Chemical sensors 2 Fundamentals of sensing materials: nanostructured materials

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1. Verfasser: Korotcenkov, Ghenadii (VerfasserIn)
Format: Buch
Sprache:English
Veröffentlicht: New York Momentum Press 2010
Ausgabe:1. ed.
Schriftenreihe:Sensor technology series
Sensor technology series
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adam_text Contents Preface to Chemical Sensors: Fundamentals of Sensing Materials xi Preface to Volume 2: Nanostructured Materials xiii About the Editor xv Contributors xvii 1 Introduction to Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology 1 G Korotcenkov B. K. Cho 1 What Are Nanomaterials? 1 2 A Brief History of Nanotechnology 7 3 What Distinguishes Nanomaterials from Bulk Materials? 10 4 Nanomaterials Manufacturing 14 5 Nanotechnology and Its Possibilities 17 6 Nanotechnology: Future Trends 19 7 Acknowledgments 23 References 24 2 Quasi-One-Dimensional Metal Oxide Structures: Synthesis, Characterization, and Appucation as Chemical Sensors 29 Pai-Chun Chang Dongdong Li Jia G. Lu 1 Introduction 29 2 Synthesis of Ql D Nanomaterials 30 vi · CONTENTS 2.1 Vapor-Phase Growth Methods 31 2.2 Solution-Phase Growth Methods 41 2.3 Template-Based Growth Methods 43 3 Electrical Transport Properties and Optical Characteristics 47 3.1 Nanowire Field-Effect Transistors and Electrical Properties 47 3.2 Photoluminescence Characteristics 52 4 Metal Oxide Nanowire Chemical Sensors 53 4.1 Sensor Device Fabrication 55 4.2 Mechanism of Nanowire Sensor Detection 56 4.3 Other Types of Ql D Structured Sensors 70 5 Summary and Future Outlook 72 References 73 Carbon Nanotubes and Fullerenes in Chemical Sensors 87 G. P. Kotchey A. Star 1 Introduction 87 1.1 History of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes 87 1.2 Structure of Fullerenes 88 1.3 Structure of Carbon Nanotubes 88 2 Synthesis of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes 89 2.1 Synthesis of Fullerenes 89 2.2 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 90 3 Properties of Carbon Nanotubes 94 3.1 Physical/Mechanical Properties 94 3.2 Electronic Properties 94 3.3 Spectroscopie Properties 96 4 Chemical Modification and Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 98 4.1 Introduction 98 4.2 Noncovalent Functionalization 98 4.3 Covalent Functionalization 100 5 Solid-State Electrical Conductivity CNT Sensors 101 5.1 Nanotube FET for Gas-Sensing Applications 101 5.2 NO2 Detection Using Resistivity Measurements 102 5.3 Gas and Vapor Detection Using Functionalized CNTs 103 5.4 Chemicapacitors 105 CONTENTS · vii 5.5 Nano tube FETs for Detecting DNA Hybridization 108 5.6 Employing NTFETs for Protein Detection 110 5.7 Conductometric Glucose Biosensor 114 6 Raman Sensors 115 6.1 A Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)-Based pH Sensor 115 6.2 Multicolored Raman Probes for Biological Imaging and Detection 117 7 Optical Sensors 120 7.1 Employing SWNTs as Fluorophores for Long-Term Optical Glucose Sensing 120 7.2 Employing Spectroscopie Properties of SWNTs to Detect DNA Hybridization 122 8 Electrochemical Sensors 123 8.1 Employing Electrochemistry to Monitor DNA Hybridization 123 8.2 Electrochemical-Based Glucose Sensing 126 9 Field-Emission Sensors 128 9.1 A CNT-Based Triode Sensor That Employs the Field-Emission Effect to Detect Gas Density 128 10 Electromechanical Resonators 130 10.1 Nanomechanical Nanotube Resonators for die Detection of Evaporated Chromium Atoms 130 10.2 Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Devices That Employ Buckminsterfullerene (C60) for the Detection of Toxic Organic Vapors 132 11 Outlook 133 References 135 4 Sensors Based on Monolayer-Capped Metallic Nanoparticles 141 U. Tisch H. Haick 1 Introduction 141 2 Synthesis ofMCNPs and Deposition of Solid MCNP Films 142 2.1 Synthesis of MCNPs 143 2.2 Surface Functionalization of Metal Nanoparticles 144 2.3 Methods of MCNP Film Deposition 145 3 Four Good Reasons to Use Monolayer-Capped Metallic Nanoparticles for Chemical Sensing 147 3.1 Controllable Chemical Composition 147 viii . CONTENTS 3.2 Controllable Size and Shape 147 3.3 Controllable Nanoparticle Assembly 149 3.4 Biocompatibility 151 4 Chemical Sensors Based on MCNPs 151 4.1 Basic Principles 151 4.2 Lock-and-Key Sensor Versus Electronic Nose 152 4.3 The Role of the Number of Nanoparticles in Chemical Sensing 153 5 Categories of MCNP-Based Chemical Sensors 153 5.1 Optical Sensors 153 5.2 Chemiresistors 170 5.3 Electrochemical Sensors 180 5.4 Piezoelectric Sensors 185 6 Concluding Remarks 188 7 Acknowledgments 190 References 190 5 Porous Semiconductors: Advantages and Disadvantages for Gas Sensor Applications 203 G. Korotcenkov 1 Introduction 203 2 Porous Semiconductors: Principles of Fabrication and Properties 205 2.1 Principles of Porous Silicon Fabrication 205 2.2 Properties of Porous Silicon 208 2.3 Techniques for Forming the Porous Silicon Layer 210 2.4 Porosification of Standard Semiconductors 220 3 Gas Sensors Based on Porous Semiconductors — Approaches and Characteristics 226 3.1 Capacitance-Type Gas Sensors 226 3.2 Gas Sensors Employing Photoluminescence Quenching 232 3.3 Sensors Based on Optical Measurements 237 3.4 Conductometric-Type Gas Sensors 243 3.5 Gas Sensors Based on Schottky Barriers and Heterostructures 250 3.6 Gas Sensors Based on Measurement of Contact Potential Difference 257 3.7 Gas Sensors Based on Simultaneous Control of Several Parameters of the Porous Material 258 3.8 Disadvantages of Porous Semiconductor Gas Sensors 259 CONTENTS · ix 3.9 Surface Modification of Porous Semiconductors to Improve Gas-Sensing Characteristics 265 4 Advantages of Porous Silicon for Applications in Micromachining Sensor Technology 269 5 Outlook 274 6 Acknowledgments 276 References 276 6 Ordered Mesoporous Films and Membranes: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications in Gas Sensors 291 M. Tiemann 1 Introduction 291 2 Porosity in Resistive Gas Sensors 292 2.1 Categories of Porosity 292 2.2 Gas Diffusion in Porous Materials 293 2.3 Porous Films for Selective Gas Sensing 293 2.4 Other Porosity-Related Nanostructural Aspects 296 3 Synthesis Methods 297 3.1 Mesoporous Metal Oxides by Conventional Synthesis Methods 297 3.2 Mesoporous Materials by Supramolecular Structure Directors 299 3.3 Mesoporous Materials by Structure Replication 302 4 Summary 303 References 304 7 Chemical Sensors Based on Zeolites 311 R. Moos К Sahn er 1 Introduction 311 2 Zeolites — Properties and Applications 312 3 Zeolites as an Auxiliary Phase in Chemical Sensors 316 3.1 Zeolites as Host Materials 316 3.2 Zeolites as Filters 319 3.3 Zeolites as Preconcentrators 321 3.4 Zeolites as Templates 321 CONTENTS■ 4 Zeolites as the Functional (Sensitive) Phase 322 4.1 Adsorptivity 322 4.2 Ionic Conductivity 323 4.3 Catalytic Activity 326 5 Conclusion 328 References 328 8 Nanocomposites: From Fabrication to Chemical Sensor Appucations 335 Rajesh T. Ahuja D. Kumar 1 Introduction 335 2 Types of Nanocomposites 337 3 General Approaches to Nanocomposite Fabrication 338 4 Metal Oxide-Based Nanocomposites 339 4.1 Synthesis 339 4.2 Properties 340 4.3 Application in Chemical Sensors 341 5 Polymer-Based Nanocomposites 344 5.1 Synthesis 344 5.2 Properties 346 5.3 Application in Chemical Sensors 347 6 Carbon Nanotube—Based Nanocomposites 349 6.1 Synthesis 350 6.2 Properties 352 6.3 Application in Chemical Sensors 353 7 Noble Metal-Based Nanocomposites 355 7.1 Synthesis 357 7.2 Properties 358 7.3 Application in Chemical Sensors 359 8 Outlook 361 9 Acknowledgment 361 References 362 Index 369
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series2 Sensor technology series
spellingShingle Korotcenkov, Ghenadii
Chemical sensors
title Chemical sensors
title_auth Chemical sensors
title_exact_search Chemical sensors
title_full Chemical sensors 2 Fundamentals of sensing materials: nanostructured materials ed. by Ghenadii Korotcenkov
title_fullStr Chemical sensors 2 Fundamentals of sensing materials: nanostructured materials ed. by Ghenadii Korotcenkov
title_full_unstemmed Chemical sensors 2 Fundamentals of sensing materials: nanostructured materials ed. by Ghenadii Korotcenkov
title_short Chemical sensors
title_sort chemical sensors fundamentals of sensing materials nanostructured materials
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