195
-
The time setting of the fourth conflict
............... 195
-
A voyage to Rome?
.............................. 196
7.
The fifth conflict
.................................. 197
-
The cause of the fifth conflict
...................... 197
-
The core of the fifth conflict
....................... 198
-
A consequence of the fifth conflict
.................. 200
8.
The sixth conflict
.................................. 201
C. Conclusion
......................................... 203
Chapter four
-
Conclusion
............................... 205
A. The history of Palestine
............................... 205
1.
A survey of the proposed and conventional chronologies.
. 205
2.
A comparison between the proposed and conventional chro¬
nologies
......................................... 211
-
The unaltered dates
.............................. 211
-
The altered dates
................................ 212
3.
The rationale behind the proposed chronology
........... 215
4.
The analysis of sources other than Josephus
............ 220
-
Ancient literature
................................ 220
-
Ancient epigraphy
............................... 221
-
Ancient numismatics
............................. 221
B. Josephus as historiographer
............................ 222
1.
The time settings for passages in the
Bellům
Judaicum.... 222
2.
The time settings for passages in the Antiquitates Judai-
cae
............................................. 223
3.
The structure of the
Bellům
Judaicum................. 226
4.
The structure of the Antiquitates Judaicae
.............. 227
-
A first block
.................................... 227
-
A second block
................................. 227
-
A third block
................................... 227
-
A fourth block
.................................. 228
-
A fifth block
................................... 228
-
The inverse sequence in B.J.
1.398-415
and A.J.
15.267-
363a
.......................................... 229
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
XVII
5.
Josephus s historical reliability
....................... 229
-
Misinterpretations on the part of scholars
............ 229
-
Misinterpretations on the part of Josephus
........... 230
Part two
-
The succession of Herod
Chapter one
-
The events of
5-2
ВС
....................... 235
A. Herod s death?
...................................... 235
1.
The chronological data for Herod s death
.............. 235
2.
A conventional interpretation: Herod s death in
5
ВС
.... 235
-
The eclipse of
15
September
5
ВС
.................. 235
-
Objections to Herod s death in
5
ВС
................ 236
3.
A conventional interpretation: Herod s death in
4
ВС
..... 237
-
The eclipse of
13
March
4
ВС
..................... 237
-
Objections to the eclipse of
13
March
4
ВС
.......... 238
-
Objections to Herod s death in early Nisan
........... 239
-
Objections to a reckoning from Nisan
40
ВС
or Nisan
37
ВС
until Nisan
3
ВС
........................... 240
B.
The oath to Augustus
................................. 243
1.
The oath in the provinces
........................... 243
-
The oath in Paphlagonia
.......................... 243
-
The oath at
Samos
............................... 244
-
The oath at Conobaria
............................ 245
-
Comparing the oaths
............................. 245
2.
The oath in Palestine
............................... 246
-
The conventional time setting of the oath in Palestine.
. 246
-
A new time setting of the oath in Palestine
........... 247
-
A possible objection to the oath on
6
March
3
ВС
..... 249
3.
Evidence for the oath in Syro-Palestine on
6
March
3
ВС
. 249
-
The coinage of Antioch
........................... 249
-
The coinage of Apamea
.......................... 250
-
The coinage of Ascalon
........................... 250
4.
A further objection to the oath on
6
March
3
ВС
........ 251
-
Antipater s voyage during Saturninus s governorship.
. . 251
-
Antipater s voyage after Saturninus s governorship
..... 251
-
Evidence for the voyage in
3
ВС
................... 252
C.
Herod s era
......................................... 253
1.
The conventional proposals for Herod s death after
3
ВС.
. 253
2.
A new proposal for Herod s death after
3
ВС
........... 255
-
The era of Herod
................................ 255
XVIII TABLE OF
CONTENTS
-
The era of
Agrippa
II
............................ 255
3.
The
reconstruction
of Herod s era
.................... 256
-
The coinage of
Paneas
........................... 256
-
An inscription at Quneitra
......................... 257
-
The conventional reconstruction of the era
........... 258
-
A new reconstruction of the era
.................... 259
4.
The plausibility of Herod s pater patriae era
........... 260
-
The significance of Augustus s title of pater patriae for
Herod
......................................... 260
-
The Roman presence on the coins of Herod s sons
..... 262
5.
The new era and the new calendar
.................... 263
-
The provenance of the Caesarean calendar
........... 263
-
The dating of the Caesarean calendar
................ 264
D. Evidence for Herod s era
.............................. 266
1.
A tomb inscription at
Marissá
........................ 266
-
The necropolis at
Marissá
......................... 266
-
Pheroras s sepulchre
............................. 267
-
Pheroras s death
................................ 269
2.
The founding of Bethsaida-Julias
..................... 269
-
A possible objection to Herod s era
................. 269
-
Evidence for Herod s era
.......................... 271
E. A
further objection to Herod s era
...................... 272
1.
Antipas
and Caligula in the year
43................... 272
2.
The coins of the years
24, 33, 34, 37,
and
43............ 274
-
The coins of the years
24, 33, 34,
and
37............ 274
-
The coins of the year
43.......................... 274
-
A comparison between the coins of the year
43
and the
years
24, 33, 34,
and
37.......................... 275
3.
The coins of the year
43
and Agrippa s year
5.......... 276
-
The conventional conversion of Agrippa s regnal years
. 276
-
A new conversion of Agrippa s regnal years
.......... 277
-
A posthumous minting for Caligula
................. 278
4.
Agrippa
I and a lead weight of the year
43............. 280
-
The conventional conversions of the year
43.......... 281
-
A new conversion of the year
43................... 282
5.
Tiberias and the coins of the year
43.................. 283
-
The minting activities at Tiberias
................... 283
-
The pp era at Tiberias
............................ 284
-
Caligula at Tiberias
.............................. 285
-
Antipas
at Tiberias
.............................. 286
F. Conclusion
......................................... 287
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
XIX
Chapter two
-
The events of
1
ВС
-l
AD
.................... 289
A. The troubles in the kingdom
........................... 289
1.
The calamities before Herod s death
.................. 289
-
Antipater s return from Rome
...................... 289
-
The execution of Matthias and his companions
........ 289
-
Matthias s high priesthood
........................ 291
2.
Herod s death
.................................... 292
-
Antipater s execution
............................. 292
-
Herod s death
.................................. 293
-
Herod s funeral
................................. 294
3.
The Pentecost War
................................ 296
-
Archelaus s accession
............................ 296
-
The preliminaries to the Pentecost War
.............. 297
-
The core of the Pentecost War
..................... 298
-
The end of the Pentecost War
...................... 298
-
The siege against Sabinus
......................... 299
4.
Evidence for Herod s death in
1
AD
.................. 302
-
Menahem s prophecy
............................ 302
-
Augustus s politics
.............................. 303
B. The Roman governors
................................ 305
1.
The Syrian governor of
4
ВС
-l
AD
................... 305
-
The conventional approach to the issue
.............. 305
-
A first conventional proposal: Quirinius
............. 306
-
A second conventional proposal:
Piso
............... 307
-
A further proposal:
Varas
......................... 309
2.
Gaius Caesar in Syria
.............................. 310
-
Gaius s departure for the East
..................... 310
-
The first hearing of Herod s sons in Rome
........... 314
-
The second hearing of Herod s sons in Rome
......... 315
-
Gaius as Syrian legate
............................ 316
3.
Gaius Caesar in Nabatea
............................ 317
-
The war against the Nabatean brigands in
1
AD
....... 317
-
Evidence for the Pentecost War and the Nabatean pillaging
in
1
AD
....................................... 319
4.
Gaius Caesar in
Judea
.............................. 321
-
The departure of the Roman legion from Jerusalem
.... 321
-
The departure led by Gaius
........................ 323
-
Gaius s neglect of worship in Jerusalem
............. 324
C. The Roman tribute in Herod s kingdom
.................. 324
1.
The Roman tribute in the non-royal client regimes
....... 325
XX
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
-
The client
republics
............................. 325
-
The client tribes without a king
.................... 325
-
The client territories of uncertain status
.............. 325
2.
The Roman tribute in the client kingdoms in the
3rd
and
2nd
centuries
ВС
..................................... 326
-
The client kingdom of Syracuse
.................... 326
-
The client kingdom of Illyria
...................... 327
-
The client kingdom of Macedonia
.................. 327
3.
The Roman tribute in the client kingdoms in the
1st
cen¬
tury
ВС
......................................... 328
-
The client kingdoms under Pompey
................. 328
-
The client kingdoms under Julius Caesar
............. 329
-
The client kingdoms under Antony
................. 330
-
The client kingdoms under Augustus
................ 331
4.
The Roman tribute in Palestine in the
1st
century
ВС
..... 332
-
Palestine under Pompey
.......................... 332
-
Palestine under Julius Caesar
...................... 333
-
Palestine under Antony
........................... 334
-
Palestine under Augustus
......................... 334
5.
The administration of the Roman tribute in Herod s kingdom
336
-
The continuation of Julius Caesar s tax regulations
..... 336
-
The conventional interpretations of Julius Caesar s tax
regulations
..................................... 338
-
A new interpretation: In the post-Sabbatical year
...... 340
-
A new interpretation: Once in seven years
........... 341
-
A new interpretation:
25%
of the civil tax revenue
.... 342
-
The cogency of the new interpretation
............... 343
6.
Evidence for the administration of the Roman tribute in
Herod s kingdom
................................. 344
-
The tax remissions during the rules of Herod and his sons
344
-
Indications for Roman tribute in Tishri
15/14
ВС
and
Tishri
1
BC/1 AD
............................... 346
-
Indications for Roman tribute in other post-Sabbatical
years
......................................... 347
-
The taxation near the end of Herod s rule
............ 349
D. Herod s reign of thirty-four and thirty-seven years
......... 349
1.
The thirty-four years in As.
Mos.
6.6.................. 350
2.
The starting point for the thirty-four years
............. 351
-
The end of Hasmonean authority
................... 351
-
The execution of a Hasmonean ruler
................ 352
-
The end of Aristobulus Ill s authority
............... 352
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
XXI
-
The moment of Aristobulus Ill s death
.............. 353
3.
Josephus s chronology for Herod
..................... 354
-
The plausibility of a chronological error by Josephus.
. . 354
-
Josephus s use of As.
Mos.
6.6..................... 355
-
The characteristics of Josephus s further sources
...... 356
E. Conclusion
......................................... 357
Chapter three
-
The coinage of the third year
.............. 359
A. The description of the coinage of the third year
............ 359
1.
The two groups among Herod s coins
................. 359
-
The differing inscriptions
......................... 359
-
The differing provenance
......................... 360
-
The differing iconography
........................ 361
-
The differing physical properties and values
.......... 362
2.
The significance of the designs on the coinage of the third
year
............................................ 363
-
The first type: A cap and a tripod
.................. 363
-
The second type: A shield and a crested helmet
....... 365
-
The third type: A poppy and a winged
caduceus
...... 365
-
The fourth type: A palm branch and an aphlaston
..... 365
B. The conventional interpretations of the coinage of the third year
366
1.
The monogram
................................... 366
-
The crux
ansata
................................. 366
-
The monogram
TP
.............................. 366
-
Objections to the interpretations of the monogram
TP.
. 367
2.
The third year
.................................... 370
-
A first conventional interpretation:
42-40
ВС
......... 370
-
A second conventional interpretation:
40-37
ВС
....... 371
-
A third conventional interpretation:
31-28
ВС
......... 372
-
A fourth conventional interpretation:
30-27
ВС
....... 372
-
A fifth conventional interpretation:
23-20
ВС
or
18-15
ВС
374
C.
A new interpretation of the coinage of the third year
........ 375
1.
The monogram PT
................................. 375
2.
The third year
.................................... 376
3.
The inscription King Herod
......................... 377
4.
The iconography
.................................. 378
5.
The provenance
................................... 379
-
A military minting
............................... 379
-
A tax minting
................................... 380
-
An honorific minting
............................. 380
XXII TABLE OF
CONTENTS
D.
Evidence
for the new interpretation of the coinage of the third
year
............................................... 380
1.
Coins similar to those of the first type
................. 381
-
The theoxenia of the Dioscuri
...................... 381
-
The tripod of Apollo
............................. 382
2.
Coins similar to those of the second type
............... 384
-
The shield
..................................... 384
-
The crested helmet
.............................. 385
3.
Coins similar to those of the third type
................ 386
-
The poppy of
Demeter........................... 386
-
The winged
caduceus
of Hermes
................... 386
4.
Coins similar to those of the fourth type
............... 387
-
The palm branch
................................ 387
-
The aphlaston
.................................. 388
5.
The coins of the Hasmoneans and
Varas
............... 388
-
The coins of the Hasmoneans
...................... 388
-
The coins of Varus
.............................. 389
6.
A comparison with the coins of Herod
................. 390
-
The coins of Herod and the Hasmoneans
............. 390
-
The dated coins of Herod and Varus
................ 391
7.
A comparison with the coins of Herod s sons
........... 391
E. Conclusion
......................................... 393
Chapter four
-
The reigns of Herod s sons
................. 395
A. The ethnarch
Archelaus............................... 395
1.
The return of Herod s sons to Palestine
................ 395
2.
Archelaus s deposition
............................. 395
3.
The duration of Archelaus s rule
..................... 396
-
Nine or ten years
................................ 396
-
A Sabbatical cycle
............................... 397
B. The
tetrarch
Philip
................................... 398
1.
Philip s coins
..................................... 398
2.
The time setting of Philip s death
..................... 398
-
The conventional time setting of Philip s death
........ 398
-
The New Years of Tiberius
s
regnal years
............ 399
-
Tiberius s first regnal year
........................ 401
-
A new time setting of Philip s death
................ 402
3.
Philip s death and Vitellius s meeting with Artabanus II
.. 403
4.
Philip s death and Vitellius s first visit to Jerusalem
...... 404
-
Vitellius s visits to Jerusalem
...................... 404
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
XXIII
-
Vitellius s first visit to Jerusalem following Philip s death
405
5.
Philip s death and
Agrippa
I s
departure for Italy
........ 407
-
Agrippa s
departure following Flaccus s disgrace
...... 407
-
Agrippa s
departure following Philip s death
.......... 409
C. The
tetrarch
Antipas..................................
410
1.
Antipas s coins
................................... 410
2.
Antipas s founding of Tiberias
....................... 410
-
The date of the founding
.......................... 410
-
Evidence for the founding in
22
AD
................ 411
3.
Antipas
at war
.................................... 413
-
Antipas
and Sejanus
............................. 413
-
Antipas
and Aretas IV
............................ 414
-
Antipas
and Philip
............................... 415
-
The year of the war
.............................. 418
-
Evidence for the war in
31
AD
..................... 419
-
A possible objection to the war in
31
AD
............ 419
D. Conclusion
......................................... 421
Chapter five
-
Conclusion
............................... 423
A. The history of Palestine
............................... 423
1.
A survey of the proposed and conventional chronologies.
. 423
2.
A comparison between the proposed and conventional chro¬
nologies
......................................... 427
-
The unaltered dates
.............................. 427
-
The altered dates
................................ 427
3.
The rationale behind the proposed chronology
.......... 430
4.
The analysis of sources other than Josephus
............ 434
-
Ancient literature
................................ 434
-
Ancient epigraphy
............................... 434
-
Ancient numismatics
............................. 435
B. Josephus as historiographer
............................ 437
1.
The time settings for passages in the
Bellům
Judaicum. .. . 437
2.
The time settings for passages in the Antiquitates Judaicae
438
3.
The structures of the
Bellům
Judaicum
and the Antiquitates
Judaicae
......................................... 440
-
A first block
.................................... 440
-
A second block
................................. 441
-
A third block
................................... 442
-
A fourth block
.................................. 442
-
The inverse sequence in B.J.
2.167-168
and AJ.
18.27-38 442
XXIV TABLE OF
CONTENTS
4.
Josephus s historical reliability......................
443
-
Misinterpretations on the part of scholars
............ 443
-
Misinterpretations on the part of Josephus
............ 443
Part three
-
New Testament events
Chapter one
-
The births of John the Baptist and Jesus
..... 447
A. Quirinius and the census
.............................. 447
1.
The census under Quirinius
......................... 447
2.
The census before Quirinius
......................... 449
-
The texts and translations of Luke
2:2............... 449
-
The superlative form
πρώτη
....................... 450
-
The genitive participle
ηγεμονεύοντος
.............. 452
-
The ellipse of
της γενομένης.....................
453
B.
The census in Tishri
1
BC/1 AD
........................ 454
1.
The historical setting of the ministry of John the Baptist
. . 454
2.
Tiberius s years in the Gospel of Luke
................. 455
-
Tiberius s years reckoned from a co-reign
............ 455
-
Tiberius s years reckoned from an individual reign
..... 457
-
Tiberius s years reckoned from a local New Year
...... 458
-
The census in relation to Jesus
s
baptism
............. 459
3.
The census of Tishri
1
BC/1 AD in the Gospel of Luke
. . . 460
-
The census throughout the entire Roman Empire
...... 460
-
The census in Palestine in the post-Sabbatical year Tishri
1
BC/1 AD
.................................... 461
-
Quirinius
s
census as a time reference
............... 462
C. Conclusion
......................................... 463
Chapter two
-
The ministries of John the Baptist and Jesus
.. 465
A. The ministry of John the Baptist and the beginning of Jesus
s
ministry
............................................ 465
1.
The first Passover during Jesus
s
ministry
.............. 465
-
The Temple constructed in forty-six years
............ 465
-
The Temple under construction for forty-six years
..... 466
-
The Temple constructed forty-six years ago
........... 467
-
A new time setting of the first Passover during Jesus
s
ministry
....................................... 468
2.
The ministry of John the Baptist
..................... 468
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
XXV
-
The ministry of John the Baptist and the first Passover
during Jesus s ministry
........................... 468
-
The imprisonment of John the Baptist
............... 470
-
The execution of John the Baptist in the winter of
30/31
AD
...................................... 470
3.
The first Passover during Jesus s ministry and the Sabbatical
cycle
............................................ 471
-
The references to the Sabbatical cycle in the Gospels.
. . 471
-
The historical setting of John
4:35-38............... 472
-
A possible objection to the setting in a non-Sabbatical
year
.......................................... 472
-
The first Passover in the non-Sabbatical year Tishri
29/30
AD
...................................... 473
B. The last Passover during Jesus s ministry
................. 474
1.
The weekday
..................................... 474
2.
The lunar day in the Gospel of John
.................. 474
3.
The lunar day in the Synoptics
....................... 475
4.
The lunar day in writings other than the Gospels
........ 476
5.
The lunar day in astronomy
......................... 477
6.
The crucifixion on
14
Nisan
33
AD
................... 478
-
The choice between the years
30
AD and
33
AD
...... 478
-
Evidence for the crucifixion on
14
Nisan
33
AD
....... 479
С
The duration of Jesus s ministry
........................ 481
1.
A ministry of one year
............................. 481
2.
A ministry of more than one year
..................... 483
3.
A ministry of three and a half years
................... 485
-
A ministry of three years and some months
........... 485
-
A possible symbolism in Luke
13:6-9............... 485
-
A possible typology in Luke
4:25
and
Jas
5:17........ 486
-
A ministry from Tishri
29
AD until Nisan
33
AD
...... 486
D. Conclusion
......................................... 487
Chapter three
-
The
apoštoláte
of Paul
................... 489
A. The chronological indications found in the Acts of the Apostles
489
1.
The first visit to bring aid to
Judea
.................... 490
-
Famine throughout the entire Roman Empire
......... 490
-
The famine following Claudius s accession
........... 490
-
The aid for
Judea
............................... 491
2.
The second visit to bring aid to
Judea
................. 492
-
The visits in Acts
11 .-29-30
and Acts
12:25.......... 492
XXVI TABLE OF
CONTENTS
-
The
famine
following
Agrippa
I s
death
............. 493
-
The first missionary journey
....................... 495
3.
The participation in the Council of Jerusalem
........... 496
-
The Council of Jerusalem shortly before the Sabbatical
year
.......................................... 496
-
The second missionary journey
..................... 496
4.
The visit to the church of Jerusalem en route from Corinth
to Antioch
....................................... 499
-
A new visit to the church of Jerusalem
.............. 499
-
The third missionary journey
...................... 501
5.
The imprisonments in Jerusalem and Caesarea
.......... 503
-
The high priest and the Roman governor
............. 503
-
Evidence for the year
54
AD
...................... 505
6.
The departure from Caesarea for Rome
................ 507
-
The departure in the autumn of
56
AD
............... 507
-
The plausibility of the year
56
AD
.................. 507
-
Evidence for the year
56
AD
...................... 510
B. The chronological indications found in the Pauline Epistles
. . 511
1.
The introduction into the church of Jerusalem during the rule
of Aretas IV
...................................... 511
2.
The introduction into the church of Jerusalem fourteen years
before writing
2
Corinthians
......................... 513
-
The vision at the time of the introduction into the church
of Jerusalem
.................................... 513
-
The vision fourteen years before writing
2
Corinthians.
514
-
The historical context
............................ 515
-
The subsequent stay in Syria-Cilicia
................ 515
3.
The conversion on the road from Jerusalem to Damascus.
515
-
The conversion after Pilate s dismissal
.............. 515
-
The conversion before Jonathan s dismissal
.......... 516
4.
The fourteen years in Gal
2:1........................ 517
-
The fourteen years in
2
Cor
12:2
and Gal
2:1......... 517
-
The fourteen years and several visits to Jerusalem
..... 520
-
The numbers three and fourteen
.................... 521
-
The conventional interpretations of the fourteen years.
. 522
С
Conclusion
......................................... 524
Chapter four
-
Conclusion
............................... 527
A. History in the New Testament
.......................... 527
1.
A survey of the proposed and conventional chronologies.
. 527
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
XXVII
2.
The rationale behind the proposed chronologies for John the
Baptist and Jesus
.................................. 530
3.
The rationale behind the proposed chronology for Paul.
. . 531
General conclusion
A. History
............................................ 537
1.
The history of Palestine
............................ 537
-
The Sabbatical cycle as background
................. 537
-
Famine as background
........................... 538
-
The background of diplomatic activities
............. 538
-
The background of building activities
............... 539
2.
The history of Rome
............................... 540
-
Pompey s career
................................ 541
-
Antony s career
................................. 541
-
Augustus s career
............................... 541
-
Gaius Caesar s career
............................ 542
-
Sejanus s career
................................. 543
3.
The history of Syria
................................ 544
-
The chronology of the governors of Syria
............ 544
-
The history of Syria at the time of Herod
............ 544
-
The history of Syria at the time of Herod s sons
....... 545
4.
The history of Nabatea
............................. 545
-
The chronology of the kings of Nabatea
............. 546
-
The history of Nabatea at the time of Hyrcanus II and
Herod
......................................... 546
-
The history of Nabatea at the time of Herod s sons.
. . . 547
B. Politics
............................................ 547
1.
The Herodian dynasty and Rome
..................... 547
-
Herod s attitude towards Rome
.................... 547
-
Herod s (grand)sons attitudes towards Rome
......... 548
-
Rome s attitude towards its client territories
.......... 548
2.
The Herodian dynasty and the Hasmoneans
............. 549
-
Herod s attitude towards the Hasmoneans
............ 549
-
Herod s sons attitudes towards the Hasmoneans
...... 550
С
Culture
............................................ 551
1.
Ancient calendars and year indications
................ 551
-
Lunar calendars
................................. 551
-
Solar calendars
................................. 551
-
Regnal years
................................... 552
-
Eras
.......................................... 552
XXVIII
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
2.
Hellenistic-Roman and Jewish elements in Herodian culture.
553
-
Hellenistic-Roman timekeeping in Palestine
.......... 553
-
Jewish timekeeping in Palestine
.................... 554
-
Palestine in Roman timekeeping
.................... 555
3.
The symbiosis of Hellenistic-Roman and Jewish elements
in Herodian culture
................................ 556
-
The integration of secular Hellenistic-Roman elements
. 556
-
The exclusion of pagan Hellenistic-Roman elements
.. . 556
D. Religion
........................................... 557
-
The ancient Jewish tradition
....................... 557
-
The early Christian tradition
....................... 557
Bibliography
A. Ancient literature
.................................... 561
B. Ancient papyrology
.................................. 567
C. Ancient epigraphy
................................... 568
D. Ancient numismatics
................................. 569
E. Dictionaries and encyclopedias
......................... 569
F. Modern works
...................................... 570
Indices
A. Josephus
........................................... 617
1.
Bellům
Judaicum.................................. 617
2.
Antiquitates Judaicae
.............................. 621
3.
Contra Apionem
.................................. 629
4.
Vita
............................................ 629
B. The Bible
.......................................... 629
1.
The Old Testament
................................ 629
2.
The New Testament
............................... 631
C. Ancient literature
.................................... 635
1.
The classical works
................................ 635
2.
The apocrypha and pseudepigrapha
................... 641
3.
The Jewish tradition
................................ 642
4.
The Christian tradition
............................. 643
D. Ancient papyrology
.................................. 644
E. Ancient epigraphy
................................... 644
F. Ancient numismatics
................................. 645
G. General index
....................................... 647
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Mahieu, Bieke |
| author_facet | Mahieu, Bieke |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Mahieu, Bieke |
| author_variant | b m bm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039533459 |
| classification_rvk | BC 8740 NY 4300 |
| ctrlnum | (gbd)1015679 (OCoLC)745332921 (DE-599)BVBBV039533459 |
| dewey-full | 930 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 930 - History of ancient world to ca. 499 |
| dewey-raw | 930 |
| dewey-search | 930 |
| dewey-sort | 3930 |
| dewey-tens | 930 - History of ancient world to ca. 499 |
| discipline | Geschichte Theologie / Religionswissenschaften |
| era | Geschichte 40 v. Chr.-39 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 40 v. Chr.-39 |
| format | Thesis Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| id | DE-604.BV039533459 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-02-03T17:28:01Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789042924970 9042924977 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024385694 |
| oclc_num | 745332921 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-739 DE-11 DE-M491 DE-12 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-188 DE-20 DE-521 |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-739 DE-11 DE-M491 DE-12 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-188 DE-20 DE-521 |
| physical | XXXVIII, 668 S. Ill. |
| psigel | gbd_4_1305 |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Peeters |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta |
| series2 | Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta |
| spellingShingle | Mahieu, Bieke Between Rome and Jerusalem Herod the Great and his sons in their struggle for recognition ; a chronological investigation of the period 40 BC - 39 AD, with a time setting of New Testament events Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta Herodes I. Judäa, König v73-v4 (DE-588)118549847 gnd Chronologie (DE-588)4010178-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)118549847 (DE-588)4010178-2 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Between Rome and Jerusalem Herod the Great and his sons in their struggle for recognition ; a chronological investigation of the period 40 BC - 39 AD, with a time setting of New Testament events |
| title_auth | Between Rome and Jerusalem Herod the Great and his sons in their struggle for recognition ; a chronological investigation of the period 40 BC - 39 AD, with a time setting of New Testament events |
| title_exact_search | Between Rome and Jerusalem Herod the Great and his sons in their struggle for recognition ; a chronological investigation of the period 40 BC - 39 AD, with a time setting of New Testament events |
| title_full | Between Rome and Jerusalem Herod the Great and his sons in their struggle for recognition ; a chronological investigation of the period 40 BC - 39 AD, with a time setting of New Testament events by Bieke Mahieu |
| title_fullStr | Between Rome and Jerusalem Herod the Great and his sons in their struggle for recognition ; a chronological investigation of the period 40 BC - 39 AD, with a time setting of New Testament events by Bieke Mahieu |
| title_full_unstemmed | Between Rome and Jerusalem Herod the Great and his sons in their struggle for recognition ; a chronological investigation of the period 40 BC - 39 AD, with a time setting of New Testament events by Bieke Mahieu |
| title_short | Between Rome and Jerusalem |
| title_sort | between rome and jerusalem herod the great and his sons in their struggle for recognition a chronological investigation of the period 40 bc 39 ad with a time setting of new testament events |
| title_sub | Herod the Great and his sons in their struggle for recognition ; a chronological investigation of the period 40 BC - 39 AD, with a time setting of New Testament events |
| topic | Herodes I. Judäa, König v73-v4 (DE-588)118549847 gnd Chronologie (DE-588)4010178-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Herodes I. Judäa, König v73-v4 Chronologie Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024385694&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000004770 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mahieubieke betweenromeandjerusalemherodthegreatandhissonsintheirstruggleforrecognitionachronologicalinvestigationoftheperiod40bc39adwithatimesettingofnewtestamentevents |