Socialno-demografski posledici ot statusa na ženite na pazara na truda v Bălgarija v načaloto na XXI vek
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Bulgarian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sofija
Akad. Izdat. "Prof. Marin Drinov"
2011
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Socialno-demografski posledici ot statusa na ženite na pazara na truda v Bălgarija v načaloto na XXI vek |c Marija Nikolova |
| 264 | 1 | |a Sofija |b Akad. Izdat. "Prof. Marin Drinov" |c 2011 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
УВОД
/5
СТАТУСЪТ НА ЖЕНИТЕ НА ПАЗАРА НА ТРУДА
/ 11
Заетост и качество на заетостта на жените
/ 11
Икономическа активност, заетост и безработица при жените
/ 11
Разпределение на жените по икономически сектори и по статус в заетостта
/ 33
Дискриминацията на работното място
/ 43
Неравенство в заплащането на труда
/ 48
СОЦПАЛНО-ДЕМОГРАФСКИ ПОСЛЕДИЦИ ОТ НЕРАВНОСТОЙНИЯ
СТАТУС НА ЖЕНИТЕ НА ПАЗАРА НА ТРУДА
/ 54
Икономическа зависимост на жените от работодателя
u
държавата
/ 54
Статусът на жените в семейството -рефлексия на статуса им на пазара на труда
/ 59
Материално-финансова зависимост на жените в семейството
/ 59
Между традиционния и модерния семеен модел
/ 66
Жените поемат основната част от домашния труд
/ 76
Конфликтът между платен и неплатен труд
/ 81
Материално-финансова зависимост и насилие в семейството
/ 89
Трудовата и социалната несигурност на жените като причина за дестабилизи¬
ране на техния здравен статус
/ 96
Материално-финансова зависимост, нарастване
на дискомфорта при
жените и вло¬
шаване на здравето им
/ 96
Потребността от сигурност в заетостта
-
първостепенна сред социалните потреб¬
ности
/ 99
Пеихо-социални и здравни проблеми на трудовата заетост иа жените
/ 102
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
/107
ЛИТЕРАТУРА/
112
РЕЗЮМЕ ПА АНГЛИЙСКИ ЕЗИК
/116
120
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
/ 5
THE STATUS OF WOMEN ON THE LABOR MARKET
/ 11
Employment and quality of employment of women
/11
Economic activity, employment and unemployment of women
/11
Distribution of women per economic sectors and per status of employment
/ 33
Discrimination on the employment place
/43
Inequality in the payment of labor
/48
SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CONSEQUENCES OF THE UNFAIR STATUS
OF WOMEN ON THE LABOR MARKET
/ 54
Economic dependency of women from the employer and the State
/ 54
The status of women in the family
—
a reflection of their status on the labor market
/ 59
Material-financial dependency of women in the family
/ 59
Between the traditional and modern family model
/ 66
Women taking over the main part of the domestic work
/ 76
The conflict between paid and not-paid labor
/ 81
Material-financial dependency and violence in the family
/ 89
Labor and social insecurity of women as a reason for destabilization of their health
status
/ 96
Material-financial dependency, increasing of discomfort for women and worsening of
their health
/ 96
The need for security in the employment
-
the primary need among social needs
/ 99
Psycho-social and health problems of women s labor employment
/102
CONCLUSION/
107
BIBLIOGRAPHY
/112
SUMMARY
/116
121
SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CONSEQUENCES
FROM THE STATUS OF WOMEN ON THE
LABOR MARKET IN BULGARIA
AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21st CENTURY
S
ummary
The monograph treats as an extremely pressing the issue of the sta¬
tus of Bulgarian women on the labor market in the last ten years as well
as its social-demographic consequences, recognizing their trials to rear¬
range the professional, familial, and civil roles in times of liberalism.
Such a survey is even more significant taking under consideration the
new risks, which the present economic crisis imposes.
In the first part of the book, the real picture of the status of women
on the labor market of Bulgaria is present, based on abundant empiri¬
cal material from the official statistics and specialized
sociologie
and
economic analysis, and this picture is compared with the tendencies in
other European countries. The multi-aspectual and contiguous analysis
of the subject leads to significant generalizations and the formulation of
imminent pressing problems, in particular the growing differences in the
employment of both sexes for a comparatively short amount of time; the
higher unemployment for women, compared to that of men; the drastic
differences in their salaries, which lead to social inequalities.
One of the main conclusions in this context is that even in the sec¬
ond decade of transition to the market economy, the women are put into
more complicated socio-economic conditions, affecting their employ¬
ment. Although the high participation of women on the labor market
remains the same, there are essential changes in the distribution of the
paid labor. From almost equal participation of women and men in
1989,
today men are with relatively better employment and are dominating the
private sector as contractors and own-account workers (self-employed).
Women predominate in the lower-paid, but more secure, state sector, in
the lower levels of the private sector and in the non-paid family sector.
In that relation, Bulgaria does not depart from the general tendency of all
transforming ex-socialistic countries.
116
The indicated aspects of less favorable status on the market labor,
which determines the lower socio-economic status of the women, the
less income, as well as the absence of differentiated protective networks,
put not a few women under the line of poverty. The generalized results,
regarding the comparison of incomes, show that the women share of
income from main and additional work represents
76.5%
of the men
share of income. The shown differences in total incomes between men
and women remain the same up to, and including, the year of
2008,
with
small deviations. In some sectors, the deviations reach even up to
30%
due to the observed segregation of sexes: vertical segregation (women
occupy the lower levels in the professional hierarchy) and horizontal
(women predominate in sectors, fields and branches of economy, where
the labor is low-paid).
The second part of the monograph is devoted to the identification
of social-demographic consequences from the unequal status of women
on the labor market and their contemporary dimensions, expressed in
economic dependency of women, unequal chance for personal and car¬
rier development, social insecurity, and asymmetry in the distribution
of domestic labor and care for children. In Bulgaria, these aspects of
social-demographic consequences from the status of the women on the
labor market are studied in smaller degree, compared to the influence of
the same aspects on women s matrimonial and reproductive behavior.
Such analyses are extremely needed when the problem of collaboration
between the professional labor and motherhood becomes more press¬
ing and new efficient mechanisms are needed for the overcoming of the
conflicting between those two factors.
The economic dependency is a key part in the chain, leading to
gender inequality. An immediate reason for the financial dependency of
women in family is either the absence of personal income or its insuf¬
ficiency, especially typical for some categories of women. As a rule,
the women dependency is connected to marriage, family and taking
care over the children, while the men dependency is mainly due to lack
of realization on the labor market. The more unqualified status of the
women on the labor market, the higher their work load with domestic
labor. The frequent interrupting of the paid labor makes them diffident
and their constant connection with home and family
-
less mobile. This
comes into contradiction with the main characteristics of the labor on the
economy market nowadays
-
dynamism, flexibility, and mobility, which
are hardly achievable for women.
Some empirical data is analyzed in the book, which at first sight
demonstrates not easily explainable adjustment of women: traditional
gender separation in the family is fine for not a few of them. In this
117
context,
there is an accent on the need of cautiousness in the conclusions
while interpreting the Bulgarian reality. The dominant separation of the
labor often settles both partners and their contribution for the economic
prosperity of the family is acknowledged as functionally equivalent. Ad¬
ditionally, here the traditional economic role of women is always sig¬
nificant when the family income is not sufficient. If in the families with
medium and higher income the dominating model for distribution of
the resources and the authority is either the egalitarian or the patriarchal
model, in the families with lower than the medium incomes, the women
sometimes possess even bigger economic authority. When the man is
not in condition to provide the sufficient income, the role of the woman
in the family increases because of her abilities to find unpaid sources
of support, she controls the family budget and ensures the ability of the
family to exist in the given conditions. In that case there is often an
inversion of the traditional gender roles
-
not the man, but the woman
controls the incomes and the expenses.
The big question appears
—
to what extent the dominant gender
model today, which has showed a sufficient stability in times of changes,
can be considered as still functioning efficiently, or it has to be con¬
sidered as incongruous with the period of transition and its inherent
serious challenges. The given arguments support the thesis that the in¬
herited gender order sharpens the problems of the family couples, does
not allow men and women to react adequately and be flexible enough
to the challenges of the economic reforms and, especially, to the chal¬
lenges of the financial and economic crisis. The inherited roles from
the past forbid to men a number of domestic activities and overload the
women, obstructing their adaptation to the new labor market; addition¬
ally, the inherited roles do not work for the production of the needed
gender solidarity . And still, the observations show that with higher
education and young family couples, the partnership relationships are
being applied more and more and are gaining the upper hand over the
traditional, hierarchic model of labor separation.
Another important aspect that is theoretically and empirically pres¬
ent in the book is the economic dependency of women as one of the
constant factors for the occurrence of some form of violence from the
husband/ the intimate partner. Even in the absence of direct suppression,
violence or limitation of the rights, the financial-economic dependency
evokes psychological discomfort, low self-assessment, and serious de-
stabilization of the health. This is not accidentally due to the fact that the
labor employment and the incomes from it are respectively connected
to the essential characteristics of a person, like the confidence, especially
the economic confidence. The discomfort occurs in its higher degree
118
when the woman does not work and falls completely under someone
else s material dependency. Then her psychical and physical health is
strongly in danger and this is a threat for the family prosperity and the
psychical health of the children.
The dynamics of the social-economic uncertainty and dependency
of women confirms the fact that both the private and the public sphere
are narrowly interconnected and the position of the women in one of
them directly affects their position in the other one, which determines
a vicious cycle of dependency: the financial-economic dependency in
family justifies the traditional gender distribution of labor, which weak¬
ens women s positions in negotiating more resources and rights within
the family; from another side, the overload from domestic issues and
domestic work, the interruptions of the labor career degrades the concur¬
rence of women on the labor market and are reasons for low incomes,
which are the basic of the economic dependency within the family.
119
|
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| geographic | Bulgarien fes Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Bulgarien |
| id | DE-604.BV039476249 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-24T02:12:03Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789543224005 |
| language | Bulgarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024193525 |
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| physical | 121 S. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Akad. Izdat. "Prof. Marin Drinov" |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Nikolova, Marija P. Socialno-demografski posledici ot statusa na ženite na pazara na truda v Bălgarija v načaloto na XXI vek Arbeitsmarkt fes Bevölkerungssoziologie fes Frauenarbeit fes Arbeitsmarkt (DE-588)4002733-8 gnd Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 gnd Sozialstatus (DE-588)4077618-9 gnd Sozioökonomischer Wandel (DE-588)4318539-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4002733-8 (DE-588)4018202-2 (DE-588)4077618-9 (DE-588)4318539-3 (DE-588)4008866-2 |
| title | Socialno-demografski posledici ot statusa na ženite na pazara na truda v Bălgarija v načaloto na XXI vek |
| title_auth | Socialno-demografski posledici ot statusa na ženite na pazara na truda v Bălgarija v načaloto na XXI vek |
| title_exact_search | Socialno-demografski posledici ot statusa na ženite na pazara na truda v Bălgarija v načaloto na XXI vek |
| title_full | Socialno-demografski posledici ot statusa na ženite na pazara na truda v Bălgarija v načaloto na XXI vek Marija Nikolova |
| title_fullStr | Socialno-demografski posledici ot statusa na ženite na pazara na truda v Bălgarija v načaloto na XXI vek Marija Nikolova |
| title_full_unstemmed | Socialno-demografski posledici ot statusa na ženite na pazara na truda v Bălgarija v načaloto na XXI vek Marija Nikolova |
| title_short | Socialno-demografski posledici ot statusa na ženite na pazara na truda v Bălgarija v načaloto na XXI vek |
| title_sort | socialno demografski posledici ot statusa na zenite na pazara na truda v balgarija v nacaloto na xxi vek |
| topic | Arbeitsmarkt fes Bevölkerungssoziologie fes Frauenarbeit fes Arbeitsmarkt (DE-588)4002733-8 gnd Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 gnd Sozialstatus (DE-588)4077618-9 gnd Sozioökonomischer Wandel (DE-588)4318539-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Arbeitsmarkt Bevölkerungssoziologie Frauenarbeit Frau Sozialstatus Sozioökonomischer Wandel Bulgarien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024193525&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024193525&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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