Hrvatski nacionalni simboli
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| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Heraldry / Croatia | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Flags / Croatia | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Emblems, National / Croatia | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
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| 651 | 4 | |a Croatia / History | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804147997290790912 |
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| adam_text | Summary
Contemporary Croatian national symbols, coat of arms and flag, are based on
the old Croatian coat of arms and contemporary national tricolor. Although
their use as national symbols may be followed since mid-19th century, they are
based on the old Croatian coat of arms (colors of the flag are based on colors rep¬
resented in the three Croatian territorial coats of arms).
This coat of arms comprised of three traditional Croatian territorial coats of
arms (Croatian checked one, Dalmatian and Slavonian coat of arms). The first
one of them to be recorded is the Dalmatian coat of arms, which appeared at the
late 14th century during the reign of Hungarian-Croatian king Louis of
Anjou.
For decades, this coat of arms represented the Croatian Kingdom in coats of
arms of Hungarian-Croatian rulers from various dynasties, which is evidenced
in their official seals and coins. The oldest known Croatian checked coat of arms
is the one painted in
1495
on the vault of the porch of a building in Innsbruck,
Austria. Appearance of this coat of arms suggests its much older origin but so far
there are no historic sources to verify this assumption. Still, it has to be noted
that, no so long ago, known and available sources dated the oldest appearance
of this coat of arms at mid-third decade of the 16th century. In
1527
this coat of
arms represented the Croatian Kingdom in the seal of the kingdom (SIGILLUM
REGNI),
affixed to the charter from assembly in
Cetingrad
January
01,1527
by
which the Croatian estates elected Ferdinand
I Habsburg
for the king of Croa¬
tia. Thus the Croatian checked coat of arms was used for the first time as the
state coat of arms of the Croatian Kingdom. Finally we should make reference
to the coat of arms of
Slavonia,
instituted in
1496
by Hungarian-Croatian king
Władysław II Jagiellonczyk.
As he noted in his charter, it was in fact the confir¬
mation of the old Slavonian coat of arms. This is evidenced by images of marten
and six-point star („Morning Star ) as important elements of this coat of arms
on the coins of Slavonian bans (viceroys) from 13th and 14th centuries.
It is certain that at the end of the 15th century all three Croatian territorial coats
of arms existed and in the next decades they came into more frequent use jointly,
first of all on coins and seals of rulers (since
1527
this was the
Habsburg
dynasty).
At the beginning of the 17th century the three Croatian territorial coats of arms
were depicted for the first time together on one shield, as it became common
later in the 19th century. This is the image on the so-called Croatian coin of
Matthias II (minted between
1613
and
1616)
and on the three-part single coat of
arms on the tomb of the Croatian viceroy
Toma Bakač
Erdödy
from
1624.
Three Croatian territorial coats of arms have since been frequently used to¬
gether, albeit on special shields. At the same time variations in their appearances
were recorded, which especially relates to the Croatian checked coat of arms.
There are numerous variations of this coat of arms that differ in the number of
fields and in the color of the first field. There are no evidence that one variation
would be the right one and the other ones wrong ones . All these variations
are being used simultaneously and equally on seals, charters and flags and their
use, with the use of contemporary language, could be described as official use of
Croatian state symbols. Only later, in the second half of the 19th century, use of
Croatian checked coat of arms with
25
fields prevailed, while discussions on the
right color of the first field are ongoing even today.
The first half of the 19th century brought increasingly frequent use of the three
Croatian Croatian territorial coats of arms on a single shield as a three-part coat
of arms of the Three-part Kingdom of
Dalmaţia,
Croatian and
Slavonia.
The be¬
ginning of the Croatian national revival (Illyrian movement) for the Croatian
public meant laudation and mass use of Illyrian symbol Leljiva (silver crescent
and six-point Morning Star on the red surface). It became more than a symbol
of a movement and it became mass used with the three mentioned coats of arms.
Revival movement initiated the process of contemporary Croatian national in¬
tegration and creation of the modern Croatian nation. Within the scope of this
revival the state symbols of the Three-part Kingdom increasingly became na¬
tional symbols. At the same time, the Illyrian Leljiva increasingly becomes a part
of the common coat of arms of the Three-part Kingdom which especially be¬
came expressed in the revolutionary
1848
when there were hardly any coats of
arms that did not contain a shield with Leljiva.
The same year marks the birth of the contemporary Croatian national flag.
Earlier flags were primarily flags of Croatian viceroys that, as symbols of
viceroys, at the same time represented the Three-part Kingdom. At the same
time there were no possibilities for mass use of such flags so it may be said that
Croatian flag, as it means today, did not even exist.
All of that changed in
1848.
The contemporary Croatian national tricolor red-
white-blue was adopted then and since the very beginnings it became mass used.
At the same time it became the Croatian state flag. This is confirmed by the fact
that the viceroy flag of
Josip Jelačić,
made for his inauguration for the viceroy,
was the Croatian tricolor on whose obverse, in the central white field, the three
Croatian territorial coats of arms were depicted, crowned with one crown, be¬
neath which was a red field with the Illyrian Leljiva. This flag survived until
today.
In the period from
1848
and during the following years the Croatian tricolor
(with the coat of arms or without it) was mass used and it became ingrained as
the Croatian national and state flag. Due to this fact, a temporary ban during the
Bach absolutism (introduced in
1852)
could not harm the flag and after the
downfall of absolutism in
1860
the tricolor came back into the mass use. That
year, the new Croatian viceroy
Josip Sokčević
commissioned a flag for his inau¬
guration that in many respects was a copy of the viceroy flag of the viceroy
Je¬
lačić
from
1848.
Thus the tricolor was confirmed as the state flag of the
Three-part Kingdom. At the same time, the coat of arms of the Three-part King¬
dom continued to be in use, even mass use of such coat of arms with Leljiva that
was identical to coats of arms used in
1848.
In the period until sixties in the 19th century, occasional independent use of
the Croatian checked coat of arms as a kind of general Croatian coat of arms was
recorded. The example of the sign from Gaj s travelling bag (its use was recorded
on numerous other objects), that comprised of Illyrian Leljiva and fields of Croa¬
tian checked coat of arms indicates that such tendencies existed during the pe¬
riod of Croatian national revival. These tendencies still did not prevail and after
that for decades the coat of arms of the Three-part Kingdom was used.
This coat of arms was confirmed as the coat of arms of the Three-part King¬
dom in provisions of the Croatian-Hungarian agreement
{Nagodba)
from
1868
but these provisions also stipulate for official use of Hungarian crown of St.
Stephen. Since then the crown mandatory appears on all depictions of the coat
of arms of the Three-part Kingdom in official use. However, the settlement did
not stipulate the exact appearance of the coat of arms. In spite of recorded ef¬
forts to stipulate this issue during the following decades, especially with the cor¬
responding order of Department for Internal Affairs of the Royal
Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian government from
1876,
such standardization
never occurred. Due to this fact, until the breakdown of the Austrian-Hungar¬
ian Monarchy different variations of the coat of arms were in use in the Three-
part Kingdom. These variations primarily differed in the number of fields and the
color of the first field of Croatian checked coat of arms. It should be noted that
literature refers to the phantom Act
XVIII
of the Croatian Parliament from
1883
that allegedly stipulated the use of the Croatian checked coat of arms with
25
fields and the first silver (white) field. Such Act never existed in this form. Study¬
ing of available sources showed that quotes from this phantom Act in fact cor¬
respond to description of the Croatian checked coat of arms in Description and
draft of the special coat of arms of Hungary and joint coat of arms of lands
within the realm of the crown of St. Stephen from
1896.
Examination of numerous examples of officially used coats of arms of the
Three-part Kingdom does not provide grounds for conclusion what shape of the
Croatian checked coat of arms prevailed. This primarily refers to the color of the
initial field (silver-white or red). It is only certain that the use of coat of arms with
25
fields prevailed. Today the most famous coat of arms of the Three-part King¬
dom (although not crowned with St. Stephen s crown) is the one on the roof of
St. Mark s Church in Zagreb, dated
1878.
The Croatian checked coat of arms
on that roof contains
25
fields and the first field is white. This roof became one
of the well known symbols of the City of Zagreb and Croatia. Numerous images
in books and magazines, postcards and works of art made coats of arms from the
roof of St. Mark s Church known to virtually every Croat and it is reasonable to
assume that they influenced their relation towards the Croatian national symbols.
In order to answer the question which color prevailed on the first field of the
Croatian checked coat of arms until
1918,
we should also consider its unofficial
use as independent and general Croatian coat of arms and the use within the
scope of the joint coat of arms of lands within the realm of the crown of St.
Stephen.
The latter came into use only after the Croatian-Hungarian settlement al¬
though similar composite coats of arms were occasionally used before
1848.
Pur¬
suant to Article
63
of the
Nagodba
„joint coats of arms of kingdoms of Hungary,
Dalmaţia,
Croatia and
Slavonia
are to be used as symbol (emblem) of all joint af¬
fairs of the Hungarian realm . At the same time, this coat of arms represented
the translatanian part of the Monarchy. On the territory of Vice Kingdom of
Croatia it was used in all affairs designated by the
1868
settlement as joint affairs
for all countries within the realm of the crown of St. Stephen. Thus it was dis¬
played on the railway, army barracks and flags of Croatian home guard (i.e.
Croatian part of Royal Hungarian home guard), tax and other financial offices
and other joint institutions.
Since the beginnings the joint coat of arms comprised of coats of arms of Hun¬
gary, Croatia,
Dalmaţia, Slavonia
and Transylvania. Soon afterwards the coat of
arms of
Rijeka
was incorporated. There are different varieties of this coat of
arms, especially in respect to position of coats of arms of
Dalmaţia
and Croatia.
Since the beginnings, almost as a rule, the Croatian checked coat of arms con¬
tained
25
fields and most frequently the first field was white. Appearance of the
joint coat of arms was finally stipulated in Description and draft of the special
coat of arms of Hungary and joint coat of arms of countries from the Hungar¬
ian realm from
1896.
Article
61
of the Croatian-Hungarian Agreement stipulated that in the terri¬
tory of the Three-part Kingdom „in autonomous affairs
(...)
within the borders
of kingdoms of
Dalmaţia,
Croatia and
Slavonia,
joint colors should be used
[which relates both to the flag and colors on marks and poles]. Besides, Article
63
stipulated that „during the discussion on common affairs
(...)
besides the Hun¬
garian flag, the joint flag of kingdoms of
Dalmaţia,
Croatia and
Slavonia
shall be
displayed on the building in which joint session of countries of the Hungarian
realm is being held. It would be logical that on the basis of above mentioned
provisions of the Settlement the Parliament of the Three-part Kingdom of
Dal¬
maţia,
Croatia and
Slavonia
or the government of the Kingdom passed appro¬
priate enactments that would stipulate the appearance and methods of use. In
reality, it took many years to start dealing with this problem and issues were
never fully resolved. Still, since the beginning it was clear that the flag of the
Three-part Kingdom is already customary Croatian national tricolor red-white-
blue. At the same time it should be emphasized that in the period after the Set¬
tlement there were many examples of the Croatian tricolor that contained
Croatian coats of arms in the central white field. This flag was in the official use
and was displayed on public buildings and in offices. In
1876
the Department for
Internal Affairs of the Royal Government passed Order
18.307
that, admittedly,
did not contain a textual description of the flag, but it contained a colored draw¬
ing of a waving red-white-blue tricolor affixed on a red pole that did not con¬
tain the coat of arms. In spite of that, during the following decades flags that
contained coats of arms were also in the official use. Finally in November
1914
viceroy Ivan Skerlecz passed the order on use of flags and emblems that stipu¬
lated that red-white-blue tricolor is the national flag in Kingdoms of Croatia
and
Slavonia
that shall be used with joined coats of arms of Kingdoms of Croa¬
tia,
Slavonia
and
Dalmaţia,
crowned with the crown of St. Stephen, in au¬
tonomous affairs as the official flag.
Besides the flags that contained coats of arms with the crown of St. Stephen
there are numerous examples of flags without this crown, so they may not be
considered official flags of the Three-part Kingdom. These are different vari¬
eties of Croatian national flag (with or without coat of arms) that were mass
used outside of territory of the Three-part Kingdom. This is evidenced by ex¬
amples from
Dalmaţia, Istria
and Bosnia and Herzegovina but also the use of
Croatian tricolor with the coat of arms or without it by Croatian immigrants
overseas. Area of
Dalmaţia
stands out where the local government already dur¬
ing the seventies of the 19th century was held by Croatians and Croatian repre¬
sentatives had significant majority in respect to autonomist (later Italian) and
Serbian representatives. This was followed by displaying of flags, so in
Dalma¬
ţia
Croatian flags were mass displayed, not only on private houses but also on
municipal and communal buildings in various occasions.
Besides official and unofficial use of the coat of arms of the Three-part King¬
dom, until the end of the 19th century the use of checked coat of arms
(šahovnica)
as the all-Croatian national coat of arms became customary. This was the unof¬
ficial use of Croatian national symbols in Croatia proper,
Dalmaţia, Istria,
Bosnia
and Herzegovina and among Croatian immigrants overseas. More frequently
this was the coat of arms with the first silver (white) field and number of fields
remained various. Process of transformation of the Croatian checked coat of
arms into the all-Croatian coat of arms reflected also on flags, thus many flags
contained only this coat of arms.
A certain official recognition of the Croatian checked coat of arms as the all-
Croatian coat of arms occurred with the adoption of the coat of arms of Aus¬
trian-Hungarian Monarchy in the late
1915,
as the only ever officially designated
joint coat of arms of that country. The most interesting was the small coat of
arms of the Monarchy, i.e. its second variety from
1916.
It contained not only
the main symbols that simplified Austrian and Hungarian part of the Monar¬
chy. Countries of the realm of the crown of St. Stephen were represented by
shield divided in two, crowned with the crown of St. Stephen and it comprised
of the Hungarian coat of arms and the Croatian checked coat of arms. Although
parts of the Hungarian coat of arms covered part of the field of the Croatian
checked coat of arms, it is still indisputable that the first field of the Croatian coat
of arms was white. The new coat of arms disappeared simultaneously with the
disappearance of the Monarchy which it represented.
The end of World War I brought the inclusion of Croatian territories into the
new country
—
Realm (since
1921
Kingdom) of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Due
to actions of the new government hopes that unification with Serbs and Slovenes
will bring liberation to the Croatian nation, i.e. that it shall be equal to others in
their free homeland, soon disappeared. The new country instituted a centralized
government that attempted to erase traces of Croatian statehood and imposed
Serbian domination over the entire country. All this reflected on position of
Croatian national symbols.
Symbols of the new country, coat of arms and flag, were a combination of ex¬
isting national symbols of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians. The new flag, blue-
white-red tricolor, was in fact made by turning of the Croatian tricolor. The
coat of arms was based on existing coat of arms of Kingdom of Serbia. Due to
this fact a crowned white eagle was used on whose chest was placed a shield that
comprised of Serbian, Croatian and Slovenian coat of arms. Croatian coat of
arms in that shield finally was the Croatian checked coat of arms with
25
fields
with the first red field, which confirmed the customary use of this coat of arms
(regardless of the color of the first field) as the all-Croatian coat of arms. Croa¬
tian symbols disappeared from the official use soon after the adoption of sym¬
bols of the new state. Exception in this respect was district of Zagreb in the late
twenties when Croatian Peasant Party had majority in the assembly. At the same
time during twenties of the 20th century Croatian political parties, numerous
Croatian societies and associations and many individual continued to use Croa¬
tian national symbols. The leader of such use during the twenties was Croatian
Peasant Party
(HSS,
until
1920
Croatian Popular Peasant Party, since then until
1925
Croatian Republican Peasant Party), whose flags were as a rule Croatian
tricolors with coats of arms. Numerous saved coats of arms and flags from that
period show that the use of the Croatian checked coat of arms with
25
fields
with the first red field prevailed, although there were coats of arms with the first
white (silver) field.
Certainly the most important event in that period that asserted the use of
Croatian national symbols, i.e. influenced the manner of their subsequent use,
was the grand celebration of the millennium anniversary of Croatian Kingdom
in
1925 (925-1925).
At that time national symbols attracted great attention. My
opinion is that use of national symbols at that time greatly influenced their fur¬
ther use and especially the adoption of wattle from ancient Croatian monuments
as a national symbol of a kind. This was especially expressed in numerous pub¬
lications printed in that and in the following year. Increased use of already de¬
scribed „ancient Croatian crown occurred, then regularly called crown of King
Tomislav.
However, unlike the wattle, the crown never became one of the na¬
tional symbols.
In the period until
1929
there were instances of ban of use of Croatian na¬
tional symbols, i.e. oppression by the government against persons who used
them. Still, it may be generally said that in this time Croatian national symbols
were used comparatively freely.
The situation changed after institution of King Aleksandar s dictatorship in
January
1929.
Representatives of the regime emphasized that allegedly main ob¬
stacle to building of national unity and strong Yugoslavia were differences be¬
tween Croats and Serbs and they advocated the idea on existence of a single
Yugoslav nation that would erase tribal names and specifics. In the fall of
1929
the country was renamed into Kingdom of Yugoslavia for that purpose.
In the period between institution of dictatorship until the adoption of the new
constitution and renaming of the country it was possible to comparatively freely
use Croatian national symbols. Finally, in the fall of
1929,
simultaneously with
renaming of the country, the existence of a single Yugoslav nation was declared
and everything that had Croatian tribal reference was persecuted. Croatian
associations were gradually closed and those that continued their activities were
exposed to oppression of the government and various pro-regime organizations
that advocated idea of integral Yugoslav nation. Croatian national symbols, es¬
pecially the Croatian flag, were targeted by the regime and its supporters. At
that time
§ 29
of the Law on Name and Division of the Kingdom into Adminis¬
trative Areas from October
03, 1929
stipulated that „from the date of entry of
the Law into effect
(...)
generally only state [Yugoslav, remark M. J.] flags may
be displayed and carried. It is important to emphasize
§ 29
due to the fact that
those that persecuted the Croatian flag referred particularly to this provision. It
remained in effected even after the death of King
Aleksandar
in the fall of
1934
when the grip of dictatorship loosened and since the beginning of
1935
it was
again possible to publicly use Croatian national symbols.
Simultaneously with the introduction of dictatorship the regime kept the Coat
of arms of the Kingdom that contained Croatian coat of arms. However, inde¬
pendent use of the Croatian coat of arms was persecuted.
During that period and before that Croatian national symbols were used by
Croatian economic and political immigrants. Croatian Fraternal Union in the
United States and Canada stood out among immigrant organizations (before that
it acted as Popular Croatian Union and immediately upon its foundation in
1894
as Croatian Union). Since its foundation its branches consistently used Croatian
national symbols
-
tricolor red-white-blue and the Croatian checked coat of
arms. Since the very beginnings until today this coat of arms remained the basis
of its symbol. Croatian national symbols were used by immigrant and immigrant
political organization, for instance organization of Croatian Circle in the USA
and Canada during thirties of the 20th century.
During this period appears the symbol of
Pavelić s Ustaša
-
Croatian revolu¬
tionary organization. This symbol deserves more attention taking into consider¬
ation later rule of
Ustaše
in the Independent State of Croatia and accusations
regarding the alleged
Ustaše
character of Croatian national symbols. It should be
noted that even today there are examples of such accusations in the foreign pub¬
lic. The said symbol comprised of the letter U and a flaming silver bomb be¬
tween its shanks. Upon it was the Croatian checked coat of arms with the first
white field. Letter U was used as the initial letter of the word
Ustaša ,
which
Pavelić
considered a synonym for the word revolutionary. Flaming bomb was
borrowed from Italian and French revolutionary traditions and it is more than
obvious that the symbol of
UHRO
was supposed to reflect its desired revolu¬
tionary character. The Croatian checked coat symbolized Croatian affiliation of
this organization. There are no records why
Pavelić
chose the coat of arms with
the first silver field. It is reasonable to assume this is due to the fact that the
Croatian checked coat of arms contained in the coat of arms of Kingdom of Yu¬
goslavia, which he and his associates hated so much, started with the red field.
However, there is no specific evidence that this indeed was the real reason. It is
possible that even earlier
Pavelić
was convinced that the first field of the Croa¬
tian checked coat of arms is white. However, the fact remains that during
twen-
ties of the K) 11 century members of his Croatian Party of Rights used different
variations of this coat of arms. Coats of arms with the first red field were fre¬
quent among them.
The only fact that remains is that different varieties of this coat of arms were
used in Croatia and that the one with the first white field was frequent. There¬
fore, neither variety may be considered specific to
Ustaša ,
which includes the
one with the first white field.
It has been mentioned that since beginning of
1935
it was again possible to
publicly use Croatian national symbols, although representatives of the regime
occasionally persecuted those that used them. Still, the new circumstances fa¬
vored the use of Croatian national symbols and no force could prevent that.
In the period from
1935
until founding of Vice Kingdom
(Banovina)
of Croa¬
tia the majority of Croatians gathered around
HSS
and
Vladko Maček.
Inequal¬
ity of Croatian nation in Yugoslavia and government s less than equal treatment
of its economic and cultural progress was more than obvious. Therefore
Maček
and
HSS
attempted to organize institutions that would, though its economic and
cultural actions, encourage independent Croatian progress and at least to some
extent mitigate consequences of Serbian domination. Activities of
HSS
and nu¬
merous organizations fostered by
HSS
was perceived as actions of „organized
Croatian nation , i.e. there were references to „Croatian peasant movement
headed by
Vladko Maček.
At the same time, this movement worked on promo¬
tion and protections of Croatian national symbols. All organizations, including
HSS,
based their symbols on the Croatian checked coat of arms. As a rule, the
coat of arms with
25
fields with the first red field was used. Numerous flags of
HSS
and organizations fostered by
HSS
(for instance flags of Peasant Concord)
were Croatian tricolors with the Croatian coat of arms in the central white field.
At the same time, similar flags were used by numerous associations (for instance
singing societies and orchestras), but also other organizations that were not af¬
filiated with
HSS.
All of this testifies about wide spread use and acceptance of
the tricolor with the coat of arms as the Croatian national flag. However, it
should be mentioned that Croatian tricolors without the coat of arms were also
in mass use. In the second half of the thirties Croatian national symbols that
were not different to symbols used by other mentioned groups, were publicly and
illegally used by Croatian nationalists, among them also supporters of dr. Ante
Pavelić
and some sworn members of
Ustaša
organization in the homeland.
Vice Kingdom of Croatia was organized on the basis of Cvetkovic-Macek Agree¬
ment from August
26, 1939
and Ordinance on Vice Kingdom of Croatia passed
on the basis of this Agreement. Ruling parties were
HSS
and Independent Demo¬
cratic Party that, since
1927,
had a Peasant-Democratic Coalition (SDK). Its spe¬
cific position influenced that Croatia was the only region in the Kingdom of
Yugoslavia with own symbols
-
coat of arms and flag. Flag was the red-white-
blue tricolor and there is no evidence that it contained the Croatian checked coat
of arms. It should be noted that it took a lot of time to adopt the new coat of arms
(i.e. two of them
-
the large one and the small one) of Vice Kingdom of Croatia.
It is certain that the coat of arms was used since May
1940.
Small coat of arms of
Vice Kingdom of Croatia was the Croatian checked coat of arms with
25
fields
with the first red field, crowned with the
Karadordević
dynasty crown. Large coat
of arms of Vice Kingdom of Croatia contained a two headed white eagle above
whose head was the
Karadordević
dynasty crown and on its chests it had a shield
with the Croatian checked coat of arms with
25
fields with the first red field.
Important element of visual identity of Vice Kingdom of Croatia was the
Croatian wattle. It was the basis for design of majority of forms and securities
of the Vice Kingdom, for instance tax stamps and court stamps.
At the same time wattle continued to be used in publications and it may be
found on front and cover pages of some famous editions, like literary advertise¬
ment for Croatian encyclopedia. Accordingly, front and cover page of the first
volume of this encyclopedia that was published in the period of Vice Kingdom
of Croatia in February
1941
were marked precisely with wattle.
Attack of Axis armed forces on Kingdom of Yugoslavia and short April War
changed the political map of Croatian territories in only few days. When speak¬
ing of that period, historiography usually briefly describes this war and disap¬
pearance of the Yugoslav state and then jumps to the foundation of the
Independent State of Croatia. This gives a superficial impression that the entire
Croatian territory shared the same faith, which is not true. This also relates to
the use of Croatian national symbols. They were used in a altered form in the In¬
dependent State of Croatia (NDH), but the added letter „U reminded on to¬
talitarian
Ustaša
rule. In areas annexed to Italy and Hungary
(Međimurje)
Croatian national symbols were persecuted.
It should also be emphasized that the partisan movement, after more than two
decades of Italian persecutions and bans in the Istrian area, returned Croatian na-
tional
symbols into use, of course adopted to the ideological direction of this
movement. Generally, this movement influenced the appearance of Croatian na¬
tional flag on which middle white field a red star was displayed as a symbol of
communist totalitarianism.
Independent State of Croatia (NDH) was founded on April
10, 1941.
On that
day one of the leaders of
Ustaše
homeland group
Slávko Kvaternik
proclaimed
its foundation on behalf of
Ustaše
leader dr. Ante
Pavelić,
who at that time was
still in emigration in Italy. From the very beginnings NDH attempted to fit into
axis „New world order and attempted to develop internal organization har¬
monized with the one in Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. One-party dictatorship
was introduced with the
Ustaše
movement as the only permitted political or¬
ganization.
Immediately upon the proclamation existing coats of arms of Vice Kingdom
of Croatia remained in use although the
Karadordević
crown was removed. Still,
soon were used coats of arms with
25
fields and the first white field. Existing tri¬
color remained displayed on public buildings that were used by authorities of
Vice Kingdom of Croatia. Shortly after that letter U was applied to the new
state flag of Independent State of Croatia, in order to emphasize the rule of
Us¬
taše
movement in the country. The new state coat of arms was also not spared
of that symbol. The above described
Ustaša
symbol with the flaming bomb was
not used, but only the letter „U . Symbols of the new state were stipulated by the
Legal Ordinance on State Coat of Arms, State Flag, leader s Flag, State Seal, Seals
of State and Self-Governing Offices from April
28, 1941
that was published on
April
30,1941.
Appearance of the coat of arms of NDH was stipulated in
§ 1
of
this Legal Ordinance. It was the shield „with
25
quare fields, white (silver) and
red (color of blood), lined alternately in five rows in the manner that the first
field is white (silver).
Above the coat of arms there is a star-like three-wattle tendril of the same red
color that borders the white field containing a capital letter
U
in dark blue color.
Appearance of the state flag is stipulated in
§ 2
as „the flag with three horizon¬
tally placed fields as follows: the highest is red (color of blood), beneath it is white
and beneath it is blue. Ration of height and width of this flag is
2:3
or
2:5.
In the middle of the white field is the state coat of arms of Independent State
of Croatia without the three-wattle tendril. It is place at distance from the red
and blue field equal to the length of one quarter of the coat of arms.
Tendril, identical to the one on the coat of arms, is placed in the red field near
the pole, displayed in red so its surface remains white. Its white field contains the
capital dark blue letter U. It is interesting that it was stipulated that within „the
state, everywhere except on state and self-government buildings, existing Croa¬
tian national flag: red, white and blue in horizontal position, remains in use until
further ordinance. The said descriptions of coat of arms and flag show that
their appearance was described in detail and that varieties without the three-
wattle tendril and letter „U may not be considered to be coat of arms and flag
of NDH
(„Ustaša
coat of arms and flag ), as some do today. This especially re¬
lates to the coat of arms with the first silver (white) field. Numerous preserved
photographs and publications from the time of NDH show that the coat of arms
and the state flag, and on private houses also the mentioned national flag, was
mass used. The described symbol of the ruling
Ustaša
Movement was frequently
displayed alongside the coat of arms and flag of NDH. Although due to fre¬
quently used term
„Ustaša
flag one might think that there was a separate flag
of the
Ustaša
Movement, such flag never existed. Those who use this term mainly
refer to the described state flag of NDH and some, without any justification,
refer to varieties of the Croatian national flag with the Croatian checked coat of
arms with the first white field.
The described ancient Croatia wattle was an important part of visual identity
of NDH as well. Much like in the case of introduction of Croatian coat of arms
with the first white field, occasionally there are certain accusations on its
„Us¬
taša
character. Here we should remind that origins of use of wattle as a na¬
tional symbol date in the period before founding of
Ustaša
Organization.
Simultaneously with founding of NDH, during the April War Italian armed
forces occupied sizeable Croatian territories. In many places they found already
established rule of NDH, including territories they wanted to annex to Italy.
Like elsewhere, local authorities in these towns used Croatian national sym¬
bols, primarily Croatian tricolors. During the first days upon their arrival Ital¬
ian armed forces did not obstruct the activities of NDH authorities, which
included displaying of flags. This quickly changes so the territories that were
subsequently annexed to Italy and also those that Italian military authorities be¬
lieved that will be annexed (for instance
Dubrovnik)
were swarmed with Ital¬
ian flags. Finally, on the basis of Rome Treaties from May
18,1941,
significant
areas of
Gorski kotar, Hrvatsko primorje and
Dalmaţia
were annexed to King-
dom
of Italy and Italian state symbols and symbols of Fascist Popular Party
{Par¬
tito nazionale fascista
-
PNF) and its numerous organizations came into manda¬
tory use. Precisely by displaying numerous Italian flags the Italian authorities
attempted to demonstrate that these are „proper Italian territories and that
the local population in this manner declares its Italian identity. In territories
that were annexed to existing districts of
Rijeka
and
Zadar,
their coats of arms
were undoubtedly used. In the annexed
Dalmaţia
the blue Dalmatian flag with
three golden (yellow) leopard heads was displayed. Like in the
Zadar
district
prior to the war it was regularly displayed on public places and during gather¬
ings organized by Italian authorities. Besides, Italian authorities used to display
symbols of ancient Roman Empire, which was aimed at justification of Italian
pretensions towards the Croatian Adriatic coast. They revoked belonging of
these territories to the Roman Empire and Latin culture and civilization. Sec¬
ond important element of this propaganda was revoking of former belonging of
these territories to the Republic of Venice, which was expressed through fre¬
quent use of Venetian lion symbol. In the Italian propaganda this symbol was
comparatively frequently used during the previous decades and it was aimed at
proving of Italian identity of the eastern Adriatic coast. The described situa¬
tion remained in place until capitulation of Italy in September
1943
when Ital¬
ian rule disappeared almost overnight in territories occupied and annexed in
April and May of
1941.
Italian authorities under the German military admin¬
istration, now already as authorities of the new Mussolini s Italian Social Re¬
public, held out in
Istria
and
Rijeka
until spring of
1945
and partially in the
city of
Zadar
until fall of
1944.
During World War II Chetnik forces also operated in Croatian territories.
Chetniks emphasized that their detachments, led by colonel (general since
1942)
Dragoljub (Draža) Mihailoivć,
in fact represent successors of pre-war Yugoslav
Royal Army. Formally, Chetniks of
Draža Mihailović
belonged to the anti-fas¬
cist coalition but in reality they quickly started to collaborate with Italian forces
throughout the former Yugoslavia. Already at late fall of
1941
they started to col¬
laborate with German forces and since
1942
some Chetnik detachments in the
territory of NDH entered into agreements on collaboration with the NDH au¬
thorities. Due to this fact, Chetniks should be considered a military and politi¬
cal force that was a part of Axis forces in the former Yugoslav territory since mid
1941
until the end of the war in
1945.
Be that as it may, emphasis on continuity with the pre-war Yugoslav army af¬
fected displaying of its symbols thought the territory of former Kingdom of Yu¬
goslavia and their use of Yugoslav coat of arms and flag. Besides these symbols,
special black Chetnik flags with skulls and crossed bones were displayed, some
of which belonged to pre-war Chetnik associations. Besides the Yugoslav coat of
arms and flag Serbian tricolors and Serbian coats of arms became more fre¬
quently used in that period. Occasionally Serbian tricolors and coats of arms
were used alongside the Yugoslav ones but there are also numerous examples of
exclusive use of Serbian symbols.
All of the previously mentioned forces were opposed by the partisan move¬
ment led by Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ, in Croatia Communist Party
of Croatia, KPH, as a part of KPJ) and its leader
Josip Broz
Tito that was de¬
veloping in various territories of former Kingdom of Yugoslavia since the sum¬
mer of
1941.
Since the beginning partisans used primarily communist symbols
that prevailed in their actions until the end of the war, emphasizing at the same
time dominantly communist character of the partisan movement. Since the be¬
ginning partisan fighters wore red five-point start as the main symbol on their
hats. Partisans advocated the idea of struggle against occupying forces and „do¬
mestic traitors . The advocated simultaneous reconstruction of Yugoslav state as
a union of equal nations and communist revolution as well as imposing of new
social relations modeled upon USSR. They adopted the idea of federal organi¬
zation of Yugoslavia, pursuant to which each of equal nations would have its
federal unit and national state, with exception of Bosnia and Herzegovina which
was to be organized as a state of Croats, Serbs and Muslims. These considerations
enabled the promotion of idea on founding of free Croatian state within the
new, federal Yugoslavia, which encouraged many Croatians to join the partisan
movement. Idea on transformation of Yugoslavia into a federation but also com¬
munist revolution reflected on use of Yugoslav tricolor and national flags of na¬
tions that were a part of Kingdom of Yugoslavia prior to the war. This was
expressed in the order of General headquarters of National Liberation Partisan
Units of Yugoslavia, published on October
01, 1941.
Item
1
of this order stipu¬
lated that „in the entire territory of Yugoslavia partisans wear anti-fascist sym¬
bol on their hats
-
red five-point star , which placed a symbol of an ideology
into the same level with anti-fascism. Item
4
stipulated that in Croatia „partisans
in purely Croatian areas must, besides the star, wear Croatian tricolor placed
horizontally beneath the star. In territories with Serbian and Croatian popula¬
tion, partisans must wear, besides the star, Serbian and Croatian tricolor in the
same form as in Bosnia. Second paragraph of the order stipulates appearance
of flags, including the Croatian flag. Accordingly, all „headquarters and com¬
manders of partisan units must
(...)
within the shortest period of time ensure ap¬
propriate national flags in their territories. In the center of the flag, along the
entire width, there must be a five point red star. In practice, partisan units in
Croatia used Croatian flags with the star, besides them also Yugoslav flags with
the star and in areas and in units with significant percentage of Serbs also Ser¬
bian flags with the star. Red flag of the Communist Party was also mass used.
Order from October
1941
does not mention coats of arms, including the Croa¬
tian coat of arms. Still, besides the mentioned flags on which communist symbols
were dominant, occasionally flags that did not contain such symbols or con¬
tained the Croatian checked coat of arms (sometimes together with the red five
point star) were used. Such flags were mainly used within the context of partic¬
ipation of
HSS
members and supporters in the partisan movement.
In spite of possibility of use of flags with coats of arms and coats of arms it¬
self, communist symbols and flags with the red five point star prevailed. This
situation prevailed after communist takeover of power in the entire Croatia in
1945.
In May
1945
units of Yugoslav army took the possesion of the entire territory
of Croatia and in the new Yugoslav state Federal State of Croatia (FDH, later Peo¬
ple s Republic of Croatia
-
NRH) existed as one of its federal units. Croatian tri¬
color with the red five point star on the central white field was inherited from the
war period as the Croatian state flag. On all public buildings of FDH (NRH) and
during celebrations the Yugoslav state flag (Yugoslav tricolor with the red five
point star on the central white field, whose points overlap both blue and red field)
was used alongside the Croatian flag. In areas with higher percentage of Serbs Ser¬
bian flag with the red five point start was also used (flag identical to the flag of Peo¬
ple s Republic of Serbia was mostly used). Flag of KPJ was still mass used but
displaying of this party flag was still not common on public buildings.
Displaying of flags on the territory of FDH was stipulated on May
26, 1945
in Order on displaying of flags, issued by minister of internal affairs of People s
Government of Croatia Vicko
Krstulović.
Item
2
of the Order stipulates that
„Yugoslav state flag and flag of federal Croatia shall be displayed on all state in-
stitutions in the territory of federal state of Croatia. Therefore, flag of FDH
was the Croatian tricolor with the red five point star. Simultaneously with the
said Order an emblem appeared and it served as coat of arms of FDH/NRH until
adoption of coat of arms of People s Republic of Croatia (NRH) in early
1947.
This emblem comprised of red five point star encircled with ear of wheat and
laurel branch connected at the bottom.
In spite of the said order and use of symbols with prevailing communist sym¬
bols, there are several examples from
1945
that show that flags with coats of
arms or coats of arms themselves were still used, sometimes without the red five
point star. Some of the recorded instances may be linked to activities of Croat¬
ian Republican Peasant Party that, as organization entirely supervised by KPH,
maintained the illusion of multi-party system and democratic nature of the com¬
munist regime.
People s Republic of Croatia finally resolved the issue of appearance of its state
symbols in Constitution of NRH from January
18, 1947.
Article
4
stipulates that
the state „coat of arms of People s Republic of Croatia is
(...)
field encircled with
two sheaves of golden wheat ears. Iron anvil is in the bottom of the field, on top
of which there is a lightly waved sea surface. Historic Croatian coat of arms arises
from the sea surface and behind it the sun rises. Sheaves of wheat ears are con¬
nected and interweaved in the bottom and their composition encircles the stand
of the anvil. Golden bordered red five point star is places between tops of wheat
ears and its bottom points are pointed into the field of coat of arms. Article
5
stipulates that state flag of NRH „comprises of three colors: red, white and blue,
with the red five point star in the middle. Ratio of width and length of the flag
ís
one to two. Colors of the flag are placed horizontally in this order from above:
red, white and blue. Each color takes one third of the width of the flag. Star has
a symmetric five point shape and border of golden (yellow) color. Central point
of the star corresponds to the point where diagonals of the flag intersect. Upper
point of the star overlaps with half of the red field of the flag in the manner that
bottom points assume corresponding position in the blue field of the flag. De¬
scribed appearance of coat of arms and flag of NRH (since
1963
Socialist Re¬
public of Croatia
-
SRH)
has not changed after adoption of new Constitutions
in
1963
and
1974.
These symbols disappeared only with the collapse of com¬
munist totalitarianism in Croatia in
1990,
i.e. with democratic changes that lib¬
erated Croatian national and state symbols from symbols of communist ideology.
Since
1945
the flag of NRH/SRH was regularly displayed on all public build¬
ings and offices alongside the Yugoslav state flag. Although this was not stipu¬
lated by any regulations or laws, almost regularly the flag of Communist Party
of Yugoslavia (later Union of Communist of Yugoslavia
-
SKJ) was displayed as
well. In areas with significant percentage of Serbs besides these three flags the
Serbian tricolor red-blue-white with the star was displayed and it was identical
to the flag of People s
/
Socialist Republic of Serbia.
At the same time the use of Croatian national symbols without communist
symbols became extremely rare. Situation started to change more significantly in
the second half of the sixties. Since then, all conversations were much more open
and it was possible to more freely express national identity. Therefore it is not
surprising that national symbols without communist characteristics appear more
frequently in public. There were numerous examples of use of coat of arms with¬
out communist characteristics that had the first white field. Number of examples
and widespread use in the period from the second half of sixties until the break¬
down of the Croatian Spring in the late
1971
show that authorities did not pay
attention to the color of the first field of the Croatian checked coat of arms.
Still, liberalization did not mean the complete halt of persecution of those that
used Croatian national symbols without communist characteristics, so those who
used them sometimes faced persecution and punishment. Persecution intensi¬
fied after the breakdown of the Croatian Spring in the late
1971.
However, even
after that the Croatian checked coat of arms remained the basis for emblems of
numerous associations, especially sport clubs and associations.
Numerous examples show that during the eighties of the
20*
century a part
of judiciary in
SRH
adopted equalization of Croatian national symbols without
socialist characteristics with
Ustaša
symbols. These tendencies reached its peak
in
1990
when democratic changes occurred in Croatia and within the scope of
this democratization national symbols were relieved of ideology.
In the period since
1945
Croatian economic and political immigrants con¬
tinued to use Croatian national symbols. Arrival of tens of thousands of new
immigrants, especially those that belonged to the government and Armed
forces of Independent State of Croatia, reflected itself on the use of Croatian
national symbols in Croatian economic and political immigration. Some of
these immigrants and their heirs continued to use symbols of NDH and
Ustaša
symbols. The fact is also that quickly upon their immigration many of them
started to critically debate events during the war and in the wartime Inde¬
pendent State of Croatia. During the course of these debates they expressed
their discontent not only with
Paveliďs
war policy but also indicated his un¬
acceptable influence over the Croatian immigrant policy. They discontinued
the use of
Ustaše
symbols within the scope of Croatian national symbols. At the
same time immigrants debated on appearance of Croatian coat of arms, first of
all about the color of its first field. These debates show that different varieties
of coat of arms were used both the one with the red and the one with the white
first field. Use of the described wattle as a national symbol of a kind was com¬
mon to all these groups.
Wattle was used in the homeland as well, albeit to the lesser extent than be¬
fore
1945.
It may be said that until the late sixties of the 20th century its use was
merely sporadic. Then, and especially during the Croatian Spring in
1971,
pub¬
lications displaying wattle started to appear more frequently. Breakdown of the
Croatian spring did not mean the end of it use, so it remained to be continually
used until democratic changes in
1990.
In the period after
1945
Croatian territorial coats of arms were rarely used
(Dalmatian, Slavonian and Istrian). There is no evidence that their use was lim¬
ited due to pressure of the government so this situation has to be attributed to
other reasons. The fact is that in the period after
1945
coats of arms were gen¬
erally receiving less attention and within that meaning more frequent use of ter¬
ritorial coats of arms was not encouraged. Members of various groups in Italy
were more familiar with these coats of arms, namely the groups that after World
War II advocated „return of
Istria,
Rijeka
and
Dalmaţia
to Italy. These groups
still exist today and their political activities aimed at achievement of the afore¬
mentioned goal are covered by cultural activities. It is interesting for purpose of
this book that various associations of Italian
esuli
from
Dalmaţia,
Rijeka
and
Istria
incorporated corresponding symbols of Croatian Adriatic territories in
symbols of their associations. They used (and still use) flags with these coats of
arms. Usually, these flags and coats of arms were used (and are still used) in com¬
bination with Italian national symbols. Besides the mentioned coats of arms on
emblems and flags, these groups frequently use the Venetian lion as a symbol of
Italian identity of eastern Adriatic shore.
Cracks that, since the beginning of eighties of the 20th century, increasingly
spread on the Yugoslav state union gradually brought it to the brink of a break-
down by the end of that decade. Still, in the second half of the eighties in then
Socialist Republic of Croatia its communist leadership acted as if nothing special
is happening. Leading party and state bodies in
SRH,
under the guise of „Croa¬
tian silence still advocated „Yugoslav synthesis and fervently worked on si¬
lencing of everything they considered to be Croatian nationalism. Within that
scope there was hardly any room for use of Croatian national symbols whose ap¬
pearance would deviate from official symbols of
SRH.
Increasing of crisis gradually loosened monopoly of SKJ in Yugoslavia as well
as monopoly of SKH in
SRH.
This led founding of first opposition parties and
soon to renewed public use of national symbols without communist character¬
istics (i.e. socialist symbols as they were called then).
Before that, in the late spring and summer of
1989,
Serbian national flags and
coats of arms without socialist characteristics were publicly displayed in Croa¬
tia. These were mostly Serbian red-blue-white tricolors in whose center was cross
with four flints („ocila or „ognjila ) in golden color. The said symbols were es¬
pecially mass used on mass gatherings organized within the scope of sixth cen¬
tennial of Serbian defeat on Kosovo
Polje
in
1389.
In
SRH
celebration that was
help on July
09, 1989
in Kosovo near
Knin
stood out. Participants also mass
used the described Serbian national symbols. Public in
SRH
was disturbed by
the fact that numerous participants wore hats with cockades and other symbols
that revoked cockades and symbols of Chetnik units from World War II. Be¬
sides, participants in the celebration shouted Greater Serbian slogans, including
the one about
Dalmaţia
as a Serbian land within the scope of Serbian
Dušan s
em¬
pire. Many Serbs in Croatia continued to publicly use these symbols even after
the celebration on Kosovo
Polje
ended. At the same time in areas with significant
percentage of Serbian population Serbian flag with the red communist star, iden¬
tical to the flag of SR Serbia, continued to be used.
In the meantime the crisis in Yugoslavia worsened and leadership of SKH
faced the crisis and encroachment of Serbian nationalism led by Slobodan
Milosevic. In December
1989
SKH decided to open the possibility of political
pluralism and elections that would enable Croatian citizens to elect the govern¬
ment they want. Formal breakdown of monopoly of one party opened the space
for free growth of other political options and other parties were quickly founded
alongside the already existing Croatian Social-Liberal Alliance
(HSLS)
and Croa¬
tian Democratic Union
(HDZ).
The new situation finally enabled free use of Croatian national symbols with¬
out socialist symbols in most Croatian areas. During the spring of
1990
they
were affirmed by numerous Croatian citizens who publicly displayed them, as
well as newly founded Croatian political parties that advocated founding of sov¬
ereign and free Croatian state. Among them was
HDZ,
later the victor at the
first
multi
party elections held at the late April that year.
In this period flags with the Croatian checked coat of arms in the middle
started to be publicly displayed. Prevailing Croatian checked coat of arms had
25
fields with the first white field. Prevailing independently used coats of arms were
those with the first white field. Croatian media paid no attention to the issue of
color of the first field. Even accusations of Serbian media about
„šahovnica
as
an
Ustaša
symbol were not considered. For them every Croatian flag and coat of
arms „without socialist characteristics were, at the very least, similar to NDH
symbols or were expressly marked as
Ustaše
and „threatening to the Serbian
people.
Election victory of Croatian Democratic Union and great majority of repre¬
sentatives of that party and representatives of Coalition of Popular Accord in
respect to representatives of formerly ruling SKH-SDP did not enable just trans¬
fer of power but also laid foundation on which process of founding of sovereign
Republic of Croatia started. Practice of
HDZ
and many within the parties of
Coalition of Popular Accord (but also within other parties and political organi¬
zations that were not represented in the newly elected Parliament of
SRH)
demonstrated that Croatian national symbols will soon get a new appearance.
Predominant practice of use of the Croatian checked coat of arms with
25
fields
with the first silver field and Croatian tricolor with such coat of arms on the
central white field indicated certainty of adoption of these symbols.
Constituting session of the new Parliament of the Socialist Republic of Croa¬
tia on May
30, 1990
may have appeared as a certain confirmation of these ex¬
pectations. The whole session and public celebrations held in Zagreb and other
Croatian cities were under the sign of the described coat of arms and flag and
the tricolor sash that was prepared by the leadership of the Parliament for the
new Chairman of Presidency of
SRH
dr.
Franjo Tuđman
contained precisely
such coat of arms in its central field.
Still,
SRH
continued to exist under its name and through its symbols even
after that day and massive disappearance of
SFRJ
flags from the public did not
mean that Croatia ceased to be a part of that federation. Public building that
were seats of supreme bodies of the government (for instance, republic s secre¬
tariats, i.e. ministries) still publicly displayed flags of
SRH
and Yugoslavia.
Soon the bodies of the new government and the public initiated discussion on
changes of existing Constitution and necessity of adoption of a new Croatian con¬
stitution that would define Croatia as a sovereign state. The first step was made at
the end of June
1990
when amendments to the existing Constitution of
SRH
were
adopted. Their first purpose was removal of ideological symbols from the name
of the state and its symbols. The issue of change of appearance of state symbols was
also a part of discussions on Croatian-Serbian relations in Croatia. At the same
time it was evident that there will be a change of appearance of symbols and that
symbols of one ideology will be removed from them. This was opposed mainly by
members of Union of Communists of Croatia
—
Party of Democratic Changes
(SKH-SDP, among them representatives of that party in the Parliament of
SRH)
and members of Serbian Democratic Party
(SDS).
Attitude of members of this party
of Croatian Serbs was followed by continuation of already ongoing propaganda
campaign of Serbian media about Croatian national symbols like
„Ustaša
coat of
arms and flag that allegedly announce new sufferings of the Serbs.
In spite of that, work continued on constitutional amendments, including
those that stipulated the appearance of coat of arms and flag. The mentioned de¬
bate on appearance of the new coat of arms and flag showed that the coat of
arms will begin with the red field, although the one with the first white field was
mass used in public.
This means that the only proper solution is to place the coat of arms in the
center of the flag (with the first red square, due to the aforementioned reasons);
and not a composite shield,
(...).
Amendments to the Constitution of
SRH
were adopted on the Parliament ses¬
sion from July
25, 1990
and amendment
LXVI
related to the coat of arms and
flag of, now, Republic of Croatia. Article
1
stipulated that the coat of arms „of
the Republic of Croatia
(...)
is historic Croatian coat of arms whose basis con¬
tains of
25
red and white fields. Article
2
stipulated that the flag of RH
„
con¬
tains of
(...)
three colors: red, white and blue, with historic Croatian coat of arms
in the center.
Representatives of
SDS
and other Serbian extremists as well as Belgrade media
continued their assaults after the adoption of amendments. Representatives of
SDS
did it on the very same July
25, 1990
on the mass meeting in
Srb.
They em¬
phasized never proven thesis that the intention is to expel Serbs from Croatian
constitution. Speakers on the meeting continually emphasized the alleged en¬
dangered status of Serbs and drew parallels between the new Croatian govern¬
ment and NDH and
Ustaša
Movement. At the same time, participants of that
meeting and similar gatherings held on the same day assaulted new symbols of
RH waving dozens of Serbian flags „without socialist symbols and with dis¬
played Serbian coat of arms. This is why their cry for the star they themselves re¬
moved from their symbols and their assaults on desire of the new Croatian
government to purge the existing
„šahovnica
in the coat of arms of
SRH
and
Croatian tricolor from symbols of one ideology should be viewed as hypocrisy.
All these assaults did not cause the leadership of the Republic of Croatia to
give up on use of the new symbols. Since end of July
1990
they started to replace
existing symbols of
SRH
wherever they still occurred. At the same time work
continued on seeking of solutions for the final appearance of coat of arms and
flag of the Republic of Croatia.
Finally, new symbols were adopted on December
21, 1990
when Parliament
of RH passed the Law on coat of arms, flag and anthem of Republic of Croatia.
Appearance of the coat of arms of the Republic of Croatia is stipulated in Arti¬
cle
7
the Law on coat of arms, flag and anthem of Republic of Croatia and the
flag and sash of President of the Republic of Croatia:
„Coat of arms of the Republic of Croatia is historic Croatian coat of arms in
the shape of a shield, dually divided horizontally and vertically in twenty five red
and white (silver) fields, in the manner that the first field in the upper left cor¬
ner of the shield is red. Above the shield is the crown with five points that curves
and connects with left and right upper corners of the shield. The crown con¬
tains five smaller shields with historic Croatian coats of arms, lined from left to
right in this order: oldest known Croatian coat of arms, coats of arms of Re¬
public of
Dubrovnik,
Dalmaţia, Istria
and
Slavonia.
Ratio of height of fields on
the main shield and height of smaller shields in the crown is
1 : 2,5.
Ratio of
width of fields on the main shield and width of smaller shields in the crown is
1:1.
Oldest known coat of arms of Croatia contains blue field with a yellow
(golden) six point star with white (silver) crescent. Coat of arms of the Repub¬
lic of
Dubrovnik
contains the blue field on the shield with two red stripes. Dal¬
matian coat of arms contains the blue field on the shield with three yellow
(golden)
crowned leopard heads. Istrian coat of arms contains the blue field on
the shield with yellow (golden) goat facing left with red hoofs and horns. Slavon¬
ian coat of arms contains the blue field on the shield with two horizontal white
(silver) stripes. Between the stripes is a red field with slowly marching crown in
left direction. Upper blue field contains a yellow (golden) six point star. Coat of
arms is bordered with a red line.
Appearance of the flag of the Republic of Croatia is stipulated in Article
10
of
the said Law:
„Flag of the Republic of Croatia contains of three colors: red, white and blue
with the coat of arms of the Republic of Croatia in the center. Ratio of width and
length of the flag is
1 : 2.
Colors of the flag are placed horizontally in the fol¬
lowing order from the upper side: red, white and blue. Each color makes for
one third of width of the flag. Coat of arms of the Republic of Croatia is placed
in the central part of the flag in the manner that the upper part of coat of arms
(crown) is placed in the red field of the flag and lower part of the coat of arms
in placed in the blue field of the flag. Central point of the coat of arms corre¬
sponds to the point where diagonals of the flag intersect.
The said Law proceeded adoption of Constitution of the Republic of Croatia
on December
22, 1990
and its Article
11
that related to the state symbols:
„Coat of arms of the Republic of Croatia is the historic Croatian coat of arms
whose basis contains
25
red and white (silver) fields.
Flag of the Republic of Croatia comprises of three colors: red, white and blue,
with the historic Croatian coat of arms in the center.
Anthem of the Republic of Croatia is
Lijepa naša domovino
(Our Beautiful
Homeland).
Description of historic Croatian coat of arms and flag as well as lyrics of the
anthem and use and protection of these and other state symbols shall be stipu¬
lated with the law.
The said provisions on the coat of arms and the flag correspond to the word¬
ing of amendment
LXVI
to the Constitution of
SRH
from July
25, 1990.
Considerations about suitability and acceptability of the new appearance of the
coat of arms and the flag started immediately upon adoption of the said Law in
December
1990.
Many of those that at the time critically wrote about the new
appearance of the Croatian coat of arms and the flag directly or indirectly
wanted it to change. This did not happen after all and the coat of arms and the
flag that were adopted in December
1990
soon became symbols under which the
Republic of Croatia defended itself during the Homeland War. By displaying
the coat of arms and the flag Croatian soldiers defied the aggressor during the
most fearsome attacks in the fall of
1991.
Displaying of the Croatian flags in lib¬
eration operations and operations of Croatian military and police forces in the
liberated territories was perceived as a climax and the final act of symbolic con¬
firmation of liberation. Certainly the most famous act occurred immediately
after units of Croatian Army during the operation Storm on August
05, 1995
drove Serbian paramilitary units from
Knin,
after they maintained in that town
л
puppet state called Republic Serbian
Krajina
that used Serbian national sym¬
bols as its own symbols.
Symbols of the Republic of Croatia that were adopted in December
1990
be¬
came customary and accepted by general Croatian population. Today they are
recognizable not only to Croatian citizens but also to many people in the world
who follow successes of Croatian athletes or visit Croatia as tourists.
At the same time, Croatian national symbols are also official symbols of Croats
in Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as minority symbols of Croats in Serbia and
Montenegro. All of them use the Croatian checked coat of arms with
25
fields
and the first red field, as well as Croatian red-white-blue tricolor with the coat
of arms in the center. Although their appearance varies in details, their common
origin and meaning is obvious to everyone.
Sadržaj
Uvod I
9
Nastanak i uporaba hrvatskoga grba i zastave do
polovice
29.
stoljeća
Nastanak hrvatskoga šahiranoga grba
/14
Grb Dalmacije
—
nastanak i prvobitna uporaba 1
19
Heraldička zastupljenost hrvatske države i hrvatskih zemalja od nastanka prvih hrvatskih
zemaljskih grbova do
19.
stoljeća, nastanak i uporaba grba Slavonije 1
20
Grb i zastava Dubrovnika (Dubrovačke Republike) 1
33
Počeci hrvatske zastave 1
35
Razdoblje stvaranja i prvobitne uporabe hrvatskih
nacionalnih simbola
—
od ilirske Leljive do trobojnice
Ilirska Leljiva i rođenje hrvatskih nacionalnih simbola, hrvatski grb i zastava u ra¬
zdoblju Hrvatskog narodnog preporoda
-
ilirskog pokreta 1
52
Nastanak suvremene hrvatske nacionalne zastave
/55
Sudbina hrvatske zastave u razdoblju Bachova apsolutizma
/ 63
Ponovna afirmacija hrvatske trobojnice, uporaba hrvatskoga grba do sklapanja
Hrvatsko-ugarske nagodbe 1
64
Hrvatski nacionalni simboli u razdoblju
austrougarskog dualizma
(1868. - 1918.)
Grb Trojedne Kraljevine nakon Nagodbe
—
službena uporaba
/ 78
Zajednički grb zemalja krune sv. Stjepana 1
91
„
Corpus
separatum
1
98
Zastava Trojedne Kraljevine i hrvatska nacionalna zastava 1
99
Uporaba mađarske i srpske zastave u Trojednici i Dalmaciji
—
od kršenja Nagodbe do
sukoba simbola 1
105
Od Trojednice do šahovnice
/117
Nova zastava Hrvatskoga sveučilišta 1
127
О
krunama hrvatskoga grba 1
132
О
posebnoj uporabi grbova Istre i Dalmacije do godine
1918. /136
Hrvatski nacionalni simboli u razdoblju između
dvaju svjetskih ratova
(1918. — 1941.)
Od Trojednice do troimenog i troplemenog naroda 1
162
Hrvatska tisućgodišnjica
1925. —
afirmacija hrvatskih nacionalnih simbola i rađanje
„hrvatskoga pletera 1
179
Radićeva Zagrebačka oblast
1927. — 1928.
kao pokušaj povezivanja hrvatskih zemalja
i afirmacija hrvatskoga grba 1
192
Hrvatska zastava tijekom dvadesetih godina
20.
stoljeća 1
194
Hrvatski nacionalni simboli u razdoblju diktature kralja Aleksandra 1
199
Hrvatski nacionalni simboli u hrvatskom iseljeništvu i pojava Ustaško-domobranskog
pokreta i njegovih simbola 1
207
Grbovi, zastave i simboli kao simboli tuđinskih pretenzija prema hrvatskim zemljama
između dvaju svjetskih ratova 1
212
Hrvatski nacionalni simboli u Kraljevini Jugoslaviji od atentata u Marseilleu do us¬
postave Banovine Hrvatske
/ 222
Hrvatski nacionalni simboli i Banovina Hrvatska 1
234
U sjeni totalitarizama
—
hrvatski nacionalni simboli
u razdoblju Drugoga svjetskog rata
U sjeni Osovine 1
269
Nezavisna Država Hrvatska 1
269
Hrvatska područja priključena Italiji 1
278
Za kralja i otadžbinu u službi
Ducea,
Führera
i Poglavnika
—
četnici i njihovi simboli
u Drugom svjetskom ratu 1
283
U sjeni srpa i čekića
—
Partizanski pokret i hrvatski nacionalni simboli
/ 285
Hrvatski nacionalni simboli u poslijeratnoj Jugoslaviji
-
u zagrljaju krakova zvijezde petokrake
Hrvatski nacionalni simboli u hrvatskom iseljeništvu i političkoj emigraciji 1
316
Uporaba hrvatskoga pletera u domovini nakon godine
1945.
1
320
Hrvatski pokrajinski grbovi
-
uporaba u domovini i inozemstvu od svršetka Drugoga
svjetskog rata do godine
1990. / 322
Od zabrana do postolja prvaka
—
hrvatski nacionalni
simboli u razdoblju od sloma komunističkog režima
do danas
Između crvene zvijezde i četiri „S
—
hrvatski nacionalni simboli od prvih pukotina u susta¬
vu komunističkog režima do prvih slobodnih izbora u Hrvatskoj godine
1990. / 330
Zalazak crvene zvijezde
—
rasprave
о
novim simbolima i usvajanje amandmana na
Ustav SRH 1
338
Simboli agresije na Republiku Hrvatsku 1
357
Negativni stereotipi
о
hrvatskim nacionalnim obilježjima u inozemnoj javnosti
/361
Stereotipi
о
„ustaštvu grba
s
početnim bijelim poljem u hrvatskoj javnosti danas
/ 363
Uporaba ustaških simbola u Hrvatskoj od početaka demokratskih promjena do danas
1366
Obilježja Hrvata u Bosni i Hercegovini 1
370
Uporaba hrvatskih pokrajinskih grbova i zastava od godine
1990.
do danas 1
373
Hrvatski nacionalni simboli danas 1
376
Zaključna razmatranja
/ 395
Summary
/419
Kratice 1
444
Literatura
/ 445
Kazalo 1
460
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Jareb, Mario 1969- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)132607417 |
| author_facet | Jareb, Mario 1969- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Jareb, Mario 1969- |
| author_variant | m j mj |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039152720 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)644610818 (DE-599)BVBBV039152720 |
| edition | 1. izd |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Croatia / History Kroatien (DE-588)4073841-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Croatia / History Kroatien |
| id | DE-604.BV039152720 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:00:07Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789532972306 |
| language | Croatian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024170473 |
| oclc_num | 644610818 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 472 S. Ill. 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Alfa [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Večernji edicija |
| spelling | Jareb, Mario 1969- Verfasser (DE-588)132607417 aut Hrvatski nacionalni simboli Mario Jareb 1. izd Zagreb Alfa [u.a.] 2010 472 S. Ill. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Večernji edicija Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Heraldry / Croatia Flags / Croatia Emblems, National / Croatia Geschichte Staatssymbol (DE-588)4182678-4 gnd rswk-swf Croatia / History Kroatien (DE-588)4073841-3 gnd rswk-swf Kroatien (DE-588)4073841-3 g Staatssymbol (DE-588)4182678-4 s Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024170473&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024170473&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Jareb, Mario 1969- Hrvatski nacionalni simboli Heraldry / Croatia Flags / Croatia Emblems, National / Croatia Geschichte Staatssymbol (DE-588)4182678-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4182678-4 (DE-588)4073841-3 |
| title | Hrvatski nacionalni simboli |
| title_auth | Hrvatski nacionalni simboli |
| title_exact_search | Hrvatski nacionalni simboli |
| title_full | Hrvatski nacionalni simboli Mario Jareb |
| title_fullStr | Hrvatski nacionalni simboli Mario Jareb |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hrvatski nacionalni simboli Mario Jareb |
| title_short | Hrvatski nacionalni simboli |
| title_sort | hrvatski nacionalni simboli |
| topic | Heraldry / Croatia Flags / Croatia Emblems, National / Croatia Geschichte Staatssymbol (DE-588)4182678-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Heraldry / Croatia Flags / Croatia Emblems, National / Croatia Geschichte Staatssymbol Croatia / History Kroatien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024170473&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024170473&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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