Ţara Zărandului studiu de geografie regională
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| Sprache: | Romanian |
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2010
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| Schriftenreihe: | "Ţările" României
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Ţara Zărandului |b studiu de geografie regională |c Nicoleta David |
| 264 | 1 | |a Cluj-Napoca |b Presa Univ. Clujeană |c 2010 | |
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| 490 | 1 | |a "Ţările" României |v 8 | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Zărand land: a regional geography study | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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| adam_text | NICOLETA
DAVID
Zărand
Land. A Regional Geography Study
SUMMARY
LANDS AS SYSTEM REGIONS.
THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
1
General considerations
Concerning the evolution of
Zărand
Land as a regional system, three
distinctive stages stand out, as following:
1.
The stage of autarchic regional system
-
overlapping the period between
Ље
13th and the 17th centuries.
The main function was the military one, which had the main role in
defending, but also preserving the land .
2.
The stage of half-open regional system
-
during the
18*
and 19th
centunes.
There is a growing part played by the economic function and the urban-
niral relations, in the context of the start of the demographic growth.
љ
3.
The stage of open territorial system, specific for the second half of the
¿0
century. From a social and economic point of view, it is characterized by
complex functions (commercial, political, administrative, cultural, tourism), which
render the economic function peculiar.
2.
Geographical location
Within Romania,
Zărand
Land is located in its western part, between the
meridians of 23°06 20 (in East) and
2Γ30Ί9
(in West) Eastern longitude and in
ltso central-northern part, between the parallels of 45°57 37 (in South) and
46 39 07
(in North) Northern latitude, meaning a difference in latitude of
l 36 Ol .
Zărand
Land covers an area of
3669.9
km2, which represent
1.54%
of the
area of Romania, and has a population of
122,265
inhabitants, which is
0.58%
of
the population of Romania. It is located in the contact region of
Bihor
Mountains,
Metaliferi
Mountains,
Zărand
Mountains and
Codru
Moma
Mountains with
Zărand
Depression, drained by
Crişul Alb
River, which crosses a succession of tectonic
depressions (Brad,
Hălmagiu, Gurahonţ),
situated in the southern and south¬
western part of
Apuseni
Mountains and Western Hills, before entering the Western
Plain.
337
ZĂRAND
LAND AS A MENTAL SPACE
The characteristics of the mental space of
Zărand
Land
-
an open mental
space
-
are explained from the perspective of the traditionalists, those inhabitants
of the region who descend from locals for several generations. Therefore the
subject is the lived mental space and the imagined mental space, deep rooted in
everyone s self, the assumed mental space of the inhabitants coming from
neighbouring regions and the perceived mental space of those who live in the
neighbouring regions. The men of science (geographers, ethnographers, historians)
also delimit mental space, sometimes rather arbitrary.
The support of
Zărand
mental space is represented by the native homeland
with its field , but also the gold-bearing subsoil. The everlasting forest and the
mining made the development of other economic branches possible, while the
cutting and processing of wood led to deforestation, so the area covered by
woodland decreased much in
Zwana
Land.
Another element of the making of the mental space of
Zărand
Land is the
manner of locating the households, while the immediately upper elements, the
cultural and religious traditions, the custom, are linked by means of myths to the
uppermost integrating element, the Divine.
The myths (related to gold, gold mining, history, historical mythology) are
more powerfully distinguishable in the eastern part of
Zărand
Land, where the
Criş
Moţi
live. The myth of hospitality is found all over the analysed territory.
NATURAL PREMISES FOR THE
INDIVIDUALIZARON
OF
ZĂRAND
LAND
1.
The name and definition of
Zărand
Land
The name
Zărand
has multiple meanings: fortress, camp, settlement,
county, Zarand Land and
Zărand
Mountains. There still is an opinion that it has a
Hungarian origin, because it is found in such Hungarian documents. For instance,
in
1214,
the documents speak of the county of
Zărand,
led by Dionisie, son of
Ompund. The camp or fortress of
Zărand
is mentioned in documents in
1232.
We underline that the uneducated population who lives in
Zărand
Land
calls the fortress, the mountains and the land Sarraand, and not Zarand or
Zărand
{Ardelean,
2007).
According to other researchers
(A. A. Rusu,
1999),
the toponym
Zărand
has
a Slavic origin, but there are no arguments brought for this case.
After
1920,
a has been replaced by
ă ,
obtaining the name of
Zărand.
In
our opinion, we accept that, by extrapolation, the name Sarand results from the
name
Sarra
and the suffix and (Germanization) present at the end of above-
mentioned toponyms.
338
2.
The lithology and tectonics of the region
The most ancient rocks of the foundation made up the nucleus which
underwent metamorphosis during the Precambrian and early Paleozoic
-
the
Prebaikalian, Baikalian and Hercynian orogenies (R. Dimitrescu,
1962).
They are
deep underneath and seldom appear to surface in the northern and southern parts.
Apart from them, there are crystalline schists, intrusive rocks and Paleozoic
sedimentary deposits.
From a geological point of view,
Zărand
Land is part of the Southern
Apuseni (Metaliferi
and
Trascău
Mountains), which have a crystalline bedrock
made up by laramic ophiolitic
magmatic
rocks. To these, one may add some
sedimentary rocks and
Neogene
volcanic rocks
(Gr. P.Pop, 2000).
The
magmatic
phenomena led to the formation of initially sedimentary,
then metamorphosed iron ores. The complex sulphures (blende, galena,
chalcopyrite) from
Băiţa
and
Crăciuneşti
are contact phenomena of the same
formations. During the
Neogene
eruptions, the gold and silver
hydrothermal
deposits from the gold-bearing quadrilateral of
Apuseni
Mountains
(Baia de Arieş
-
Zlatna
-
Săcărâmb
-
Brad) were formed. Some volcanic cones are still preserved,
such as
Plotunu,
Strâmba,
Bulzu.
The sedimentary deposits include coal resources, such as the brown coal at
Ţebea.
The geological variety of
Apuseni
Mountains is reflected in the presence of
non-metallic resources: crystalline limestones, marble, intrusive and volcanic
rocks. From a lithological point of view, one notices the presence of thick
limestones across large areas. Tectonization and the evolution of the climate led to
the formation of
karst
morphology, well emphasized by sinkholes,
Grohot
natural
bridge, Vulcan limestone
klippé,
Bulz
gorges.
3.
The significance of morphology in the structuring of
the regional system
The morphology is characterized by its shape of a three level amphitheatre,
the low level, the average level and the high level from the point of view of
altitude.
The present-day morphology of the depression area of
Crişul Alb
consists
of levels, whose altitude decreases from the mountain ranges to the valley of
Crişul
Alb and in the direction of drainage towards the lowlands of
Criş
Plain. According
to aspect, genetic peculiarities and evolution, the following major
landforms
may
be differentiated: the piedmont hills, the terraces and the plain of piedmont
glacis, the alluvial plain of
Criş, Teuz
and Cigher and the volcanic hillocks,
which dominate the other
landforms
because of their altitude
(Tudorán
P.,
1983).
The low level is represented by the alluvial plain, as well as the most recent
łandforms
represented by riverbeds and terraces, well defined along
Crişul Alb.
339
The alluvial plain of the western part of
Zărand
gulf resulted from the
joining of the riverbeds of
Crişul Alb,
Teuz and Cigher. The predominant
morphology is that of the riverbeds, such as: numerous separations of streams,
more meanders of the channels, regular floods and the impossibility of some
tributary creeks to open their way to the mainstem.
The riverbed of
Criş
is well defined and wide, sometimes more than
1
km.
It has a more inclined slope in the eastern part of the depression. The formation of
large alluvial fans, especially by the tributaries coming from
Bihor
Mountains, is in
favour of a fast drainage, which make the lands to be usually dry. These dry spaces
have the tendency to become terraces, which have multiple opportunities for use,
especially in agriculture, but also for the location of human settlements, which are
quite numerous in this area.
An important feature of the terraces of
Zărand
gulf is their high slope in
longitudinal profile and the gradual decrease of their relative altitude, until they are
totally merged with the deposits of the subsidence plain. Along the
Crişul Alb
sectors, there is the same number of terraces with similar relative altitude. The
small existing differences are due to lithological and tectonic causes. They are
developed during two distinctive cycles and the lower terraces are the larger ones.
The average level is represented by piedmont hills. They are the result of a
long modeling process of an accumulation piedmont shaped at the base of the slope
of the surrounding mountain ranges. The long process of erosion exerted over a
complex lithological bedrock and some morphometric and morphological criteria
(degree of evolution, shape, altitude, fragmentation) determined their division into
several distinctive units and subunits. The frequent streams have typical features
for piedmont area: deep and wide valleys, compared to their present discharge,
because they cut their channels into the friable marls and sands of the
Pontian.
In
the sector of the former alluvial fans where the piedmonts have been built, there are
areas of divergence and convergence; the slopes have smooth profile and low
inclination.
The process of formation of the terraces is a continuation of the piedmont
hills modeling, after the establishment of the drainage network along the present-
day channels.
The high level is made up by the mountain ranges surrounding the gulf-
type depression. Biharia Massif Is a unitary range in the North-East; its southern
part,
Găina
Mountain
(1484
m) is the highest peak of
Zărand
Land. It consists of
crystalline schists and it has large high plateaus, where the
Moţi
meet the
Crişeni
at the traditional annual girl fair.
Metaliferi
Mountains lie in the South-East of
Zărand
Depression. They
have gentle ranges, of low altitude. Vulcan Peak
(1263
m) consists of sandstones
and schists at the base, which carry white limestones on the top, providing the
tourist with beautiful panoramic sites.
The line of ranges is at the same time broken by volcanic cones which
once poured out incandescent lava, and gold, silver and copper ores together with
it. The peculiar landscapes presented by these former volcanoes may be admired at
340
Săcărâmb, Brad,
Zlatna,
at the fortress of
Roşia Montană
(former gold mine of
the Romans), but especially at
Detunata,
where the basaltic columns are a unique
phenomenon of highest interest.
Zărand
Mountains lie in the South. Their highest
peak is Drocea
(837
m) and they are made up by ancient crystalline schists and
volcanic rocks, with long ranges covered by forests.
Codru-Moma Mountains
(Pleşu
Peak
1110
m) are located in the North-
West of
Zărand
Land and predominantly consist of crystalline rocks and
limestones.
The generally hard rocks which make up the mountains surrounding the
Zărand, Gurahonţ
and Brad depressions provide the best conditions for the
development of V-shaped deep valleys and highly inclined slopes. Steep slopes are
specific for the hillocks.
4.
The climate and its role in the territorial system of
Zărand
Land
Given the position of
Crişul Alb
drainage basin in the western part of
Romania, it has a temperate continental towards moderate subcontinental climate,
with oceanic influences and significant microclimatic differences. The climate is
characterized by the dominance of very wet western and south-western air masses,
to which tropical air intrusions and polar air invasions may be added.
4Л.
The solar radiation represents the decisive factor in the development
°f all atmospheric processes and phenomena and therefore in the genesis of the
type of climate.
The annual average values of the total solar radiation, grouped in classes
corresponding to field realities, are the following:
•
The lowest values
(60 -100
kcal
/
cm2
/
year) are specific for shadowy or
half-shadowy steep slopes. The same slopes, but having a low or moderate slope,
receive an amount of caloric energy between
100
and
150
kcal;
•
Horizontal or
subhorizontal
areas, as well as the eastern and western slopes
(except for the very steep ones) receive annually
116-120
kcal
/
cm2;
•
The other classes
(121 -135
and
136 -155
kcal
/
cm2
/
year) are
characteristic for the sunny and half-sunny moderate and steep slopes.
4.2.
General atmospheric circulation
Using the data of the meteorological reports and analysing the directions
from which the air masses sharing the same characteristics are shifting, it comes
°ut that the following types have the highest frequency in the depression area of
Crişul Alb:
Polar-maritime air masses, most frequent in summer and at the end of spring,
carried by the western and north-western circulation. They are cold and wet;
341
■
Polar-continental air masses, which are cold and dry in winter, warm and
dry in summer, brought by the north-eastern and eastern circulation;
■
Tropical-maritime air masses reach the region from the South and South-
West, due to the ridge of the Azores High. They determine a moderate temperature
in winter and a high instability in summer;
■
Arctic-maritime air masses, conveyed from the North Atlantic within the
polar circulation. They determine a very cold and wet weather in winter, as well as
late frosts in spring and early frosts in autumn;
■
Tropical-continental air masses, transported by the southern and south¬
western circulation, is more frequent in summer, when it generates tropical days
and nights;
■
The arctic-continental air masses, which have the lowest annual frequency,
are more frequent in winter and they determine an extremely cold and dry weather.
4.3.
The ground surface
Zărand
Land presents a heterogeneous active surface, given by the
alternation of fields covered by crops, forests or marshy lands, even wetlands,
located in a landscape which lacks a marked vertical differentiation.
The relief, as active surface, is relatively monotonous, but it has an
influence on the climatic elements due to its general configuration, altitude,
gradient and slope exposure.
The higher altitude of piedmont hills compared to the alluvial plain of
Criş
-
Teuz, and the gradual increase in height from West to East determines several
differentiations in the distribution of temperatures and precipitations.
As a result, the multiannual air temperature average is
10.5°
С
at Ineu,
9.9°
С
at
Gurahonţ
and
8.9°
С
at
Ţebea-
Brad,
10.3°
С
at
Siria,
and
10.7°
С
at
Chişineu
Criş.
It comes out that there is a difference of
1.6°
С
between the western and the
eastern part of the depression, corresponding to the vertical temperature gradient.
The difference between
Ţebea
and
Chişineu Criş
meteorological stations is
1.8°
С
According to this value, there is a difference of
1-2°
С
between the area of the
piedmont hills and terraced corridor of
Crişul Alb.
The difference of altitude between the
landform
levels is also reflected in
the amount of precipitation, which increases from the valley of the main axial
mainstem towards the mountain ranges, and from West to East, along with the
altitude. Therefore, the average multiannual amount of precipitation is
583.7
mm at
Chişineu Criş,
651.4
mm at
Siria,
631.4
mm at Ineu,
732
mm at
Gurahonţ,
729
mm
at
Ţebea
and reaches about
800
mm on the contact with the mountains.
The configuration of the
landforms
provides the piedmont hills on the side
of
Zărand
Mountains a shelter in the way of western and south-western Atlantic
or Mediterranean air masses. Therefore, at the same height, the value of the
average amount of precipitation is
100
mm less than in
Codru
Hills.
The morphology also exerts an influence on the local air circulation. The
shape of a West-East elongated corridor makes these directions to be predominant
342
in the case of winds. The western circulation is much more active in summer, while
the eastern circulation is predominant in winter.
4.4.
The climatic potential and risks
The average annual temperatures and the average values of precipitation
written in the tables allowed us to draw climographs, temperature and precipitation
maps, as well as a climatic map, used for the climatic regionalization of
Zărand
Land.
Throughout the year, the monthly average temperatures have a normal
variation, reaching a minimum in January and a maximum in July, closely
following the quantitative distribution of solar radiation, compared to which it
presents an almost perfect parallelism. In its turn, the solar radiation varies
according to the air circulation, which determines the regime of cloudiness and the
duration of sunshine. It provides a local specificity concerning temperature, with
higher values compared to the eastern regions, located at the same altitude.
The air humidity in
Zărand
Land is influenced by the high frequency of
Atlantic or Mediterranean air masses. As a result, the annual average relative
humidity reaches high values of
79-82%.
It is relatively homogeneously distributed
in space.
The map of average annual precipitation points out the above-mentioned
zonality. Thus, the lowest amounts
(650-700
mm) fall in the alluvial plain and the
glacis, as they reach
631.1
mm at Ineu. Amounts of over
700
mm fall in the
piedmont hills of the southern side
(732
mm at
Gurahonţ,
727
mm at
Baia de Criş-
Ţebea),
while the highest amounts of about
850
mm fall at the contact with the
mountains, in
Codru,
Moma
and
Bihor
Hills. In the mountains proper, precipitation
values are over
1000
mm
/
year.
5.
The systemic function of hydrography
5.1.
The epigeal drainage network and the water resources
The watershed
-
delimits the drainage basin of
Crişul
Alb from the
neighbouring basins
-
Mureş
to the South,
Crişul
Negra
to the North,
Arieşul Mare
and
Mic
to the North-East, and
Abrud, Ampoi
and Geoagiu to the East. The total
length of the watershed on Romanian territory is
432
km, of which
162
km on the
right bank and
270
km on the left bank. The sinuosity index of the watershed is
1.87.
Due to their hydrological features and their position within the
Carpathians, the rivers of the analysed region are part of the western group and
belong to the drainage system of
Criş.
The mainstem is
Crişul Alb
(White
Criş),
which drains most of the region. Only a small sector on the Northern side of
Zărand
Depression is drained by Teuz, a left tributary of
Crişul
Negra
(Black
Criş).
The areas with technological,
géomorphologie
and hydrological risks may
be established by analysing the map of hydrological risks.
343
The relatively uniform physical-geographical conditions lend to the rivers
of
Crişul Alb
depression a regime without obvious territorial contrasts.
Nevertheless, the differences induced by the climatic conditions are displayed in
the slightly distinctive regime of the streams of Brad,
Hălmagiu
and
Gurahonţ
basins compared to those of
Zărand
gulf, materialized in the average seasonal and
monthly discharge, as well as in the peculiarities of regime stages (high waters,
floods and low waters).
5.2.
The contribution of ground waters
Regarding the regime of the phreatic waters, one notices that the highest
level generally occurs at the end of winter and in early spring, immediately after
the snow melts. The lowest levels occur frequently in September-October, when
precipitation is low, and evapotranspiration is still high, so that there is no water
available to infiltrate towards the phreatic zone. The highest annual amplitudes of
depth have values of about
2
m, but they can get to
3
m
in the neighbourhood of
Crişul Alb
river bed, where the river water increase determines the bore of the
phreatic zone, which sometimes spreads at considerable distance.
Important changes concerning the depth of the phreatic zone came out as a
result of anthropogenic intervention. Thus, the diking and draining works executed
in recent years led to the lowering of the hydrostatic level by
1-1.5
m. Opposite to
this situation, the damming of Cigher and Teuz, as well as the creation of ponds in
Criş
flood plain, determined the rise of the phreatic zone in these areas.
The phreatic waters of the alluvial plain have a mineralization between
0.1
and
3
g/1, belonging to the calcium bicarbonate type, seldom to the sodium
bicarbonate type.
The discharges of phreatic zones of the alluvial plain have values between
1
and
3
1/s, and they are slightly higher in
Criş
flood plain, upstream from
Gurahonţ.
For instance, near Brad,
3-6
1/s have been obtained by drilling.
6.
The systemic role of vegetation, fauna and soils
The natural vegetation of
Crişul Alb
depression corridor is nowadays
limited to small areas, being usually preserved in those areas that are not suitable
for agriculture (for instance, the steep slopes of the piedmont area and the volcanic
hillocks). Secondary vegetation took the place of the primary vegetation. The
vegetation of the flood plain has been mostly affected by human activity in the
latest centuries.
The vertical zonality of the vegetation may be described as following:
The lowland area, located in the western part of
Crişul Alb
valley,
extending up to
250
m
of altitude. This area is characterized by mesohygrophyllic
phytocoenoses of the association Agrostion stolonifarae, as well as by halophyllic
phytocoenoses of the associations Artemisio
santonici
-
Festucetum pseudovinae,
Puccinellietum limosae, Camphorosmetum annuae.
344
In the hilly area, which goes up to
550
m
of altitude, the distribution of
vegetal phytocoenoses is largely influenced by the slope exposure. On the sunny
slopes of this area, the zonal woodland vegetation is made up by the coenoses of
the Quercetum petraeae
-
cerris and Quercetum farnetto
-
cerris associations. The
coenoses of the
Querco
petraeae
-
Carpinetum association are frequently found on
the shadowy slopes.
The mountain area, less diversified, occurs at altitudes higher than
600
m.
The zonal vegetation hereby consists of the phytocoenoses of
Carpino
-
Fagetum
association, which may be considered as the climax vegetation for the existing
climatic and pedological conditions. In isolated situations and very rarely, on the
sunny slopes of the mountains one may find the phytocoenoses of the
Querco
patraeae
—
Carpinetum association.
In the
subzone
of mixed forests of beech and conifers, one may find the
beech, the spruce and the fir trees. This
subzone
is characterized by the alternation
of different woodland groups mixed with pure fir and beech forests, covering
however small areas. This type of forest is found in
Bihor
and
Metaliferi
Mountains at altitudes above
700
m.
Bentgrass, red fescue and often
Nardus
stricta
grasses are typical on the
secondary mountain grasslands, developed on the site of former mixed forests of
beech and conifers. They cover large areas on the northern side of Vulcan
Mountain and are extremely limited in
Metaliferi
Mountains.
Azonal vegetation. In the drainage basin of
Crişul Alb,
the most
representative azonal associations are found in the flood plains. The flood plain
vegetation is represented by woody and herbaceous species. The flood plain
vegetation includes two main types of associations: riverside forests and flood
Plain meadows.
The fauna presents a large diversity, consisting of European and Boreal
elements. The anthropogenic intervention had the usual result of endangering some
species, their gradual reduction in numbers (the chamois, the lynx, the brown bear)
or their disappearance in the area (the
wisent).
In the deciduous forests, one may
find the wild boar, the roe deer, the wolf, while the deer and the brown bear live in
the mixed forests.
The ichthyofauna of the upper stream of
Crişul Alb
and its tributaries is
represented by the miller s thumb, the loach and the brown trout
{Salmo trutta
fario). The following species are specific for the middle stream: the barbel
{Barbus
neridhnalis), the nase {Chondrostoma nasus), the chub {Leuciscus cephalus), the
gudgeon
{Gobio sp.),
the Romanian loach {Sabanejewia
romanica).
Along the
lower stream, one may find the carp {Cyprinus
carpio),
the bream {Abramis
brama),
the perch
{Perca
fluviatilis), the zander {Leuciperca sandra), the pike
{Exos lucius), the
weis
catfish {Silurus sp.) etc.
345
The soils
In
Zărand
Land, the soils are represented by typical luvisols and
albeluvisols, having a light colour, therefore a high albedo. They are widely spread
on the terraces and piedmont hills. In the glacis plain, the black luvic
clinohydromorphic soils are predominant. They have a low albedo. A number of
azonal soils may be added, providing a mosaic-like character to the pedosphere.
The zonal soils. The class of argiluvisols includes those soils which have
the Bt stratum enriched with migrating clay. They developed and evolved in the
forest areas. The following soil types belonging to this class occur: typical luvisols
and albeluvisols (brown podsols). The class of cambisols is widely spread in the
upper and middle stream of
Crişul Alb (Gurahonţ, Hălmagiu
and Brad
depressions). It is represented by entrocambosols and districambosols. The class of
chernozems includes soils which are diagnosed by the dark-coloured molic A
stratum, containing
1-20%
humus and having a granular, grainy or polyhedral
structure. This class is represented in
Crişul Alb
valley by chernozems, faeosioms
and rendzinas.
The most frequent azonal soils are the hydrosols, salsodisols, vertisols and
protisols, and antrisols.
THE ANTHROPOGENIC PREMISES FOR THE SETTING UP
OF
ZĂRAND
LAND REGIONAL SYSTEM
1.
Geodemographic characteristics
1.1.
Population density and spatial distribution
The population density points out the differences concerning the repartition
of inhabitants within a certain territory, indicating the degree of concentration or
dispersion of the population.
The general density is
33.31
inhabitants/km2, much below the national
average of
90.5
inhabitants/km2, and below the county average
-
Arad
County
59.5
inhabitants/km2,
Hunedoara
County
68.9
inhabitants/km2, and the West Region
61.1
inhabitants/km2 in
2002.
An analysis of the
1992
average density indicates the
following values:
65.9
inhabitants/km2 in the West Region,
62.9
inhabitants/km2 in
Arad
County and
77.6
inhabitants/km2 in
Hunedoara
County.
The physiological (agricultural) density was
61
inhabitants/km2 of
agricultural land.
The gradual increase (starting since the Middle Ages) of the polarization
power of
lanď -type
centres and their almost exclusive concentration of
demographic growth after
1968
in
Zărand
Land led to regional imbalances in what
the population repartition is concerned. This situation is proved by the analysis of
the evolution of the demographic density of Brad city.
The population density in Brad is about
200
inhabitants/km2. Its values
(235.82
inhabitants/km2 in
1992
and
206.08
inhabitants/km2 in
2002)
are higher
than the average of the analysed territory, the average of the county
(77.6
346
inhabitants/km2 in
1992
and
68.9
inhabitants/km2 in
2002)
and the national average
(96.1
inhabitants/km2 in
1992
and
91.4
inhabitants/km2 in
2002).
As a consequence, the urban centre has a high value of this indicator,
despite the low values recorded by the belonging settlements, which reduce the real
differences between the city
-
analysed separately
-
and the rest of the territory.
High densities are also registered in the towns of
Pâncota, Sebiş,
Ineu
(between
60
and
200
inhabitants/km2). Average values of the density, between
30
and
60
inhabitants/km2, are found along the central corridor, due to the location of
the towns of Brad, Ineu,
Sebiş
and
Pâncota
within it. In contrast to this situation,
constantly decreasing general densities are recorded at the northern and southern
edges of
Zărand
Land. This case is due to the mountain
landforms
which provide
less opportunities for capitalization at the level of the local communities.
1.2.
The geodemographic evolution
The demographic trend of the population of
Zărand
Land is constantly
negative during the analysed period, despite the very spectacular numerical
evolution of other regions, even those of the land type. This fact may be
explained by the low birth rate, but also by the permanent migration of the
population to the largely endodynamic regions located in the neighbourhood
(especially the area of
Deva
and
Arad)
or farther away
(Timişoara, Cluj-Napoca,
Oradea,
although at a lower scale).
The migration flows did not register the high intensity which characterized
other regions, counties or lands , because of the employment of the exceeding
labour force in local or regional activities, in the mining sector (Brad,
Baia de Criş)
and wood processing.
The analysis of the numerical evolution of
Zărand
Land led to the
following results: a negative trend is registered after World War II, the population
decreased by
9007
inhabitants in
26
years, while the high birth rate recorded in the
years after the war partly compensated this trend. The period also corresponds with
the hunger years of
1945-1947
when Moldavians migrated to the West of Romania,
and many remained permanently.
1.3.
Geodemographic structures
A human community as a global system is made up by
a senes
ot
subsystems which differentiate between each other by qualitative features: sex, age,
nationality, language, religion, professional activity and level of instruction,
residential environment.
. ..
The following demographic types are presented: the progressive type (for
Brazii, Cărând, Covăsânţ),
the stationary type
(Almaş, Şilindia),
the regressive type
-
which is characteristic for most settlements of
Zărand
Land, the rejuvenation type
(Pâncota
and
Târnova),
population in imbalance
(Archiş, Craiva).
The tendencies of distortion of the age-sex pyramid revealed by
Ше
1992
census were confirmed by the evolutions of the next decade, when the imbalances
°f demographic structures deepened in most cases.
347
From a national and linguistic point of view, the Romanians form the
majority of the population in
Zărand
Land. National minorities also live there,
contributing to the shaping of a specific individuality of the area. The national
minorities have the following weights:
2.1%
Gypsies,
1.9%
Hungarians,
0.3%
Germans and
0.1%
other minorities. The Hungarians represent the main national
minority in Romania. They live mostly in Ineu
(877),
Pâncota
(608),
Brad
(226),
Sebiş
(183),
Şilindia
(143),
Bocsig
(96),
where sometimes they form compact
groups. They are not specific for
Zărand
Land, where they appear as islands
scattered within the ocean of Romanian population. The Gypsies are more
numerous in
Pâncota
(607),
Ineu
(526),
more than
150
in
Sebiş, Beliu,
Bocsig,
Craiva,
Târnova, Brad.
At the
1992
census, the Germans lived in the following settlements:
Pâncota
(363),
Ineu
(85),
Brad
(67),
Băiţa
(28),
Buteni
(20),
while in
2002
they
could be found in the same settlements, but in lower numbers:
Pâncota
(211),
Brad
(54),
Ineu
(48),
Băiţa
(15),
Buteni
(9).
In recent years, there was a large migration
of the German population back towards their places of origin, so it is possible for
them to disappear soon.
The denominational, professional and habitat structures are presented as
follows. Maps concerning these structures and their comparison between
1992
and
2002
are attached to the text. The conclusions are the following:
The Orthodox denomination has the highest weight
(84%
in
2002),
followed by Roman Catholics
(2.45%),
Protestants and other Neoprotestant
denominations.
Regarding the structure by economic sectors, the population employed in
the primary sector dropped from
29% (1992)
to
13% (2002),
the
population employed in the secondary sector maintained its weight
(43%
in
1992
and
44%
in
2002),
while the population of the tertiary sector
increased in a spectacular way, from
29%
in
1992
to
43%
in2002.
The growth of the urban population has been achieved in several ways.
The rural population has a decreasing weight, as the level of development
of the land gets higher. There is a correlation between the population structure
according to urban/rural environment and the urban boom .
2.
The specificity of the habitats
The present settlement system of
Zărand
Land is the result of a long
historical evolution, coming out from the continuous adaptation and modeling of
the physical-geographical elements by humans in order to satisfy the collective
demands. At present, the settlement network of
Zărand
Land consists of
4
towns,
39
communes and
221
villages.
The density of settlements, as a ratio between the number of settlements and
the area, presents a large variability. It appears as a result of the interdependence of
natural factors (out of which morphology stands out, due to the degree of
fragmentation of the
landforms)
and social-historical factors. In
Zărand
Land,
covering an area of
3669.89
km2, there are
225
settlements, of which
4
are urban
348
settlements and
221 -
rural settlements. The average density is
6.1
settlements
/
100
km2. The
66
small settlements
(251-500
inhabitants) and
67
very small
settlements (less than
250
inhabitants) are predominant, as they represent more
than half of the total number of settlements
(57%).
It is noticeable that the
settlements density is above the national average
(4.5
settlements/
100
km2).
As a consequence, the analysed territory is remarkable due to its high
number of settlements, but nevertheless these settlements have a low demographic
potential (giving a very low population density of
33.31
loc/km2).
The generally low altitude of
Zărand
Land is reflected in the high
percentage of settlements located below
200
m
(18.22%),
with a balanced number
between the two levels,
100-150
m
and
150-200
m.
The presence and development of human habitat is most representative
(57.77%)
at altitudes between
200
and
400
m,
38
settlements representing
16.88%
are located at altitudes between
400
and
600
m,
12
settlements lie between
600
and
800
m
and only
4
settlements are situated between
800
and
1000
m.
Respecting the classification of I.
Ianoş
(1990),
the small
(251-500
inhabitants) and very small (up to
250
inhabitants) villages are the most numerous.
Each represents
29% (67
villages in every class).
Compared to
1992,
the situation is the following: the villages with less
than
100
inhabitants decreased by
12; 22
compared to
34
villages, meaning
9.5%. 7
middle-sized villages
(1001-1500
inhabitants) became middle-sized-small villages
(501-1000
inhabitants) because of the population decrease. The very large
(7)
and
large villages
(6)
remained in the same category. The higher decrease, by
150
inhabitants, was registered in the village of Cociuba, while
Cil
was the only village
where a small increase, by
13
inhabitants, has been registered.
Zărand
urban space includes
4
towns: Brad,
Ineu, Pâncota
and
Sebiş,
with
their subordinated settlements. Each of the four towns has a certain area of
attraction and is, in its turn, under the influence of a higher-ranked city.
The towns of
Zărand
Land are the following:
>
Brad City
-
located in the depression with the same name, at the
southern foot of
Bihor
Mountains, at
278
m
of altitude. It is an important centre of
regional gravitation for
Zărand
Land, especially for the northern part of
Hunedoara
County. It was attested in documents since
1445.
It had
16,482
inhabitants in
2002.
>
Ineu
-
town located in Cermei Plain, at
100
m
of altitude, on
Crişul Alb
River
(10,228
inhabitants in
2002).
It belongs to
Arad
County and was
mentioned in documents since
1214.
>
Pâncota
-
town in
Arad
County, located in
Arad
Plain, at the
northern foot of Cigher Hills, at a height of
110
m, on
Matca
Canal. It was first
attested in documents in
1202-1203 (7,488
inhabitants in
2002).
>
Sebiş
-
town in
Arad
County, located in the homonymous
depression, at the foot of
Codru
Moma
Hills, at
150-200
m
of altitude, in the area
of confluence of Dezna River with
Crişul Alb.
The first documentary attestation
dates from
1552. (6,525
inhabitants in
2002).
349
THE SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONS OF
ZĂRAND
LAND
1.
The strategic function
A certified reflection of the strategic function of a territory such as
Zărand
Land is given by its medieval fortresses, Zarand,
Dezna, Agrişu Mare, Pâncota,
Sebiş, Vârfurile
etc. They were built with the aim of defense for a historical period
starting in around
1000
until the end of the 16th century.
They were not simple and modest constructions. On the contrary, they are
very complicated, monumental achievements, with walls and ditches which
enclosed areas that allowed many people to take shelter.
Most of these fortresses served as seats of royal counties. Such
fortifications were discovered at
Arad
and
Zărand,
exhibiting similar building
achievements as those of Biharia,
Cluj - Mănăştur
and
Dăbâca.
Until now, the following fortress plans have been published:
Arad, Ineu
(1976),
Agrişu Mare,
Dezna
(1999),
Pâncota
(1885),
Zărand
(test excavation in
1982).
2.
The cultural function
The Orthodox churches of
Crişcior
(1375-1395)
and
Ribiţa
have been
founded in the early Middle Ages. They have a great architectural value, especially
because of their paintings, which miss from other churches. The presence and high
number of ancient Romanian churches in
Zărand
Land, especially in the areas of
Brad and
Hălmagiu,
demonstrates the strong social and religious links with the Land
of
Moţi, Beiuş
Land and with the Romanians of the other side of the Carpathians.
The churches of
Agrişu Mare (Târnova),
Almas,
Beliu,
Covăsânţ, Chisindia,
Dezna, Ineu,
Pâncota, Seleuş
and
Tauţ
date also from this period (14th century).
The known practice to set up parish churches without the help of the
landlord was that of associating several villages to erase a common church.
During the 15th and 16th centuries, there are partial data about churches in
Arăneag, Buceava (Brazii
commune), Cuied (Buteni commune),
Dumbrăviţa
(Dieci
commune),
Sebiş, Secaciu
(Beliu commune). The same is true for the 17th
century, when churches were registered in Crocna
(Dieci),
Mărăuş
(Craiva),
Rogoz
de
Beliu (com. Craiva),
Târnăviţa
and
Vârfurile. Ineu
was the seat of an Orthodox
Bishopric and a powerful Romanian cultural centre, where books were probably
published.
During the 18th century, because of the war which ended the Turkish
domination, many villages became uninhabited. Therefore, the number of churches
mentioned during this period is lower:
Aciuţa, Aldeşti, Bârsa, Dud (Târnova),
Groşeni (Archiş), Hălmagiu, Hălmăgel, Honţişor (Gurahonţ), Măderat (Pâncota),
Nadăş (Tauţ), Vidra (Vârfurile).
Written documents on education in
Zărand
exist since
1733,
when the
school of
Siria
was first mentioned. However, it is believed that other primary
schools had existed within the ancient churches of
Crişcior
and
Ribiţa,
but there are
no proofs about them.
350
In
1643,
a Protestant
(Calvinist)
Bishopric was set up at
Vârfurile
Usually
schools were established in such seats. It would have been normal for such a school
to exist in
Vârfurile,
but there are no proofs.
The activity of Brad High School developed since
1869
without
interruption. This cultural institution impresses by the high number of graduates
almost
30,000,
and teachers, about
500.
The five
monographies
written by former
principals point out the authors special interest to immortalize the exceptional
activity of the school and of the graduates who became men of mark: university
professors, physicians, lawyers, priests, teachers, engineers, etc.
3.
The agricultural and craftsmanship function
In
Zărand
Land, the links between the stockbreeders, farmers and
craftsmen, on one hand, and the state, on the other hand, are made by a high
number of companies and institutions, which are involved in the agricultural and
craftsmanship in different degrees. In our opinion, the future orientation should
take into consideration a careful balance between industry, agriculture and
environmental protection.
This would suppose a moderate impact of the industry, namely small
companies, entirely lacking smoke and other polluting waste, preferably in the field
of food industry (the industries processing meat, milk, drinks, tobacco, canned
goods), the industry processing agricultural products (cereals, fruits, vegetables,
medicinal plants), the textile and clothes industry, the leather and fur industry and
the wood processing industry.
4.
The mining function
Mining had an exceptional importance in the economic life of
Zărand
Land. Even before the wars of conquest, the Romans had been well informed about
Dacia s richness in gold and the places where the precious ore was found in large
amounts and could be mined. That is why the land of
Apuseni
Mountains, rich in
gold, was transferred in the possession of the emperor Trajan. Gold mining,
directly initiated by him, has been entrusted to a different administration than the
one managing the province.
Dalmatian free workers were employed in the mines. They worked
together with other Orientals with Greek or Semitic names, whose presence is
attested by inscriptions and waxed tablets (Macrea M.,
1969).
Slaves, usually
natives, were also used in mining.
The true gold mining consisted of its extraction from ore. In order to get
the ore, drifts (cuniculi) and shafts
(putei)
were caved, especially for ventilation. In
order to break the rocks, pickaxes and spikes
(cunei)
were used. There is a
description of two drifts,
160
m
and
650
m
long,
0.6 - 0.7
m
wide and only
1
m
high at Ruda-Brad
(Hunedoara
County). Children were employed to draw the
broken ore out from these drifts. A double wooden wheel which was used to take
out water from flooded drifts was unearthed in
Ruda
mine.
351
LM.
Barza
Mineralogical
Collection,
best known as the Museum of
Gold , stands out especially due to the high number, variety and beauty of the
native gold exhibits. From this point of view, it is considered as one of the most
interesting collections in the world, the only one in its kind in Europe.
5.
The tourism function
The area should become known in the future both nationally and
internationally for its tourism resources: thermal and mineral waters with special
features, the varied mountainous landscape of the south-western sector of
Apuseni
Mountains, the favourable climate for tourism throughout the year, the rich, varied
and original anthropogenic landmarks and, last but not least, the hospitality of the
people of
Zărand
Land.
The analysis of the natural tourism potential and its components has been
made establishing a maximum partial score of
25
points. Points have granted to
each analysed component based on its (sometimes subjective) assessment
according to its importance and its capacity to attract tourists, both now and in the
future. We have taken into account the number of objectives of the same kind (for
instance: caves, thermal springs, plant and animal species), their territorial
distribution (concentrated or scattered), the degree of accessibility, attractiveness
and the degree of novelty of some objectives, which would increase the tourism
demand if properly managed.
The analysis, evaluation and ranking of the tourism potential of
Zărand
Land have been made taking into account the two components: natural resources
and anthropogenic resources, with the purpose of a regionalization.
Our analytical approach aimed the entire range of components belonging to
the natural environment: morphologic, climatic, water (mineral waters, lakes,
drainage network) and biogeographical tourism resources.
The anthropogenic tourism potential completes the natural one. Its
different component categories generate specific types of tourism. It consists of
archeological monuments and sites, architectural monuments and sites, visual arts
monuments and works, architecture and town planning reserves.
To this, one may add the more specific components of
Zărand
Land
material culture: folk art workshops, technical farming equipments, pottery etc, and
those belonging to the spiritual rural culture: customs, traditions, the national
folkloric events.
As a result, the thorough assessment of the anthropogenic tourism
resources of
Zärand Land
aimed at providing scores
/
values
/
points to the
objectives classified in the above-mentioned categories and subcategories.
Qualitative points have been given according to the attractive value stored by every
single element and, on the other hand, quantitative points between
0
and
25
ρ
have
been granted according to the number of components to the objectives within the
6
categories that are present in each administrative unit. The sum of all these must
not exceed
50
points.
352
On the basis of the qualitative and quantitative value scores, four
categories of anthropogenic tourism potential have been established, using the
same decreasing scale: high potential (between
21
and
25
p), average potential
(between
16
and
20
p), low potential
(11 - 15
p) and insignificant potential
(between
0
and
1
Op).
TERRITORIAL PLANNING AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
The architecture of
Zãrand
Land territorial system supports a possible
proposal of spatial organization in stripes, based on the general components of
favorability, restrictions and pressure.
Ţara Ză rândului
-
organizarea In benzi longitudinale
-
/
-----.............-..........
tj Ĺ
---...........----
^^^^^^l·*
■
O
;
-^
Ł^
&
:
¿oas
^L ;
■
^^Ч^Г
-v: 1 ::
■ ■ Ó-.
p
r:·:..
■■■■:.
LEGENDA
-------
~—~-^_.
■ :
щ*і
!___
^
Aria inundabilă
Г~]
Aria cultivata
Ľ1)
Aria forestas
ШИЗ
Агід
montana
řnaltfl
!
Zona Zàrand (lncu-Scbis)
Д
ZonaCwahont
ψ
ZonaHälmagiu
V
Zona
Brad
i-—
—__
1
І
Fig.
l.ZărandLand.
The territorial
organization in stripes
Taking into account the rates of favorability and restriction computed and
classified by
Petru
Tudorán
and Ion Mac
(1987)
for Brad Depression, we designed
a Possible model of organization in longitudinal stripes.
The model of transversal succession of main areas with complementary
unctions demonstrates an alignment of strips on NW-SE direction, with a certain
development in the western part, where
Zărand
Land has a larger width.
The strips correspond to the following areas:
a. The floodplain area corresponds to the low alluvial plain of
Crişul Alb
b. The area with the highest potential
-
the agricultural land (it corresponds
with the terraces)
353
c.
The area with average potential
-
the forestry area (it corresponds with the
piedmont hills of
Hălmagiu, Ţebea
and
Codru)
d.
The area with low potential
-
at the contact of the depression with the
mountains.
TERRITORIAL MODELS
OF GEOGRAPHICAL SPACE ORGANIZATION
Zărand
Land may be conceived as a space dominated by two centres, Brad
and Ineu, the two larger towns. They form therefore the centre or central area of
this region, having the highest economic development. Compared to it, the rest of
Zărand
Land territory may be considered as peripheral. The periphery is crossed by
axes on which one notices centres of periphery, such as:
Târnova,
Almas,
Brazii,
Moneasa,
Blăjeni, Buceş.
The main axes are those along the valleys and corridors of
Crişul Alb
and
Cigher, to which one may add the lowland axes, oriented mainly North-South:
Pâncota
-
Ineu
-
Beliu
-
Craiva.
In between the main polarizing axes, there are spaces with divergent
orientation, which are restrictive from the point of view of the social and economic
development. They correspond with the mountain areas
(Zărand
Mountains,
Metaliferi
Mountains,
Bihor
Mountains and
Codru-
Moma
Mountains) as well as
with some hilly areas, like
Codru
Piedmont, Cuied Hills, where accelerated
depopulation processes develop.
On
Crişul Alb
axis, the importance of polarizing centres decreases from
downstream (Ineu and
Sebiş
towns) to upstream, where the rural settlements of
Gurahonţ
and
Hălmagiu
cater for the extensive rural areas of the homonymous
depressions, without having the adequate institutions and services (especially
Hălmagiu).
As a consequence, a there is a diffuse polarization towards urban
centres located nearer or farther, both in
Arad
and
Hunedoara
counties, as well as
in the neighbouring county of
Bihor,
towards
Stei, Vaşcău
and even
Beiuş.
In the
upper course of
Crişul Alb,
Brad City represents a very important polarizing centre
for the eastern part of
Zărand
Land.
In the context of economic recession, especially in the field of mining
industry and the associated processing industry, the city of Brad and the
neighbouring rural industrial settlements suffered a serious economic crisis,
directly reflected in the standards of living and welfare of the inhabitants. In order
to improve the situation, the area of Brad received the status of disadvantaged
zone , but the positive effects of this condition have not yet occurred.
In opposition to the situation presented above, a new industrial centre
appeared in
Zărand
Land
-
the town of Ineu, whose authorities knew how to attract
powerful investors, and it is now on the upward slope of economic development.
As a consequence,
Zărand
Land is torn apart from the point of view of unity and
identity because of its bivalent polarization.
354
In the following lines, we will exemplify the application of the chorematic
system of analysis for
Zărand
Land. According to the drawn-up figure, we may
state a few remarks, as follows:
-
The most important part in the mental and administrative polarization is
played by the city of Brad, not only because it continues the
Zărand
Land cultural
traditions, but also because it still has an important role in the mining and
processing of non-ferrous ores, from the point of view of mass, energy and
information flows. The
2002
data prove that Brad attracts the highest population
flows, which determine its spatial dynamics due to their capacity of organization
and the pressure exerted upon the built-up area (average density
206
loc/km2;
natural growth l,9%0; birth rate 9,9%o).
-
As local centres of administrative polarization, we have identified the towns
of
Ineu, Pâncota
and
Sebiş,
which have a higher importance for the western part of
Zărand
Land;
-
Among the rural settlements that are more important, we mention the
following:
Baia de Criş, Buceş, Hălmagiu, Gurahonţ
-
ranked above the other
communes;
-
Concerning the religious sites and the settlements of historical significance, we
established the following spiritual centres:
Ţebea, Ribiţa, Crişan, Crişcior, Curechiu;
-
The narrow passages or even gorges between the depression areas of Brad,
Hălmagiu - Gurahonţ
and
Zărand
have been marked as vectors of narrowing,
where the incoming and outgoing flows are concentrated;
Ţara Za rândului
-
reprezentare chorematică
-
î
Nucleu regional «ic polarizare
menials si
administrativii
Nucleu local de polarizare administratm
φ
Poli spirituali locali
X
Comune
eu tendinţa
de
іемге
din
вш
de influente a
Tarii
/ашііМш
(¿¿jjj Comune cu ontmtare
Nvaknto
0
Staţiuni balneoclimaterice
l
lú
Limita
ariei
de
influenta
аішсІееЬг
locale
de polarizare
mentala
■ ivfflgeni locala
•-unvcrgenia locata
/V/
Vectori
ite
îngustare
/S/
ì
-сџаит
cu
wgitmiîe v
/Vf
Vectori de descărcare
;
j
Suprafeţe
de dcMcarcar
Fig. 2.
Zărand Land- chorematic
representation
355
-
In the neighbourhood of these narrowing vectors, one remarks the presence
of communes with a bivalent orientation
(Hălmăgel, Pleşcuţa,
Almas,
Dieci,
Dezna, Tomeşti);
-
There is another category of settlements, that of the spa resorts,
Vata
de Jos
and Moneasa, which have a local but also a regional importance.
-
In the western part of the depression area of
Crişul Alb,
we have identified
several communes tending to exit the area of influence of
Zărand
Land, like:
Seleuş, Şicula, Cermei
and Craiva;
-
The links with the neighbouring regions are made by
Vălişoara
Pass with the
Mureş
Corridor, Vulcan Pass with the Land of
Moţi,
the col at
Criştior
with
Beiuş
Land. The connection with the
Criş
Plain is made by
Zărand
Depression, which
downloads the mass, energy and information flows;
-
There is a good cultural and economic communication between
Zărand
Land
and the neighbouring regions, fact which actually determined the fragmentation of
the former mental spaces.
CUPRINS
Prefaţă
................................................................................................................... 9
Argument
............................................................................................................. 13
Istoricul cercetărilor
............................................................................................. 15
Ţările ca regiuni sistem, consideraţii teoretice şi metodologice
........................... 19
Aşezarea geografică, limitele şi raporturile cu regiunile vecine
.......................... 35
I.
ŢARA ZĂRANDULUI CA ENTITATE POLITICO-
ADMINISTRATIVĂ
.................................................................................... 41
II.
ŢARA ZĂRANDULUI CA PROIECŢIE SPAŢIALĂ MENTALĂ
........ 55
1.
Consideraţii generale
.................................................................................. 55
2.
Caracteristicile spaţiului mental
.................................................................. 56
3.
Elementele definitorii ale spaţiului mental al Ţării Zărandului
.................... 57
4.
Structura spaţiului mental
zarandean
.......................................................... 59
5.
Ţara Zărandului ca străvechi pământ românesc
.......................................... 67
6.
Tradiţie şi modernism în spaţiul mental
zarandean
...................................... 71
7.
Evoluţie şi involuţie în mentalitatea zărăndeană
.......................................... 73
III. PREMISELE NATURALE ALE INDIVIDUALIZĂRII ŢĂRII
ZĂRANDULUI
........................................................................................... 74
1.
Denumirea şi definirea Ţării Zărandului
.................................................... 74
2.
Litologia
tectonica şi regiunii
..................................................................... 77
3.
Rolul reliefului în structura sistemului regional
.........·................................ 85
3.1.
Date generale
...................................................................................... 85
3.2.
Hipsografia
......................................................................................... 88
3.3.
Morfometria (altitudini maxime, altitudinea medie, densitatea reţelei
hidrografice, hipsometria, fragmentarea, adâncimea fragmentării
declivitatea versanţilor, expoziţia şi energia reliefului)
........................ 88
3.4.
Regionarea
geomorfologica a
Ţării Zărandului
.................................. 98
4.
Clima şi rolul ei în conturarea Ţării Zărandului
......................................... 120
4.1.
Radiaţia solară
.................................................................................... 120
4.2.
Circulaţia generală a atmosferei
......................................................... 120
4.3.
Suprafaţa subiacentă
........................................................................... 122
4.4.
Potenţialul şi riscurile climatice
.......................................................... 124
4.4.1.
Temperatura aerului
................................................................. 124
4.4.2.
Umezeala aerului
..................................................................... 132
4.4.3.
Precipitaţiile atmosferice
......................................................... 132
4.4.4.
Stratul de zăpadă
...................................................................... 133
5.
Funcţia
sistemica a
hidrografiei
.................................................................. 137
5.1.
Aportul apelor subterane
.................................................................... 139
5.2.
Reţeaua hidrografică
epigee
şi resursele de apă
................................. 142
5.3.
Lacurile
.............................................................................................. 147
5.4
Regimul hidrologic al râurilor
............................................................ 147
5.5.
Activitatea hidrometrică
....................................................................... 150
5
6.
Rolul vegetaţiei, faunei şi solurilor în conturarea Ţării Zărandului
.............152
6.1.
Vegetaţia
.............................................................................................. 152
6.2.
Fauna
.................................................................................................... 156
6.3.
Solurile
................................................................................................. 158
6.4.
Arii protejate
........................................................................................ 160
IV.
PREMISELE ANTROPICE ALE CONSTITUIRII SISTEMULUI
REGIONAL
....................................................................................................162
1.
Specificităţi geodemografice
........................................................................162
1.1.
Continuitatea de locuire a Ţării Zărandului
......................................... 162
1.2.
Densitatea şi repartiţia spaţială a populaţiei
.........................................168
1.3.
Evoluţia geodemografică
..................................................................... 170
1.3.1.
Manifestări cu caracter regional surprinse în evoluţia numerică
a populaţiei Ţării Zărandului
..................................... 173
1.3.2.
Potenţialul geodemografic al Ţării Zărandului
......................... 175
1.3.3.
Natalitate, mortalitate, spor natural
........................................... 176
1.3.4.
Migraţia populaţiei
.................................................................... 178
1.3.5.
Dinamica teritorială a populaţiei
............................................... 179
1.4.
Structura geodemografică
.................................................................... 179
1.4.1.
Structura populaţiei pe grupe de vârste şi sexe
......................... 181
1.4.2.
Structura etnică şi lingvistică a populaţiei
................................ 184
1.4.3.
Structura confesională a populaţiei
........................................... 186
1.4.4.
Structura social
-
economică a populaţiei (structura
profesională)
............................................................................. 189
1.4.5.
Structura populaţiei pe tipuri de habitat
.................................... 189
2.
Specificitatea habitatelor
.............................................................................. 192
2.1.
Atestarea documentară
......................................................................... 192
2.2.Amplasamentul vetrelor de localitate în raport cu unităţile de relief.....
197
2.2.1.
Densitatea aşezărilor
................................................................. 197
2.2.2.
Repartiţia altitudinală a aşezărilor
.............................................204
2.3.
Tendinţe în evoluţia vetrelor de localitate
............................................207
2.4.
Specificităţi structurale şi funcţionale ale satului
zarandean
................ 211
2.5.
Aşezările urbane
.................................................................................. 216
2.6.
Identificarea şi ierarhizarea aşezărilor cu rol de loc central din Ţara
Zărandului şi zonele de influenţă ale acestora la diferite nivele ierarhice
217
2.7.
Unităţile etnografice ale Ţării Zărandului
........................................... 222
2.8.
Identitatea regiunii manifestată prin port, dansuri, muzică şi cântece
populare
...............................................................................................224
2.9.
Ocupaţii tradiţionale
............................................................................ 239
2.9.1.
Lucrul la pădure şi prelucrarea lemnului
...................................240
2.9.2.
Păstoritul şi creşterea vitelor
..................................................... 241
2.9.3.
Mineritul
....................................................................................242
2.9.4.
Meşteşugurile ţărăneşti (vărăritul, olăritul)
...............................242
2.9.5.
Cultura plantelor
....................................................................... 243
2.9.6.
Schimburi şi relaţii economice
..................................................245
2.10.
Obiceiuri din Ţara Zărandului
........................,..................................247
6 . . ·:..· .■.-..■·. ■ . ,
3.
Infrastructura tehnică a teritoriului
..............................................................251
3.1
Căi şi mijloace de comunicaţie utilizate în schimburile economice
intra şi
extra
regionale
...........................................................................253
3.2
Reţeaua de drumuri şi căi ferate
...........................................................257
4.
Economia Ţării Zărandului
.......................................................................... 260
4.1.
Tipuri şi forme de exploatare agricolă
................................................. 260
4.1.1.
Premisele naturale ale activităţii agricole
................................. 260
4.1.2.
îmbunătăţiri funciare- acţiuni de organizare a teritoriului
........ 261
4.1.2.1.
îndiguiri şi desecări
......................................................262
4.1.2.2.
Acumulări artificiale de apă
.........................................262
4.1.3.
Profilul agricol al aşezărilor
...................................................... 264
4.1.4.
Presiunea umană asupra spaţiului agricol
................................. 268
4.1.5.
Forme de valorificare agricolă
.................................................. 270
4.1.5.1.
Culturi agricole reprezentative
.....................................270
4.1.5.2.
Creşterea animalelor
.................................................... 275
4.1.5.3.
Specificităţi regionale în utilizarea terenurilor agricole
277
4.2.
Tipuri şi forme de valorificare industrială
.......................................... 278
V.
FUNCŢIILE
SISTEMICE ALE
ŢĂRII ZĂRANDULUI
...........................281
1.
Funcţia strategică
........................................................................................ 281
2.
Funcţia culturală
.......................................................................................... 284
3.
Funcţia agrară şi meşteşugărească
...............................................................288
4.
Funcţia minieră
............................................................................................291
5.
Funcţia turistică
........................................................................................... 296
VI.
AMENAJAREA TERITORIULUI ŞI DEZVOLTAREA REGIONALĂ
317
1.
Baza teoretică şi conceptuală a amenajării teritoriale şi a dezvoltării
regionale
..................................................................................................... 317
2.
Diagnoza geografică regională
...............................................................318
3.
Strategii viabile de dezvoltare regională a Ţării Zărandului
.......................319
3.1.
Perspective de dezvoltare privite prin analiza
SWOT
......................... 321
3.2.
Metodologia analizei modului de organizare a sistemului teritorial al
Ţării Zărandului
.....................................................................................328
VIL MODELE TERITORIALE DE ORGANIZARE A SPAŢIULUI
GEOGRAFIC
...............................................................................................332
1.
Choremele
-
semne de bază, noi semne convenţionale ale geografiei
.........332
2.
Analiza chorematică a Ţării Zărandului
......................................................333
SUMMARY
..................................................................................................... 337
BIBLIOGRAFIE
..............................................................................................357
ANEXE
............................................................................................................ 369
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | David, Nicolette |
| author_facet | David, Nicolette |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | David, Nicolette |
| author_variant | n d nd |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV037251347 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)711834541 (DE-599)BVBBV037251347 |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Zărander Gebirge (DE-588)4234616-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Zărander Gebirge |
| id | DE-604.BV037251347 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-24T00:21:19Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789736109904 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-021164654 |
| oclc_num | 711834541 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 390 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Presa Univ. Clujeană |
| record_format | marc |
| series | "Ţările" României |
| series2 | "Ţările" României |
| spellingShingle | David, Nicolette Ţara Zărandului studiu de geografie regională "Ţările" României Heimatkunde (DE-588)4127794-6 gnd Anthropogeografie (DE-588)4133695-1 gnd Wirtschaftsgeografie (DE-588)4066446-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4127794-6 (DE-588)4133695-1 (DE-588)4066446-6 (DE-588)4234616-2 |
| title | Ţara Zărandului studiu de geografie regională |
| title_auth | Ţara Zărandului studiu de geografie regională |
| title_exact_search | Ţara Zărandului studiu de geografie regională |
| title_full | Ţara Zărandului studiu de geografie regională Nicoleta David |
| title_fullStr | Ţara Zărandului studiu de geografie regională Nicoleta David |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ţara Zărandului studiu de geografie regională Nicoleta David |
| title_short | Ţara Zărandului |
| title_sort | tara zarandului studiu de geografie regionala |
| title_sub | studiu de geografie regională |
| topic | Heimatkunde (DE-588)4127794-6 gnd Anthropogeografie (DE-588)4133695-1 gnd Wirtschaftsgeografie (DE-588)4066446-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Heimatkunde Anthropogeografie Wirtschaftsgeografie Zărander Gebirge |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021164654&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021164654&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV035155521 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT davidnicolette tarazaranduluistudiudegeografieregionala |