Neolit Stepovoho Pobužžja
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| 100 | 1 | |a Tovkajlo, Mykola T. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Neolit Stepovoho Pobužžja |c Mykola Tovkajlo |
| 264 | 1 | |a Kyïv |b Vydavnyctvo "Šljach" |c 2005 | |
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| 490 | 1 | |a Kamʺjana doba Ukraïny |v 6 | |
| 500 | |a In kyrill. Schr., ukrain. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The neolithic of steppe area of River Bug basin | ||
| 502 | |a Zugl.: Kyïv, Diss., 1998 | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Neolithikum |0 (DE-588)4075272-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Steppe |0 (DE-588)4057302-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020783813&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | ЗМІСТ
СПИСОК СКОРОЧЕНЬ
4
ВСТУП
5
РОЗДІЛІ.
ІСТОРІЯ ДОСЛІДЖЕНЬ НЕОЛІТУ СТЕПОВОГО ПОБУЖЖЯ
6
РОЗДІЛ
2.
ФІЗИКО-ГЕОГРАФІЧНИЙ ОПИС РЕГІОНУ
10
РОЗДІЛ
3.
ПАМ ЯТКИ
14
РОЗДІЛ
4.
МАТЕРІАЛЬНА КУЛЬТУРА
23
РОЗДІЛ
5.
ПИТАННЯ ПЕРІОДИЗАЦІЇ ТА ХРОНОЛОГІЇ. ЕТНОКУЛЬТУРНІ ЗВ ЯЗКИ
36
РОЗДІЛ
6.
ОСНОВНІ ВИДИ ГОСПОДАРСЬКОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ
50
ВИСНОВКИ
59
МАТЕРІАЛИ ДО КАРТИ НЕОЛІТУ СТЕПОВОГО ПОБУЖЖЯ
63
СПИСОК ВИКОРИСТАНИХ ДЖЕРЕЛ
71
SUMMARY
79
ІЛЮСТРАЦІЇ
84
M. T.
Тоекайло. Неоліт Степового Побужжя
THE NEOLITHIC OF STEPPE AREA OF RIVER BUG BASIN
Chapter
1.
The history of studies on the Neolithic of
Steppe area of River Bug basin.
First investigations of the Neolithic of this area were
started in early 1930-th when several Neolithic sites were
discovered by the Bug archaeological expedition of
Peoples Commissariat of Education and two of them
-
Chornotashlytska Statsia and
Gard
-
were excavated. But
materials of these settlements were not published
adequately and, unfortunately, were perished during the
World War II. Further studies of these sites were sporadic.
In course of
1
970-80-th systematic survey of Neolithic sites
of Steppe area of River Bug basin was conducted by
Mykolaiv Rescue expedition of the Institute of Archaeology
of Ukrainian Ac.
Sci.
As a result, a row of new sites was
discovered, and part of them
-
Pugach
1,
Pugach
2,
Gard
3,
Gard
4,
Velyky
Ostriv
-
were subjected to full-scale
excavations by the author and O. Shaposhnikova and the
overall investigated area reach up more than
2000
sq.
meters. Rich archaeological evidence allows to examine
problems of periodization and chronology of the late period
of Bug-Dniester Culture (BDC), and its interrelations with
Neolithic and Early Eneolithic cultures of South-Eastern
Europe, first of all with Early Trypillia.
Chapter
2.
Physical-geographical description of the
area.
Neolithic sites of Steppe area of River Bug basin
represent the South-Eastern section of Bug-Dniester
Culture area. Sites are settled within the frameworks of
Mykolaiv region under 47°40 /48°20 of Northern latitude
and 30°30 732°30 of Western longitude and localized in
the centre of Dniester-Dnieper North steppe physical-
geographical province including the southern branches of
Podolhian and Dnieper platforms. Accordingly to M.
Veklich scheme of holocene palaeoclimatic stages, the
time of existence of Late Neolithic sites of Bug steppe
area is defined as
microstage hl
bl .corresponded with the
middle of Atlantic period. This period is characterized by
comfortable natural and climatic circumstances and by
predominance of forest-steppe landscapes.
Chapters. The sites.
3.1.
Topograhy of sites and stratigraphical position
of cultural layers.
Twenty six Neolithic sites are known to the date in
Steppe area of River Bug basin. The overwhelming
majority of them provide the evidence of single occupation,
and only one settlement, that is Pugach
1,
yields two
Neolithic horizons subdivided by sterile sediments. The
majority of Neolithic sites are localized in the ridge area
of Southern Bug River, next to brows of partly eroded
terrace-like elevations of delluvial genesis underlying by
alluvium of modern flood-plain. Pugach
2,
Mykolyna
Broyaka, Novorozanivka, Tashlyk
2
and others are among
the sites with such position. Other sites are associated with
cones associated with mouths of ravines and are placed at
the elevations
2,5-3,0
m
above the summer water level.
Two settlements are localized on isles, these are Grushivski
and Velyki. Settlements of
Gard
3,
Gard
4,
Klepana
Balka,
and
Kompanijska
Skelya were settled at higher levels of
relief in areas close to watersheds, at the edges of high
banks, about
45-55
m
above the water level.
At the sites placed at brows of accumulative terrace-
like elevations, Neolithic cultural layer are traced in dark-
gray light loamy soils with admixture of grit at the depth
of about
1,5
to
2,6
m. At the sites disposed in areas close
to watersheds or at rock outliers, cultural layers are traced
in grayish-brown light loamy soils with considerable
admixture of grit at the depth of
0,3-0,55
m.
In most cases settlements are not large. As rule, they
were arranged along bank lines. Settlements with area up
to
0,2
hectare are most
frequent.
Settlements of
Gard
3
and
Gard
4
are exceptional on this background since its
area constitutes
2,5
and
1,5
hectares, respectively.
3.2.
Settlements, dwellings, and other objects.
Settlements localized on high terraces, such as Pugach
1,
Pugach
2,
Mykolyna Broyaka, Novorozanivka, provide
numerous hearths. Some of them were faced with small
stones, but the majority represent reddish spots of burned
sediments, lens-like in section, round or oval in shape, with
diameter of
0,3-0,75
m
and thickness varied between
6-20
cm. Concentrations of archaeological materials and stones
mark the areas where various constructions associated with
hearths were disposed. Constructive elements of dwellings
and utilitarian constructions are not survive, save for some
exclusive cases. As it is argued, these were facilitate surface
constructions made of such undurable materials as clay,
wood, hides, straw, reed, and additionally strengthened with
stones. All of them are rectangular, with area varied
between
25
and
58
sq. m. There are all grounds to suppose
regular planning of settlements localized on high terraces,
as in all cases dwellings and other constructions were
arranged in rows extended along river banks. Some
constructions contain one or several hearths and were
served as dwellings, other constructions were used as
utilitarian. Flint-working areas (workshops) often associate
with open fire-places and were localized next to building
constructions.
Information on settlements of
Gard
3
and
4
localized
in areas close to watersheds is less detailed. Surface
constructions and flint-working areas are also recognized
here due to the presence of concentration of materials. But
the absence of hearths and currently available data provide
no grounds nor for definition of destination of these
constructions nor for reconstruction of settlement layout.
Instead, the settlement of
Gard
3
provides four utilitarian
pits, deepened into loess-like loamy soils on the depth of
79
Кам яна доба України. Вип.б
са.
0,3-0,55 m. All
of them are round in shape with diameter
about
1.1-1.35
m. Bottoms are flat or slightly concave.
Few small stones, single fragments of pottery and flint
artifacts were recovered in these pits.
Comparison of data concerning house-building practice
at the settlements of Steppe area of River Bug basin and at
the settlements known in other areas of Bug Dniester
Culture leads to conclusion about wide spreading of the
same type of facilitate surface construction throughout the
all territories of BDC at the late stage of its development.
Similar surface construction are known in this time at Early
Tripolian settlements of Southern Bug area.
Chapter
4.
Material culture.
4.1.
Characteristics of tools and domestic inventory.
Rich assemblages of ceramic, flint and stone artifacts,
bone and antler tools, and faunistic collections were
accumulated as a result of many years field studies at the
sites of discussed area. The main assemblages are
Gard
(4000
finds),
Gard
3 (8100),
Gard
4 (5000),
Pugach
1
horizon b
(6000),
Pugach
2 (9400),
Velyky Ostriv
(280),
Pugach
1
horizon a
(100
finds). Assemblages of
settlements were only preliminary works were conducted
are quantitatively insignificant and vary between few pieces
and several dozens of artifacts.
Several settlements, such as Pugach
1
and
2,
Gard, Gard
3
and
4
are characterized by combination of BDC and Early
Tripolian materials. That is why the characteristic of their
inventory is generalized.
4.1.1.
Flint products.
The overwhelming majority of inventory of all
settlements is represented by flint artifacts constituting
96-
99,9
percent of assemblages. Outcrops of flints of alluvial
origin are known
-
after the data of V. Petrougne
-
at
Southern Bug, between the mouth of Sinyukha River and
modern town of Voznesensk. Considerable outcrops of
local Sarmathian flints of Bakshala type are known on the
left bank of Bakshala valley.
Cores characterize the typical for BDC and Early
Trypillya technology of knapping. It characterizes by high
level of blade technique and predominant use of cores with
one working area. Index of blades constitutes
35-38%
at
the settlements of the first stage. The major part of
settlements of the second and third stages demonstrate
stable level of blades
-
ca.
29,5%
and only
Gard
provides
24,5%
of blades. Blades are mainly regular;
83-86%
of
them are middle-sized.
21-31%
of blades and
15-27%
of
flakes were subjected for secondary working.
Among retouched pieces there are endscrapers on
flakes
(42-49%),
knife-like blades with retouch
(22-38%),
retouched flakes
(13-20%).
Endscrapers are represented
by lateral forms on elongated oval flakes
(38-50%),
circular
and semi-circular
(12-25%)
forms, endscrapers on blades
and flakes
(8-12%)
and
ogival
endscrapers
(6-10%).
Several types of knife-like blades could be distinguished
in depend of modes of retouching. These types are: blades
with dorsal retouch
(69-86%),
ventral retouch
(10-16%),
80
alternate retouch
(3-15%),
alternating retouch
(2-5%)
and
denticulate retouch
(0,5-1,5%).
The majority of geometrical microliths is represented
by trapezes. They were made of middle-sized blades,
sometimes by mean of micro-burin technique (Fig.
30: 37,
38, 40; 33:1, 11; 37: 4-26).
Considerable series are
represented by asymmetrical trapezes and microliths
resembling parallelogram (Fig.
23: 7; 27: 3-5; 31:5; 37:
27-33; 39: 1,2,4,5).
Inserts of intermediate type between
usual trapezes and trapezes with flat retouch (Fig.
37: 35,
36, 39)
and trapezes with flat retouch (Fig.
27: 1, 4; 37:
34,37,38)
are known at the settlements of the third stage,
namely:
Gard
3,
Mykolyna Broyaka, and Pugach
1,
horizon
b . The quota of these microliths among secondary
worked artifacts vary between
0,5
and
4,5%
at different
settlements. Large inserts in appearance of blades with
terminal blunted and lateral sharpened edges, i.e. so called
rectangles were also regarded as microliths (Fig.
27:26-
28, 30, 31; 30: 25-28, 30-34, 39; 31: 1-4; 32: 25; 33: 7;
37: 1-3; 39: 14-17).
Such specific forms are known in
Steppe Bug area only at the settlements of the second and
third stages and constitute
0,3-1,0%
of tools.
Non-geometrical microliths are represented by blades
with oblique truncations, and, more rarely, with straight
truncations
(0,3-1,6%)
(Fig.
27:6,7,10,18; 30: 9,35,41;
31:6,17; 37: 45-47; 39: 7-13),
medial points
(0,1-0,2%)
(Fig.
27: 10; 30: 8; 39: 20)
and micro-burins
(0,1-0,2%)
(Fig.
27: 8; 31: 16; 37: 48,49; 39: 6).
Borer-awls (Fig.
22: 12, 13; 23: 3; 27: 11-16, 21, 22;
29: 14, 18; 30: 2-7; 32: 23, 24; 36: 24, 30; 39:1 9, 21-26,
28)
constitute
1,7-3,2%,
burins (Fig.
22: 20; 26: 17, 18,
20, 21, 24, 28; 31: 7,8, 10-12, 14, 15; 32: 29; 33: 3, 4, 6;
36: 20, 25,28,29; 39: 39)
enumerates
0,2-4,2%,
notched
tool (Fig.
22: 19,23; 23: 4,16; 25: 27; 26:22; 27: 17,24;
29: 12, 13; 30:19. 21; 33: 10; 35: 12; 36: 12; 39: 34,44;
55:9)
represent
0,4-1,8%
of tools. Sickle inserts (Fig.
36:
26, 31)
are rare
(0,2-0,4%).
Axes (Fig.
35: 27; 29: 24)
and chisels (Fig.
55:5)
are represented by single artifacts.
Settlements of Steppe Bug area combined BDC and Early
Tripolian materials yield expressive series of arrow heads
(0,1-0,6%)
(Fig.
29: 25; 35: 19)
and bifacial spear heads
(0,1-1,0%)
(Fig.
27: 19, 20, 29; 29: 22; 35:
24-26).Such
artifacts are unknown in BDC materials out of Steppe Bug
area, but are reported for many Early Tripolian settlements
at Southern Bug and Dniester areas.
4.1.2.
Artifacts made of other rocks.
There are known granite hammerstones or beaters (Fig.
41: 5),
polishing (Fig.
41: 4,6, 14),
and grinding stones
(Fig.
39:45; 41:1; 59:1).
There are adzes and axes made
of clayey slate ((Fig.
31: 13).
Talc CHOVNYK (Fig.
59:
2)
represents the unique find known at BDC settlements.
4.1.3.
Bone and antler artifacts.
There are hoes (Fig.
42: 3; 43: 11; 44: 1),
borers and
awls (Fig.42:
4,5; 44:3,7,8,11,12),
smoothers and pallets
(Fig.
42:6; 43:8; 44:2,4,9,10,13,14),
knives (Fig.
43:
5)
and plate of Mariupol type (Fig.
43:1).
4.1.4.
Pottery.
Pugach
1
horizon b , Pugach
2,
Gard, Gard
3
and
4
provide the evidence of joint presence of BDC and Early
M. T.
Товкайло. Неоліт Степового Побужжя
Tripolian ceramic. Additionally, two settlements yield
syncretic pottery combined BDC and Early Tripolian
ceramic traditions.
88-98%
of pottery of Bug Dniester Culture contain
admixture of grass, sand and graphite. Three subgroups
are distinguished in depend of quota of sand or graphite
and stable vegetable admixture. Second group
(3,9-10,6%)
includes ware with vegetable admixtures, chapped shells
and sand. The third, quantitatively less significant, group
(0,1-1,7%)
is represented by pottery made of thin clay with
negligible organic admixture.
Pots with S-like profile and flat or rounded bottoms
(Fig.
77: 1
a, á)
represent ca.
60-70%
and followed by
slightly profiled pots with wide necks and either rounded
or flat bottoms and goffer rims (Fig.
77:2
a, á).
Reminding
Early Tripolian, p ots with low straight or smoothly outward
unbended rims are less frequent (Fig.
77: 3).
Even much
rare are small vessels with ribbed body (Fig.
77: 4
a, á)
and dishes (Fig.
77: 5
a, á).
Ornamentation (Fig.
60-67)
is deepened and
represented by rubbed lines, imprints of comb and various
prick stamps. Ornamental schemes includes prevailing
horizontal, vertical, oblique rows of rubbed lines, and prick
and comb imprints. Lineal-rubbed ornamentation designed
by way of arcs, triangles, rhombs, rectangles, herring¬
bone and parquet compositions are less frequent. Comb
and prick ornaments also form herring-bone and zigzag
compositions. Flat bottoms of vessels were ornamented
rather frequently (Fig.
61:26-34; 63:7; 65: 19-23),
as well
as inner surfaces of rims (Fig.
61: 17-21; 63: 1-5; 65: 13,
14; 67: 28-33)
and their faces (Fig.
61: 22-25; 63: 6; 65:
15-18; 67: 34-39).
Early Tripolian ceramic (Fig.
68-74)
is subdivided
-
after technological signs
-
in two groups, namely:
conditional kitchen- and table-wares. This types of pottery
is typical for the most ancient South Bug Early Tripolian
settlements, like Gaivoron and Sabatynivka
2.
Syncretic pottery (Fig.
48: 16-18; 56: 8-11, 15)
combines features of Bug-Dniester and Early Tripolian
cultures and characterizes only the sites of the third period.
It represents
1,2/3,8 %
of total quantity of sherds. Its
syncretic character appears in technology (common
admixtures), in replication of Early Tripolian pottery forms,
and in combination of Bug-Dniester and Early Tripolian
motifs in ornamentation.
Chapter
5.
Questions of periodization and chronology.
Ethnocultural liaisons.
AU
known sites of Steppe area of River Bug basin
belong to the late period of BDC. Three consequent
chronological stages are distinguished. Lower horizon ( a )
of Pugach
1,
Velyky Ostriv and Semenivka belong to the
first stage. These sites, generally Late Neolithic, are
characterized by certain features of preceding period.
Second stage mirrors the classic Savran (after V.
Danylenko) phase of development of the Late Neolotbic.
Settlements of
Gard, Gard
4,
Pugach
2,
upper horizon ( b )
of Pugach
1
and some other sites are belong to this stage.
Horizon b of Pugach
1
still exists during the next stage,
as well. Archaic elements are not known in the context of
these settlements. Ceramic is characterised by the presence
of three technological groups. Lineal rubbed ornamentation
is absolutely prevailed
(89-93%),
comb and prick
ornamentation constitute
4-11
and
0,6-3
percent,
respectively. At this stage the Early Tripolian ceramic is
reported for the first time for several settlements (up to
7-
12 %).
It witnesses both for partial coexistence of Bug-
Dniester sites of Steppe Bug area and Early Tripolian
settlements of Sabatynivka
2
type, and for rise of
interrelations and interactions between BDC and Trypillia
A. These contacts reflect in BDC pottery in form of
appearance of pottery similar by shape and ornamentation
to Early Tripolian ceramic. Inverse impacts are reported
for ceramic assemblages of Early Tripolian settlements of
Gaivoron, Sabatynivks
2
and Grebenyukiv Yar and come
out in spreading of typically BDC lineal rubbed, comb,
and prick ornamentation designed in manner proper for
this cultute (Fig.
75: 1-13).
Synchronous position of both
cultures is also supported by finds of imported BDC
ceramic at Tripolian settlement of Grebenyukov Yar (Fig.
75: 14).
Traditional links with population of Dniepr-Donets
cultural-historical entity became more intensive at the
second stage, when certain part of Bug-Dniester population
migrates in Middle Dnieper area. Syncretic sites like
Buz ky, Pyshchyky etc. were appeared at this time in
Cherkassy region and BDC impacts becomes essentially
more powerful.
Interrelations with Neolithic population of Dnieper
Ridge area was the most intensive. In particular, pottery
with collar-like rims and typically Azov-Dnieper motifs in
ornamentation reflects impacts of this latter during the
second stage of BDC development. This evidence allows
to synchronise this stage of BDC with the first stage of
Azov-Dnieper culture.
Materials of the settlement of Pugach
2
also witness
for chronological coincidence of the second stage of BDC
with the youngest group of Lineal-Band pottery culture.
This assumption is argued by ceramic imports of Lineal
Band Pottery Culture at the settlement of Soroki
5,
synchronous with the sites of the second stage of BDC in
Steppe Bug area.
Vasylivka V, Vilnyanka, Vovnigy
2,
and Yasynuvata
ground cemeteries are synchronised with the second and,
probably, part of third stages of the Late Neolithic of Steppe
area of River Bug basin. These cemeteries were referred
by D. Telegin to the second phase of the early (A) and the
first phase of the late (B) stages.
Final third stage is represented by the settlements of
Gard
3,
Mykolyna Broyaka, Novorozanivka, Pugach
1
horizon b and some other. The quota of Eraly Tripolian
pottery considerably rises (up to
40-52%)
and syncretic
pottery appears, combining Bug-Dniester and Early
Tripolian ceramic traditions. Influence of Azov-Dnieper
Culture become more intensive at this stage and important
changes took place in composition of micro-implements
of the sites of Steppe Bug area. In particular, me trapezes
81
Ком яна
доба України. Вип.6
with invasive retouch on dorsal surface and trapezes with
flat retouch were appeared in assemblages alongside with
usual trapezes and parallelograms, the quota of lineal-
rubbed ornament was almost twice decreased. Instead,
comb and prick elements of ornament increased several
times. Prick ornament is designed in so called cursive
manner. These features, as well as appearance of pottery
with collars and prick ornamentation, allow to suppose
partial coexistence of the sites of the final stage of BDC in
Steppe area of River Bug basin and sites of the late (second)
stage of Azov-Dnieper culture.
The problem of absolute chronology of the sites of
Steppe Bug area could not be solved univocally on
available sources. In works published before
1998
the first
stage of Neolithic of Steppe Bug area was referred to the
end of V-th
millenium
ВС,
while the second stage was
dated to the first quarter of the IV-th
millenium,
and the
third stage was localized in the end of the first quarter and
beginning of the second quarter of the IV-th
millenium
ВС.
Such a notion was based upon the single
С
14
date for
the settlement of Pugach
2
(5920±60 BP,
Kè-3030), on
the chronology elaborated for Precucuteni-Trypillya A, and
on radiocarbon determinations available for this latter
sequence.
The list of
С
14
dates currently is essentially larger due
to results, obtained by M. Kovalyukh. But new radiocarbon
dates are not agree with dates of synchronous cultures of
Kri°, Lineal-Band pottery, and Precucuteni
3 -
Trypillya
A. They also contradict with archaeological data obtained
on the base of traditional methods and their reliability
calls certain doubts. Hence, we forced to return to the
preliminary dating of Bug-Dniester and Early Trypillya
cultures, based upon calibrated dates obtained prior to
1998.
Accordingly with this data, the period of existence
of Bug-Dniester sites of Steppe Bug area might be
determined in frameworks of the Vl-th and first third of the
V-th
millenium
ВС
in terms of calibrated dates.
Chapter
6.
The main directions of economic activity.
The majority of determined bones coming from the
settlements of
Gard
group belongs to domestic animals,
constituting
84-97%
of total number of mammalian
remains. Domestic animals also prevail by the number of
identified individuals, in general between
64-95,5%.
Remains of ox absolutely prevails both by the number of
bones
(47-96%)
and by the number of individuals
(38-
54%).
Small horned cattle and horse share the second place
and constitute
14-25%.
Pig was reported only for the
settlements of Mykolyna Broyaka and Pugach
1.
On the
latter pig constitutes
24%
of individuals. The list of
domesticated animals is completed by dog
(10-11%).
Frequency of ox witnesses the needs of Bug-Dniester
population in meaty products were supplied mainly by large
horned cattle. Therefore, there are grounds to regard the
cattle breeding
-
with prevailing of large horned cattle in
herd
-
as the basic branch of economy of the Late Neolithic
communities of Steppe Bug area. But hunting still plays
important role in acquisition of nutrition products.
82
Must be stressed comparative poorness of lists of wild
fauna. In particular, remains of roe are few, thought this
specie remains traditional big game object. Red deer was
the main big game object in forest-steppe area of Southern
Bug and Dniester. Sufficiently lesser are quotas of wild
boar, aurochs, hare, and beaver. Special instance is
represented by materials of Mykolyna Broyaka were
domesticated species enumerate
9%
only, while wild fauna
-
more variable in this case
-
is dominated with red deer
(two thirds of remains).
Comparatively high quota of horse represents the
specific feature of settlements of Steppe Bug area, while
other sites known in Southern Bug and Dniester provide
no more than few percent of this species in their lists. After
O. Zhuravlev, remains of this animal from Pugach
2
and
the lion portion of bones from
Gard
3
belong to
domesticated horse. Belonging of horse remains from
Mykolyna Broyaka is not clear. Must be stressed that the
problem of origin of domesticated horse in BDC in
particular and in the Neolithic of South-Eastern Europe
remains unsolved.
The rise of cattle breeding as the main branch of
economy of the Late Neolithic of Steppe Bug area was
formed under direct influences of basically farmer cultures
of
Danubian
and Dniester areas
-
such as Kris, Lineal-
Band pottery culture, Pre-Cucuteni
-
Trypillya A
-
and
under the terms of increasing crisis of traditional for BDC
hunter economy. Signs of this crisis are mirrored, first of
all, in weakness of species composition of wild animals,
further degradation of microlithic technique that was
resulted in unification of morphology of microinventory,
increase of dimensions of this inventory, appearance of
inserts for projectile weapons with flat retouch, and gradual
replacement of these latter by bifacially worked points of
symmetric-pointed type.
Fishery of Steppe Bug area is witnessed by not frequent
fish bones defined by O. Zhuravlev as carpoide, and by
rare fishing implements. Despite of availability of rich
water resources and good conditions for fishing, miserable
remains of ichthyofauna and almost absolute absence of
fishing implements in Steppe area of River Bug basin are
witness for the fact the resources of fishery were not
exploited adequately. Fishery played supplementary role
in acquisition of foodstuffs.
Agriculture in area is characterized predominantly by
the finds of tilling tools to which antler and bone mattocks,
sickle inserts, grinding and gratering stones are belong.
Its quota varies at different settlements of Steppe Bug area
between
0,2-1,4
percent of total number of tools. The only
settlement of area, namely Mykolyna Broyaka, provides
imprints of grains of hulled barley (Hordeum
vulgare)-
When evaluating the role of agriculture in economy of BDC
we need to operate with data on general level of
development of culture. In particular, the latest stages of
BDC are characterized by abrupt increase of settlement
size up to
1,5-2,5
hectares and by change of their
localization: they were moved from low terraces and isles
to edge areas of plateaus. This data witness for considerable
rise of population at that time. As it assumed, such
M, T.
Товкайло. Неоліт Степового Побужжя
processes could be possible only under the terms of
economy with formed reproductive complex.
Data on gathering activity is fixed by bones of tortoises,
single mollusks and certain types of tools possibly used
during collecting of wild vegetables and its further
processing. Absence of concentrations of shells, and
therefore, not elaborated character of activity on collecting
of river mollusks provide representative sign of
development of the branch in whole, which, evidently,
played not notable role in economy.
The development of handicrafts might be characterized
by tools with corresponding destination. Processing of
products of cattle breeding and hunting
-
in particular the
processing of skins
-
occupies the main place at the
settlements of the second and third stages. Most numerous
finds like endscrapers and bone polishers are associated
with this activities. Manufacture of tools possess the second
place. Working of wood, bone, and antler take relevant
place. Manufacture of ceramic was developed.
Late Neolithic economy of Steppe area of River Bug
basin by the level of the economic development and
directions of economic activities finds the closest analogies
in economy of scattered through Southern Bug area Early
Tripolian tribes. It is quite natural if to keep in mind long
period of coexistence of both cultures and close
relationships between them.
83
|
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| author | Tovkajlo, Mykola T. |
| author_facet | Tovkajlo, Mykola T. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Tovkajlo, Mykola T. |
| author_variant | m t t mt mtt |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036868191 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)706071153 (DE-599)BVBBV036868191 |
| format | Thesis Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| geographic | Südlicher Bug (DE-588)4280195-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Südlicher Bug |
| id | DE-604.BV036868191 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-24T00:15:49Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9666501759 |
| language | Ukrainian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020783813 |
| oclc_num | 706071153 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 160 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2005 |
| publishDateSearch | 2005 |
| publishDateSort | 2005 |
| publisher | Vydavnyctvo "Šljach" |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Kamʺjana doba Ukraïny |
| series2 | Kamʺjana doba Ukraïny |
| spellingShingle | Tovkajlo, Mykola T. Neolit Stepovoho Pobužžja Kamʺjana doba Ukraïny Neolithikum (DE-588)4075272-0 gnd Steppe (DE-588)4057302-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4075272-0 (DE-588)4057302-3 (DE-588)4280195-3 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Neolit Stepovoho Pobužžja |
| title_auth | Neolit Stepovoho Pobužžja |
| title_exact_search | Neolit Stepovoho Pobužžja |
| title_full | Neolit Stepovoho Pobužžja Mykola Tovkajlo |
| title_fullStr | Neolit Stepovoho Pobužžja Mykola Tovkajlo |
| title_full_unstemmed | Neolit Stepovoho Pobužžja Mykola Tovkajlo |
| title_short | Neolit Stepovoho Pobužžja |
| title_sort | neolit stepovoho pobuzzja |
| topic | Neolithikum (DE-588)4075272-0 gnd Steppe (DE-588)4057302-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Neolithikum Steppe Südlicher Bug Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020783813&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020783813&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV036888460 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tovkajlomykolat neolitstepovohopobuzzja |