Hormones, brain and behavior 4 Chapters 64 - 85
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Hormones, brain and behavior |n 4 |p Chapters 64 - 85 |c ed. by Donald W. Pfaff ... |
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| adam_text | HORMONES, BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR SECOND EDITION VOLUME FOUR CHAPTERS 64-85
EDITED BY DONALD W. PFAFF THE ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK, NEW YORK
ARTHUR P. ARNOLD DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF
CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA ANNE M. ETGEN DOMINICK
P. PURPURA DEPARTMENT OFNEUROSCIENCE, ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF
MEDICINE, BRONX, NEW YORK SUSAN E. FAHRBACH DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY, WAKE
FOREST UNIVERSITY, WINSTON-SALEM, NORTH CAROLINA ROBERT T. RUBIN
DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY AND BIOBEHAVIORAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF
CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA AMSTERDAM * BOSTON *
HEIDELBERG * LONDON * NEW YORK * OXFORD PARIS * SAN DIEGO SAN
FRANCISCO * SINGAPORE * SYDNEY * TOKYO ACADEMIC ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS
IS AN IMPRINT OF ELSEVIER PRESS CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME CONTENTS OF
VOLUME FOUR CHAPTER 64 NEUROENDOCRINE REGULATION OF PUBERTY 2035 EI
TERASAICA AND S R OJEDA 64.1 INTRODUCTION 2036 64.2 THE CENTRAL ROLE OF
LUTEINIZING HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE IN SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT 203 6 64.2.1
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES 2036 64.2.2 SPECIES DIFFERENCES 2037 64.3
DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERNS OF HORMONE SYNTHESIS AND/OR SECRETION 2038 64.3.1
LUTEINIZING HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE 2038 64.3.2 PITUITARY
GONADOTROPINS 2042 64.3.3 GONADAL STEROIDS 2046 64.3.3.1 THE TESTA 2046
64.3.3.2 THE OVARY 2048 64.3.4 METABOLIC HORMONES 2049 64.3.4.1 GROWTH
HORMONE 2049 64.3.4.2 INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-1 2049 64.3.4.3 LEPTIU
2050 64.4 THE NEUROENDOCRINE CONTROL OF THE ONSET OF PUBERTY 2051 64.4.1
REGULATION OF LHRH SECRETION 2051 64.4.1.1 THE TRANSSYNAPTIC CONTROL OF
LHRH NEURONS 2051 64.4.1.2 GLIAL REGULATORY INPUTS AFFECTING LHRH
NEURONS 2068 64.4.1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL CUES 2079 64.4.2 THE NEUROENDOCRINE
CASCADE 2080 64.4.2.1 CENTRAL INITIATING EVENTS 2080 64.4.2.2 THE
ENDOCRINE RESPONSE 2086 64.5 GENETICS OF PUBERTY 2087 64.6 ADOLESCENT
BRAIN: BEHAVIORAL PUBERTY 2087 REFERENCES 2089 CHAPTER 65 HUMAN PUBERTY:
PHYSIOLOGY, PROGRESSION, AND GENETIC REGULATION OF VARIATION IN ONSET
2113 B A KAMINSKI AND M R PALMERT 65.1 INTRODUCTION 2113 65.2
PREPUBERTAL DEVELOPMENT 2114 65.2.1 PRENATAL AND POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT
2114 65.2.2 THE JUVENILE PAUSE 2114 65.2.3 ONTOGENY OF GONADOTROPIN
SECRETION 2114 65.3 PHYSICAL CHANGES OF PUBERTY 2115 65.3.1 BONE AGE
2116 65.4 TIMING OF PUBERTAL ONSET 2116 65.5 GENETIC BASIS OF PUBERTAL
TIMING 2117 65.5.1 APPROACHES TO IDENTIFYING GENETIC FACTORS 2117 65.5.2
INSIGHTS FROM SINGLE GENE DISORDERS 2119 65.5.2.1 IDIOPATHIC
HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISNT 2119 65.5.2.2 KALLMANN SYNDROME 2120
65.5.2.3 LEPTIU AND OTHER GENES 2120 65.5.3 GENETIC VARIATION IN NORMAL
PUBERTY 2121 65.5.4 QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI ASSOCIATED WITH TIMING OF
PUBERTY 2122 65.6 NEUROENDOCRINE REGULATION OF PUBERTAL ONSET 2124 65.7
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON PUBERTAL TIMING 2124 65.7.1 OBESITY AND THE
RELATIONSHIP TO PUBERTAL TIMING 2124 65.7.2 ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS AND
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES 2125 65.8 BEHAVIOR RELATED TO VARIATIONS IN
PUBERTAL TIMING 2125 65.8.1 PSYCHOSOCIAL CHANGES OF PUBERTY 2125 65.8.2
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT DURING PUBERTY 2126 65.9 CONCLUSION 2127 REFERENCES
2127 XIII XIV CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME CHAPTER 66 EFFECTS OF GONADAL
STEROIDS ON NEURONAL MORPHOLOGY IN THE ADULT MAMMALIAN BRAIN: A LIFE
HISTORY PERSPECTIVE 2135 B M COOKE AND C S WOOLLEY 66.1 INTRODUCTION
2135 66.2 THE CONCEPT OF ACTIVATIONAL EFFECTS OF GONADAL HORMONES 2136
66.3 NEURONAL GROWTH AND PLASTICITY DURING FOUR 66.3.1 66.3.2 66.3.3
66.3.4 LIFE STAGES PUBERTY 66.3.1.1 66.3.1.2 66.3.1.3 66.3.1.4 THE
INITIATION OF PUBERTY THE ADOLESCENT BRAIN IS PRIMED FOR PUBERTAL
METAMORPHOSIS HORMONE-DEPENDENT PUBERTAL GROWTH IN THE S! B PUBERTAL
GROWTH IN THE BRAIN THE ESTROUS CYCLE 66.3.2.1 66.3.2.2 66.3.2.3
66.3.2.4 THE MEDIAL AMYGDALA THE ARCUATE NUCLEUS THE VENTROMEDIAL
NUCLEUS THE HIPPOCAMPUS PREGNANCY, LACTATION, AND 4ATERNAL BEHAVIOR
66.3.3.1 66.3.3.2 66.3.3.3 AIATERNAL BEHAVIOR IS REGULATED BY ESTRADIOL,
PROLACTIN, AND OXYTOCW MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES DUE TO PREGNANCY
MORPHOLOGICAL PLASTICITY DUE TO LACTATION AND MOTHERHOOD ACROSS THE
SEASONS 66.3.4.1 66.3.4.2 66.3.4.3 EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD ON THE SNB
EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD ON THE MEDIAL AMYGDALA EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD ON
SPATIAL ABILITY AND THE HIPPOCAMPUS 2137 2137 2137 2138 2139 2140 2142
2142 2143 2144 2145 2146 2146 2146 2147 2149 2149 2149 2150 66.4 NOVEL
MECHANISMS OF GONADAL STEROID ACTION IN THE ADULT MAMMALIAN BRAIN 2152
66.4.1 RAPID ACTIONS OF ANDROGENS AND EXTRANUCLEAR ARS IN THE BRAIN 21
52 66.4.2 EXTRANUCLEAR ESTROGEN RECEPTORS 2155 66.5 SUMMARY AND
CONCLUSIONS 2156 REFERENCES 2158 CHAPTER 6? HORMONE REGULATION OF ADULT
HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS IN THE MAMMALIAN BRAIN 2165 C K BARHA, / M
BARKER, S BRUMMELTE, J R EPP, AND L A M GALEA 67A INTRODUCTION TO ADULT
HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS IN THE MAMMALIAN BRAIN 2166 67.1.1 HISTORICAL
PERSPECTIVE 2166 67.1.2 QUANTIFICATION OF NEUROGENESIS: CELL
PROLIFERATION, DEATH, AND SURVIVAL 67.1.3 ENDOGENOUS MARKERS OF CELL
PROLIFERATION AND NEW NEURON SURVIVAL 67.2 GONADAL HORMONE REGULATION OF
ADULT HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS 67.2.1 NATURAL FLUCTUATIONS IN ESTROGEN
LEVELS AND ADULT HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS 67.2.2 ESTROGENS AND CELL
PROLIFERATION 67.2.3 ESTROGENS AND CELL SURVIVAL 67.2.4 ESTROGEN
RECEPTORS AND ADULT NEUROGENESIS 67.2.5 PROGESTERONE AND ADULT
HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS 67.2.6 ANDROGENS AND ADULT HIPPOCAMPAL
NEUROGENESIS 67.3 NEUROSTEROIDS AND ADULT HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS 67.4
ADRENAL HORMONE REGULATION OF ADULT HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS 67.4.1
GLUCOCORTICOIDS SUPPRESS CELL PROLIFERATION AND CELL SURVIVAL 67.4.2
MINERALOGLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTORS AND GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTORS AND
NEUROGENESIS 67.4.3 SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE EFFECTS OF ADRENAL STEROIDS
ON NEUROGENESIS 67.4.4 DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURE TO ELEVATED
GLUCOCORTICOIDS ALTERS NEUROGENESIS INTO ADULTHOOD 67.5 PEPTIDE HORMONES
AND ADULT NEUROGENESIS 67.6 ADULT HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS ACROSS THE
LIFE SPAN 67.6.1 ADULT HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS AND AGING 67.6.2 ADULT
NEUROGENESIS DURING PREGNANCY AND THE POSTPARTUM FUNCTIONAL RELEVANCE OF
ADULT 67.7 HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS 67.7.1 ADULT-GENERATED NEURONS IN
THE HIPPOCAMPUS ARE POSSIBLY FUNCTIONAL 67.7.2 ROLE OF ADULT-GENERATED
NEURONS IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS 67.8 CONCLUSION REFERENCES FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 68 REPRODUCTIVE AGING OF FEMALES: NEURAL SYSTEMS R D BRINTON, A
C GORE, P J SCHMIDT, AND J H MORRISON 2166 2168 2170 2170 2171 2173
2174 2176 2176 2177 2178 2178 2179 2180 2181 2182 2182 2182 2183 2184
2184 2185 2188 2188 2197 2199 CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME XV 68.1
INTRODUCTION 68.2 REPRODUCTIVE AGING IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS 68.2.1
EXPERIMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS IN MODELS OF HPG AGING 68.2.2 AGING AFFECTS
THE HYPOTHALAMIC GNRH NEURONAL CIRCUITRY 68.2.3 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN
ESTRADIOL, NMDA RECEPTORS, AND GNRH NEURONS 68.2.4 FAR-REACHING EFFECTS
OF ESTRADIOL CHANGES DURING AGING 68.2.5 CONCLUSIONS 68.3 PERIMENOPAUSE:
THE COMPLEX MENOPAUSE TRANSITION 68.3.1 ENDOCRINE CHANGES 68.3.2
MODIFICATIONS OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC* PITUITARY RESPONSE 68.3.3
VULNERABILITY OF NEURONAL CIRCUITS 65.3.4 CONCLUSIONS 68.4 REPRODUCTIVE
AGING IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX 68.4.1 EFFECTS OF
ESTROGEN IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN ANIMAL MODELS: RATS AND RHESUS MONKEYS
68.4.2 EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM ET IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS 65.4.3 CONCLUSIONS AND
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE 68.5 UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF HORMONE THERAPY
ON THE BRAIN 68.5.1 ESTROGEN EFFECTS ON HEALTHY AND AGED CELLS 68.5.2
MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF ESTROGEN EFFECTS ON NEURONS 68.5.3 EFFECTS OF
CLINICAL HT COMPONENTS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO 68.5.4 DEVELOPMENT OF
EFFECTIVE ESTROGEN THERAPY BASED ON BASIC NEUROBIOLOGY 68.5.5
CONCLUSIONS 68.6 EFFECTS OF REPRODUCTIVE AGING AND THE MENOPAUSE
TRANSITION ON SEX STEROIDS, COGNITION, AND BEHAVIOR 68.6.1 COGNITIVE
FUNCTION AND DEMENTIA 68.6.2 MOOD DISORDERS 68.6.3 IMPAIRMENT OF SEXUAL
FUNCTION 68.6.4 CONCLUSIONS 68.7 FUTURE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
REFERENCES CHAPTER 69 EFFECTS OF SEX STEROIDS ON DAMAGED NEURAL SYSTEMS
0 G STEIN AND P D HUM 2199 2201 2202 2202 2204 2204 2204 2204 2205 2206
2206 2207 2207 2207 2208 2209 2209 2209 2210 2211 2211 2211 2212 2212
2214 2215 2215 2215 2216 2223 69.10 69.11 69.12 69.13 69.1 INTRODUCTION
TO THE PROBLEM OF DAMAGED NEURAL SYSTEMS 2224 69.2 BIOLOGIC SEX
DIFFERENCES IN RESPONSE TO CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INJURY 2225 69.3
PROGESTERONE IS MORE THAN JUST A FEMALE SEX HORMONE 2226 69.4 HOW DID
PROGESTERONE COME INTO PLAY AS A TREATMENT FOR BRAIN INJURY?: EARLY
BACKGROUND 2227 69.5 PROGESTERONE IN OTHER CNS INJURY MODELS 2232 69.6
PROGESTERONE AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS 2233 69.6.1 NIEMANN-PICK
TYPE C DISEASE 2233 69.6.2 MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS 2234 69.6.3 DIABETIC
NEUROPATHY 2234 69.6.4 PROGESTERONE AND STROKE 2234 69.7 PROGESTERONE IS
NEUROPROTECTIVE IN SEVERAL SPECIES 2235 69.7.1 MICE 2235 69.7.2 CATS
2236 69.7.3 RABBITS 2236 69.8 CLINICAL RESULTS IN THE TREATMENT OF TBI
2237 69.9 PROGESTERONE S NEUROPROTECTIVE MECHANISMS 2237 69.9.1 EDEMA
2237 69.9.2 LIPID PEROXIDATION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS 2238 69.9.3
INFLAMMATION 2239 69.9.3.1 CYTOKINES 2239 69.9.3.2 INFLAMMATORY IMMUNE
CELL ACTIVATION 2240 69.9.3.3 INFLAMMATION AND APOPTOSIS IN THE GUT 2240
69.9.4 APOPTOSIS AND DNA REPAIR 2240 69.9.4.1 PROAPOPTOTIC PROTEINS 2240
69.9.4.2 ANTIAPOPTOTIC PROTEINS 2241 69.9.4.3 GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-A
2241 69.9.4.4 MYELIN REPAIR 2241 69.9.4.5 NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS 2241
69.9.4.6 DEMYELINATION 2241 ESTROGENS: EARLY OBSERVATIONS AND HYPOTHESES
2241 ESTROGENS AS NEUROPROTECTANTS IN ISCHEMIC BRAIN INJURY 2242 69.11.1
SUMMARY OF.THE EVIDENCE 2242 69.11.2 DIFFICULTIES IN ESTROGENS
TRANSLATION TO CLINICAL THERAPY 2242 ESTROGENS AND TBI 2246 E 2 AND
PROTECTION: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS 2246 XVI CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME
69.13.1 ROLE OF ER-MEDIATED MECHANISMS 2246 69.13.2 GENOMIC VERSUS
NONGENOMIC MECHANISMS 2247 69.13.3 E, SYNTHESIS IN INJURED BRAIN 2248
69.13.4 EFFECTS ON PERI-INJURY PERFUSION 2248 69.13.5 INTERACTIONS WITH
POSTINJURY INFLAMMATION 2248 69.13.6 E 2 PROTECTS AGAINST OXIDANT STRESS
AND MITOCHONDRIAL MECHANISMS 2248 69.14 ANDROGENS: THE UNDERSTUDIED
STEROID FAMILY 2249 69.15 CONCLUSIONS AND EMERGING HYPOTHESES 2249
REFERENCES 2250 CHAPTER 70 SEX DIFFERENCES IN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES 2259 R
VOSKUHL 70.1 INTRODUCTION 2261 70.2 MULTI 70.2.1 70.2.2 70.2.3 70.2.4
70.2.5 PIE SCLEROSIS THE IMMUNOLOGY OF MS THE NEURODEGENERATIVE
COMPONENT OF MS SEX DIFFERENCES IN MS THE MURINE MODEL OF MS SEX
DIFFERENCES IN THE MURINE MODEL OF MS 70.3 EFFECTS OF PREGNANCY IN MS
70.3.1 70.3.2 70.3.3 THE EFFECT OF PREGNANCY ON CLINICAL MS 70.3.1.1
THE EFFECT OF PREGNANCY ON RELAPSES 70.3.1.2 THE EFFECT OF PREGNANCY ON
DISABILITY THE EFFECT OF PREGNANCY ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM THE EFFECT OF
PREGNANCV ON THE CNS 2261 2262 2262 2263 2264 2265 2265 2265 2266 2266
2267 2267 70.3.4 THE EFFECT OF PREGNANCY ON MS: CONCLUSIONS 2268 70.4
OVARIAN HORMONES 70.4.1 70.4.2 70.4.4 70.4.5 EFFECTS ON CLINICAL DISEASE
70.4.1.1 ESTROGEN TREATMENT AMELIORATES EAE 70.4.1.2 ESTROGEN TYPE AND
DOSE IN AMELIORATING EAE. 70.4.1.3 7 HE OTHER PREGNANCY HORMONE,
PROGESTERONE, IN EAE ESTROGEN TREATMENT IN EAE: FLFFECTS ON THE IMMUNE
SYSTEM 70.4.3 ESTROGEN TREATMENT IN EAE: EFFECTS ON THE CNS ERS WHICH
MEDIATE PROTECTION FROM DISEASE ESTROEEN TREATMENT IN MS 2268 2268 2268
2269 2269 2269 2270 2270 2272 70.4.5.1 OCPUSEINMS 2272 70.4.5.2 A PILOT
TRIAL OF ESTRIOL IN MS 2 2 74 70.4.5.3 ESTROGEN TREATMENT: EARLY VERSUS
LATE IN DISEASE 2274 70.4.6 THE EFFECT OF OVARIAN HORMONES IN MS:
SUMMARY 2275 70.5 TESTICULAR HORMONES 2275 70.5.1 THE REMOVAL OF
ENDOGENOUS ANDROGENS IN THE MOUSE MODEL OF MS 2275 70.5.2 ANDROGEN
TREATMENT IN THE MOUSE MODEL OF MS 2276 70.5.3 ANDROGEN TREATMENT:
EFFECTS ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM OF THE MOUSE MODEL OF MS 2276 70.5.4
ANDROGEN TREATMENT: EFFECTS ON THE CNS IN THE MOUSE MODEL OF MS 2276
70.5.5 TESTOSTERONE LEVELS IN MEN WITH MS 2276 70.5.6 TESTOSTERONE
TREATMENT IN MS 2277 70.5.7 THE EFFECT OF TESTICULAR HORMONES IN MS:
SUMMARY 2278 70.6 SEX CHROMOSOME EFFECTS IN MS 2278 70.6.1 SEX
HORMONE-MEDIATED EFFECTS DO NOT PRECLUDE ADDITIONAL EFFECTS MEDIATED
DIRECTLY BY SEX CHROMOSOMES 2278 70.6.2 SEX-CHROMOSOME COMPLEMENT
EFFECTS IN IMMUNE RESPONSES 2278 70.6.3 SEX CHROMOSOME EFFECTS IN A
MOUSE MODEL OF MS 2280 70.6.4 SEX CHROMSOME EFFECTS IN A MOUSE MODEL OF
LUPUS 2281 70.6.5 SUMMARY OF SEX CHROMOSOME COMPLEMENT EFFECTS 2281 70.7
CLOSING SUMMARY AND REMARKS 2282 REFERENCES 2283 CHAPTER 71 SEX
DIFFERENCES IN HPA-AXIS REGULATION: THE ROLE OF GONADAL HORMONES 2291 M
B SOLOMON AND J P HERMAN 71.1 INTRODUCTION 2292 71.2 HPA-AXIS REGULATION
2292 71.3 GONADAL HORMONES MODULATE THE NEUROENDOCRINE AND CENTRAL
STRESS RESPONSES FOLLOWING ACUTE STRESS 2293 71.3.1 EFFECTS OF EXOGENOUS
ESTROGENS 2293 71.3.2 FZFFECTS OF EXOGENOUS PROGESTERONE OR PROGESTERONE
METABOLITES 2294 71.3.3 EFFECTS OF EXOGENOUS ANDROGENS 2296 71.4 GONADAL
HORMONES MODULATE CORT- MEDIATED FEEDBACK 2298 CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME
71.5 ESTROGENS MODULATE HPA-AXIS ACTIVITY VIA INTRACELLULAR ERS 2 300
71.6 ANDROGENS MODULATE HPA-AXIS ACTIVITY VIA PVN PROJECTIONS 2301 71.7
SEX DIFFERENCES IN NEUROENDOCRINE AND CENTRAL RESPONSES FOLLOWING
HISTORY OF CHRONIC STRESS 2301 71.8 CONSIDERATIONS FOR SEX DIFFERENCES
AND HPA-AXIS RESEARCH 2302 71.9 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 2303 REFERENCES
2303 CHAPTER 72 SEX DIFFERENCES IN HUMAN BRAIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION:
RELEVANCE TO LEARNING AND MEMORY 2307 L CABILL 72.1 INTRODUCTION 2307
72.2 ARE SEX INFLUENCES IN THE HUMAN BRAIN SMALL AND UNRELIABLE? 2307
72.3 SEX INFLUENCES ON HUMAN BRAIN FUNCTION GENERALLY CONSIDERED 2308
72.4 SEX DIFFERENCES IN EMOTIONAL MEMORY 72.5 AMYGDALA ACTIVITY AND
EMOTIONAL MEMORY IN HUMANS * EMERGENCE OF SEX EFFECTS 72.6 SEX-RELATED
HEMISPHERIC LATERALIZATION OF THE AMYGDALA RELATIONSHIP TO EMOTIONAL
MEMORY 72.7 SEX DIFFERENCE IN HUMAN AMYGDALA . FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY
AT REST 72.8 RELATIONSHIP OF THE SEX-RELATED AMYGDALA HEMISPHERIC
SPECIALIZATION TO HEMISPHERIC GLOBAL/LOCAL PROCESSING BIAS 72.8.1 OTHER
INFLUENCES OF SEX ON NEURAL AND HORMONAL MECHANISMS OF EMOTIONAL MEMORY
72.9 SUMMARY REFERENCES FURTHER READING PART V HORMONE-BEHAVIOR
RELATIONS OF CLINICAL IMPORTANCE A. ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS INTERACTING WITH
BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR CHAPTER 73 HYPOTHALAMIC PITUITARY-ADRENAL CORTICAL
AXIS 2319 M E RHODES, J M MCKLVEEN, D R RIPEPI, AND N E GENTILE 73.1
INTRODUCTION 2320 73.1.1 THE STRESS SYSTEM 2320 73.1.2 THE HPA AXIS 2321
73.1.3 CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE 2322 73.1.4 ARGININE VASOPRESSIN
2324 73.1.5 ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE 2325 73.1.6 GLUCOCORTICOIDS 2326
73.2 BRAIN REGULATION OF STRESS RESPONSES 2327 73.3 PHYSIOLOGICAL
RESPONSES TO STRESS 2329 73.4 HPA DYSREGULATION: CONDITIONS WITH ALTERED
HPA-AXIS ACTIVITY 2331 73.4.1 HYPERACTIVE CONDITIONS 2331 73.4.2
HYPOACTIVE CONDITIONS 2334 73.5 CONCLUSION 2334 REFERENCES 2334 CHAP PER
74 HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-THYROID AXIS 2341 R TJOFFE 2310 2310 2310 2311
2312 2312 2314 2314 2315 74.1 74.2 74.3 74.4 74.5 INTRODUCTION
HYPOTHALAMIC PITUITARY-THYROID AXIS THYROID DISEASE 74.3.1 74.3.2 74.3.3
74.3.4 HVPERTHYROIDISM HYPOTHYROIDISM SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHVROIDISM
EUTHYROID HYPOTHYROXINEMIA MAJOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS 74.4.1 74.4.2
74.4.3 DEPRESSION 74.4.1.1 BASAL THYROID HORMONE LEVELS 74.4.1.2 USE OF
THYROID HORMONES TO TREAT DEPRESSION BIPOLAR DISORDER 74.4.2.1 THYROID
HORMONE LEVELS L^A.2.2 EFLECT OF MOOD-STABILIZING TREATMENTS ON THYROID
HORMONE LEVELS 74.4.2.3 USE OF THYROID HORMONES TO TREAT BIPOLAR
DISORDER OTHER PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS 74.4.3.1 ANXIETY DISORDER 74.4.3.2
SCHIZOPHRENIA CONCLUSION 2341 2342 2342 2342 2343 2343 2344 2344 2344
2344 2346 2348 2349 2349 2349 2350 2350 2350 2350 REFERENCES CHAPTER 75
HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-GONADAL AXIS IN MEN R S SWERDLOFF, C WANG, AND A
P SINHA HIKIM 2350 2357 XVIII CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME 75.1 HYPOTHALAMIC
CONTROL 75.1.1 FLYPOTHALAMIC REGULATION OF GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING
HORMONE 75.1.2 GNRH SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION 75.1.3 ORIGIN AND MIGRATION
OF GNRH NEURONS DURING DEVELOPMENT 75.2 PITUITARY 75.2.1
GONADOTROPIN-SECRETING CELLS IN THE PITUITARY 75.2.2 MOLECULAR BASIS OF
PITUITARY 75.2.3 75.2.4 75.2.5 75.2.6 75.2.7 75.2.8 75.2.9 75.2.10
DEVELOPMENT GNRH RECEPTORS BIOCHEMISTRY OF LH AND FSH LH AND FSH SUBUNIT
GENES SYNTHESIS AND POST-TRANSLATIONAL PROCESSING OF THE SUBUNITS LH AND
FSH RECEPTOR STRUCTURE CLEARANCE AND SECRETORY RHYTHMS OF LH AND FSH
ROLES OF LH AND FSH IN THE MALE GONADAL FEEDBACK REGULATION OF LH AND
FSH 75.2.10.1 GONADAL STEROIDS 75.2.10.2 GONADALPEPTIDES (INHIBIN,
ACTIVINS, AND FOLLISTATINS) AND FEEDBACK REGULATION OF ESH 75.2.10.3
SUMMARY 75.3 TESTES-LEYDIG CELL COMPARTMENT 75.3.1 75.3.2 75.3.3 75.3.4
75.3.5 75.3.6 75.3.7 75.3.8 TESTICULAR STEROIDOGENESIS I TRANSPORT AND
METABOLISM T SECRETION DURING FETAL DEVELOPMENT, CHILDHOOD, PUBERTY, AND
SENESCENCE 75.3.3.1 EETAL LEYDIG CELL STEROIDOGENESIS 75.3.3.2 NEONATAL
T SECRETION 75.3.3.3 ADRENARCHE AND PUBERTY 75.3.3.4 MALE SENESCENCE:
DECREASED T AND OTHER ANABOLIC HORMONES T AS A HORMONE, PREHORMONE, AND
PARACRINE FACTOR ANDROGEN RECEPTOR 75.3.5.1 AR GENE, PROTEIN STRUCTURE,
AND REGULATORY PROTEINS 75.3.5.2 AR DEFECTS I TARGET ORGANS ROLE OF T IN
NORMAL SEXUAL FUNCTION AND ERECTILE PHYSIOLOGY T DEFICIENCY: MALE
HYPOGONADISM 75.3.8.1 ETIOLOGIES 75.3.8.2 CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF
HYPOGONADISM: CLINICAL HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION 75.3.8.3
LABORATORY TESTS M ASSESSMENT OF HYPOGONADISM 75.3.8.4 TREATMENT OF
ANDROGEN DEFICIENCY 2359 2359 2360 2360 2361 2361 2361 2361 2362 2362
2362 2363 2363 2363 2364 2364 2364 2365 2365 2367 2368 2369 2369 2370
2370 2370 2372 2372 2374 2375 2375 2358 75.4 SPERMATOGENESIS AND SPERM
TRANSPORT 2376 75.4.1 HORMONAL REGULATION OF 2358 SPERMATOGENESIS 2377
2358 75.4.1.1 GONADOTROPMS AND ANDROGEN REGULATION OF SPERMATOGENESIS
2377 75.4.1.2 GONADOTROPMS AND ANDROGEN REGULATION OF PROGRAMMED GERM
CELL DEATH 2379 75.4.1.3 GONADOTROPMS AND ANDROGENS AS GERM CELL
SURVIVAL FACTORS 2380 75.4.1.4 SERTOLI CELL CONTROL OF 2359 2359 2359
75.4.2 75.4.3 75.4.4 SPERMATOGENESIS SPERM TRANSPORT ENVIRONMENTAL
AGENTS AND THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MALE INFERTILITY 75.4.4.1 PREVALENCE
AND INCIDENCE 75.4.4.2 ETIOLOGY 75.4.4.3 APPROACH TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF
MALE INFERTILITY 75.4.4.4 MANAGEMENT OF MALE INFERTILITY SEXUAL
DYSFUNCTION 75.5.1 75.5.2 75.5.3 DECREASED LIBIDO EJACULATORY FAILURE
AND IMPAIRED ORGASM ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION 7 5.5. 3.1 PREVALENCE 75.5.3.2
ETIOLOGY 75.5.3.3 CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF ED REFERENCES FURTHER READINSR
2381 2382 2382 2382 2382 2382 2382 2383 2383 2383 2384 2384 2384 2384
2384 2384 2393 CHAPTER 76 GONADAL HORMONES AND BEHAVIOR IN WOMEN:
CONCENTRATIONS VERSUS CONTEXT 2395 D R RUBINOW, P J SCHMIDT, S
MELTZER-BRODY, AND VI, HARSH 76.1 INTRODUCTION 2396 76.2 CELL AS CONTEXT
2396 76.3 DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE AS CONTEXT: CRITICAL PERIODS 2397 76.4
ENVIRONMENT/EXPERIENCE AS CONTEXT 2397 76.5 REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM 2399 76.5.1 HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-OVARIAN AXIS AND GONADAL
STEROIDS 2399 76.5.2 DYNAMICS OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE, MENOPAUSE
TRANSITION, PREGNANCY, AND POSTPARTUM 2399 76.5.2.1 * MENSTRUAL CYCLE
2399 76.5.2.2 MENOPAUSE TRANSITION 2400 76.5.2.3 PREGNANCY AND THE
POSTPARTUM 2400 76.6 REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS AND THE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MOOD DISORDERS 2402 76.6.1 NEUROTRANSMITTERS 2402
76.6.2 CELL SIGNALING PATHWAYS 2403 CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME XIX 76.6.3
BRAIN REGIONAL MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES 76.6.4 THE
HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS 76.6.5 ROLE OF GONADAL STEROIDS IN
MODULATING THE SYSTEMS INVOLVED IN MOOD DISORDERS 76.6.5.1
NEUROREGULATION 76.6.5.2 NEURAL SYSTEMS 76.6.5.3 STRESS AXIS 76.7 SEXUAL
DIMORPHISMS IN PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS 76.7.1 INTRODUCTION 76.7.1.1
DEPRESSION 76.7.1.2 PHYSIOLOGICAL DIMORPHISMS 76.8 PREMENSTRUAL
DYSPHORIA 76.9 HORMONAL STUDIES OF PMD 76.9.1
HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-OVARIAN AXIS 76.9.2 CONTEXT (HORMONES AS TRIGGERS
OR TREATMENTS) 76.10 PERIMENOPAUSAL DEPRESSION 76.11 HORMONAL STUDIES OF
PERIMENOPAUSAL DEPRESSION 76.12 GONADAL STEROIDS AS TREATMENTS OF MOOD
DISORDERS 76.12.1 ESTROGEN TREATMENT 76.12.2 DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE
TREATMENT 76.13 POSTPARTUM PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS 76.14 HORMONE TREATMENT
STUDIES 76.14.1 ESTROGEN TREATMENT 76.14.2 PROGESTERONE TREATMENT 76.15
GONADAL TRIGGERS IN CONTEXT 76.16 CONTEXT REFERENCES CHAPTER 77 SEXUAL
ORIENTATION IN MEN AND WOMEN L J GOOREN AND IV BYNE 77.1 HISTORY OF THE
CONCEPT OF HOMOSEXUALITY 77.1.1 THE THIRD SEX AS HOMOSEXUALITY 77.1.2
HIRSCHFELD AND THE CONCEPT OF THE THIRD SEX 77.1.3 THE HORMONAL THEORIES
OF STEINACH 77.2 PARADIGM OF BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH INTO HOMOSEXUALITY 77.3
THE SEARCH FOR CROSS-SEX ENDOCRINE FINDINGS IN HOMOSEXUALS 77.4 THE
PRENATAL HORMONAL HYPOTHESIS 77.4.1 PRENATAL/POSTNATAL TESTOSTERONE
PHYSIOLOGY 77.4.2 IMPACT OF PRENATAL HORMONES ON SEXUAL
ORIENTATION/GENDER 2403 2403 2404 2404 2404 2405 2406 2406 2407 2407
2408 2408 2408 2410 2411 IDENTITY: LESSONS FROM CLINICAL SYNDROMES
77.4.3 DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION 77.4.3.1 COMPLETE ANDROGEN
INSENSITIVITY 77.4.3.2 PARTIAL ANDROGEN RESISTANCE SYNDROMES 77.4.3.3 5
77.4.3.4 LLFI-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE DEFIENCY 77.4.3.5 CONGENITAL
ADRENAL (VIRILIZING) HYPERPLASIA IN WOMEN 77.4.3.6 CLOACAL EXSTROPHY
77.4.3.7 SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS IN SUBJECTS WITH DISORDERS OF SEXUAL
DIFFERENTIATION 77.5 DIGIT RATIOS AS MARKER OF PRENATAL TESTOSTERONE
77.6 THE FRATERNAL BIRTH ORDER IN MALES 77.7 HORMONAL EFFECTS ON THE
DEVELOPING BRAIN 2435 2436 2436 2437 2437 2438 2438 2439 2440 2440 2441
2442 2411 2413 2413 2414 2414 2415 2415 2416 2416 2417 2417 2429 2429
2430 2430 2430 2431 2433 2434 2434 77.7.1 NUCLEUS INTERMEDIUS 77.7.2 THE
CAUDAL PART OF THE BED NUCLEUS OF THE STRIA TENNMALIS 77.7.3
INTERSTITIAL NUCLEUS OF THE ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS 3 77.7.4 OTHER
NEUROANATOMICAL STUDIES 77.8 CONCLUSION REFERENCES CHAPTER 78 GROWTH
HORMONE AND INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR I: EFFECTS ON THE BRAIN Z LARON
78.1 INTRODUCTION 78.2 THE GHRH-GH-IGF-I AXIS 78.2.1 GROWTH
HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE 78.2.2 HUMAN GHRH RECEPTOR 78.2.3 GH
SECRETAGOGS 78.2.4 GHRELIN 78.2.5 SOMATOSTATIN 78.2.6 SOMATOSTATIN
RECEPTORS 78.2.7 CORTISTATIN 78.2.8 HUMAN GH 78.2.9 GH RECEPTOR 78.2.10
GH-BINDING PROTEIN 78.2.11 INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR I 78.2.12
IGF-BINDING PROTEINS 78.2.13 IGF-I RECEPTOR GH CROSSES THE BLOOD*BRAIN
BARRIER 78.3 78.4 IGF-I CROSSES THE BBB 78.5 EXPRESSION OF GH IN THE
CENTRAL NERVOUS TISSUE 78.6 EXPRESSION OF IGF-I AND ITS RECEPTOR GENE IN
THE NERVOUS TISSUE 2442 2443 2443 2444 2444 2445 2449 2450 2450 2450
2450 2450 2451 2451 2451 2451 2451 2451 2451 2451 2452 2452 2452 2453
2453 2454 XX CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME 78.7 IGFBPS IN THE BRAIN 2454 78.8
IGF AS A NEUROTROPIC AND ANTIAPOPTOTIC FACTOR 2455 78.9 GH/IGF-I AND
CEREBRAL MYELINIZATION 2456 78.10 EFFECT OF GH AND IGF-I ON BRAIN
DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH - ANIMAL STUDIES 2456 78.11 ADDITIONAL EFFECTS OF
IGF-I ON THE CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 2456 78.12 GH AND
IGF-I EFFECTS ON BRAIN GROWTH IN CHILDREN 2457 78.13 EFFECT OF GH AND/OR
IGF-I ON INTELLECTUAL PERFORMANCE 2457 78.14 INFLUENCE OF UNTREATED AND
TREATED GH AND IGF-I DEFICIENCY ON PSYCHOSOCIAL WEIL-BEING AND QUALITY
OF LIFE 2459 78.15 GH AND IGF-I AND THE AGING BRAIN 2460 78.16 GH AND
IGF-I EFFECTS ON MEMORY IN MICE 2460 78.17 GH AND IGF-I IN NEUROLOGICAL
DISORDERS 2461 78.18 GH AND IGF-I IN PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS 2461 78.19
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF GH ADMINISTRATION TO NONGROWTH
HORMONE-DEFICIENT SHORT CHILDREN 2461 78.20 GH AND IGF-I AND RISK FOR
BRAIN MALIGNANCY 2462 78.21 CONCLUSIONS 2462 REFERENCES 2462 FURTHER
READING 2470 CHAPTER 79 PROLACTIN ACTIONS IN THE BRAIN 2471 D R GRATTAN
AND R S BRIDGES 79.1 INTRODUCTION 2472 79.2 HYPOTHALAMIC CONTROL OF PRL
SECRETION 2472 79.2.1 PRL SECRETION IS INHIBITED BY DOPAMINE FROM THE
HYPOTHALAMUS 2472 79.2.2 SHORT-LOOP NEGATIVE FEEDBACK 2473 79.2.3 ROLE
OF A PRL-RELEASING FACTOR 2476 79.3 ACCESS OF PRL TO THE BRAIN 2476
79.3.1 TRANSPORT INTO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 2476 79.3.2 THE BRAIN
ALSO PRODUCES PRL 2477 79.4 PRL RECEPTOR EXPRESSION IN THE BRAIN 2477
79.4.1 HIGH LEVELS OF EXPRESSION OF PRL RECEPTORS IN THE CHOROID PLEXUS
2477 79.4.2 PRL RECEPTORS ARE WIDESPREAD IN THE FLYPOTHALAMUS 2478
79.4.3 REGULATION OF PRL RECEPTOR EXPRESSION IN THE BRAIN 2480 79.5
CHANGES IN PATTERNS OF PRL SECRETION 2481 79.5.1 ESTROUS/MENSTRUAL CYCLE
2481 79.5.2 STRESS-INDUCED CHANGES IN PRL SECRETION 2481 79.5.3
PREGNANCY 2482 79.5.4 SUCKLING-INDUCED RELEASE OF PRL 2483 79.5.5
MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTING TO THE CHANGE IN THE NEUROENDOCRINE CONTROL OF
PRL SECRETION DURING LATE PREGNANCY AND LACTATION 2483 79.5.5.1 CHANGE
IN PRL SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN TIDA NEURONS 2483 79.5.5.2 ROLE OF OVARIAN
STEROIDS IN THE REGULATION OF PRL FEEDBACK DURING PREGNANCY AND
LACTATION 2484 79.5.5.3 A PROPOSED MODEL FOR THE PREGNANCY-INDUCED
ADAPTATION OF THE NEUROENDOCRINE CONTROL OF PRL SECRETION 2485 79.6
BRAIN ACTIONS OF PRL IN MAMMALS 2486 79.6.1 MATERNAL BEHAVIOR 2486
79.6.2 STRESS RESPONSE AND ANXIETY 2488 79.6.3 REGULATION OF OXYTOCIN
NEURONS 2488 79.6.4 REGULATION OF REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR AND FERTILITY
2489 79.6.5 NEUROTROPHIC F^FFECTS, NEUROGENESIS, AND GLIAL CELL FUNCTION
2490 79.6.6 APPETITE AND FOOD INTAKE 2490 79.6.7 PRL AND THE
NEUROBIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION TO PREGNANCY AND LACTATION 2491 79.7
CONCLUSION 2492 REFERENCES 2492 CHAPTER 80 THE NEUROHORMONE MELATONIN AS
A MARKER, MEDICAMENT, AND MEDIATOR 2505 A J LEWY, J EMENS, J SONGER,
AND J ROUGH 80.1 HORMONES 2505 80.2 MELATONIN AS A NEUROHORMONE 2506
80.3 CIRCADIAN PHYSIOLOGY 2507 80.4 MELATONIN AS A PHASE MARKER 2510
80.5 CIRCADIAN TIME 2511 80.6 ZEITGEBER TIME 2511 80.7 EFFECTS OF LIGHT
ON CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS 2511 80.8 EFFECTS OF MELATONIN ON CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS
2512 80.9 SOPORIFIC EFFECTS OF MELATONIN 2512 CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME
XXI 80.10 SAFETY OF MELATONIN 80.11 ABNORMALITIES IN CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS
80.11.1 BLINDNESS 80.11.2 ADVANCED AND DELAYED SLEEP PHASE SYNDROMES
80.11.3 JET LAG 80.11.4 SHIFTWORK 80.11.5 SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER
(WINTER DEPRESSION) 2513 2513 2514 2515 2516 2516 80.12 SPECULATION ON
THE FUNCTION OF ENDOGENOUS MELATONIN PRODUCTION 2520 80.13 A POSSIBLE
BIOASSAY FOR SENSITIVITY TO THE WEAK ZEITGEBERS REVEALS A GENDER
DIFFERENCE 2520 80.14 SUMMARY 2521 REFERENCES 2521 FURTHER READING 2526
CHAPTER 81 CHOLECYSTOKININ: A MOLECULAR NEGATIVE- FEEDBACK CONTROL OF
EATING 2527 G P SMITH 81.1 THE AGONIST PHASE 2527 81.1.1 SITE OF ACTION
2528 81.1.2 MODE OF ACTION 2528 81.1.3 SPECIFICITY OF EFFECT 2529 81.1.4
THE ONTOGENY OF THE SATIATING EFFECT 2529 81.1.5 SUMMARY 2529 81.2 THE
ANTAGONIST PHASE 2530 81.2.1 ENDOGENOUS CCK 2530 81.2.2 MODE OF ACTION
2530 81.2.3 TRANSDUCTION BY VAGAL AFFERENT FIBERS 2530 81.2.4 SUMMARY
2531 81.3 THE INTERACTION PHASE 2531 81.3.1 CCK AND THE DIETARY CONTROL
OF MEAL SIZE 2531 81.3.2 CCK AND OTHER MECHANISMS OF THE DIETARY
CONTROLS OF MEAL SIZE 2531 81.3.3 CCK AND THE NONDIETARY CONTROLS OF
MEAL SIZE 2532 81.3.4 CCK, GENETIC OBESITY, AND BULIMIA NERVOSA 2533
81.3.5 THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF CCK 2534 81.4 SUMMARY 2535 81.5
CONCLUSION 2535 REFERENCES 2536 FURTHER READING 2540 2513 CHAPTER 82
NEUROREGULATORY PEPTIDES OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ORIGIN: FROM
LABORATORY TO CLINIC 2541 T D GERACIOTI, JR., J R STRAWN, N N EKHATOR, M
WORTMAN, AND J KASCKOW 82.1 INTRODUCTION 2542 82.1.1 GROWTH
HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE 2544 82.1.1.1 FUNCTIONS OF GHRH 2545 82.1.1.2
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: DISEASE STATES WITH GHRH-RELATED ABNORMALITIES
2545 82.1.1.3 CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: THERAPEUTICS 254 6 82.1.2
GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE 2547 82.1.2.1 SYNTHESIS OF GNRH 2 548
82.1.2.2 GNRH RECEPTORS 2548 82.1.2.3 PULSATILE SECRETION OF GNRH 2548
82.1.2.4 FUNCTIONS OF GNRH 2549 82.1.2.5 CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS 2549
82.1.3 SOMATOSTATIN 2550 82.1.3.1 LOCALIZATION 2550 82.1.3.2
SOMATOSTATIN RECEPTORS 2551 82.1.3.3 PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS AND REGULATION
2551 82.1.3.4 CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS 2551 82.1.4 CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING
HORMONE 2552 82.1.4.1 LOCALIZATION 2552 82.1.4.2 * THE CRH RECEPTOR 2552
82.1.4.3 PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS 2553 82.1.4.4 CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS 2554
82.1.5 THYROTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE 2555 82.1.5.1 REGULATION OF TRH
2556 82.1.5.2 CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS 2557 82.1.6 POMC-DERIVED
NEUROPEPTIDES: MELANOCORTINS 2558 82.1.6.1 TISSUE-SPECIFIC PROCESSING
OF POMC 255 9 82.1.6.2 MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONE 2559 82.1.6.3
LIPOTROPIN 2559 82.1.6.4 DISTRIBUTION OF POMC AND ITS DERIVED PEPTIDES
2559 82.1.6.5 REGULATION OF THE POMC GENE AND POM C-DERIVED PEPTIDES
2560 82.1.6.6 MELANOCORTIN RECEPTORS AND SECOND MESSENGERS 2560 82.1.6.7
SECOND MESSENGERS 2561 82.1.6.8 FUNCTIONS OF ACTH ANDMSH 2561 82.1.6.9
OTHER EFFECTS OF MELANOCORTINS 2562 82.1.6.10 CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS 2562
82.1.7 OPIOID PEPTIDES 2563 82.1.7.1 PRODYNORPHIN (PROENKEPHALIN B) AND
DYNORPHIN 2 5 64 82.1.7.2 PROENKEPHALIN A 2564 82.1.7.3 NOCICEPTIN 2564
82.1.7.4 ENDOMORPHIN 2565 82.1.7.5 OPIATE RECEPTORS 2565 82.1.7.6 ROLE
OF RECEPTOR SUBTYPES 2565 XXII CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME 82.1.7.7
PHYSIOLOGIC ROLES OFOPIOIDS 82.1.7.8 CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS 82.1.8
OXYTOCIN 82.1.8.1 PROCESSING AND METABOLISM OF OXYTOCIN 82.1.8.2
REGULATION OF THE OXYTOCIN GENE AND PEPTIDE 82.1.8.3 OXYTOCIN RECEPTORS
82.1.8.4 BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF OXYTOCIN 82.1.8.5 CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
82.1.9 VASOPRESSIN 82.1.9.1 AVP PRECURSOR AND POST- TRANSLATIONAL
PRODUCTS 82.1.9.2 AVP RECEPTORS 82.1.9.3 PHYSIOLOGIC FUNCTIONS 82.1.9.4
BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS 82.1.9.5 CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF VP 82.1.10
CHOLECYSTOKININ 82.1.10.1 STRUCTURE OF CCK 82.1.10.2 THE CCK GENE AND
REGULATION 82.1.10.3 LOCALIZATION 82.1.10.4 CCK RECEPTORS 82.1.10.5 CCK
PHYSIOLOGY 82.1.10.6 CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS 82.1.11 NEUROPEPTIDES OF
EMERGING OR EXPANDING PSYCHIATRIC INTEREST 82.1.11.1 SUBSTANCE P
82.1.11.2 CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: POPULATIONS OF INTEREST 82.1.11.3
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: DIAGNOSTIC TESTING 82.1.11.4 CLINICAL
IMPLICATIONS: THERAPEUTICS 82.1.11.5 NEUROPEPTIDE Y 82.1.11.6 CLINICAL
IMPLICATIONS: POPULATIONS OF INTEREST 82.1.11.7 CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS:
THERAPEUTICS 82.1.11.8 OREXINS (HYPOCRETINS) 82.1.11.9 CLINICAL
IMPLICATIONS: SPECIAL POPULATIONS 82.1.11.10 CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS:
DIAGNOSTICS 82.1.11.11 CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: THERAPEUTICS 82.2
CONCLUDING REMARK REFERENCES 2566 2567 2568 2568 2569 2569 2570 2570
2571 2571 2571 2571 2572 2572 2573 2573 2573 2574 2574 2574 2575 2576
2576 2576 2577 2577 2577 2578 2578 2579 2579 2579 2579 2580 2580 FURTHER
READING 2595 CHAPTER 83 NEUROENDOCRINE-IMMUNE INTERACTIONS: IMPLICATIONS
FOR HEALTH AND BEHAVIOR 259 7 7 IV IV PACE, C I. RAISON, AND A H MILLER
83.1 OVERVIEW OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 2598 83.1.1 INNATE VERSUS ACQUIRED
IMMUNITY 2599 83.1.2 IMMUNE SYSTEM TESTS 2601 83.1.3 REGULATION OF THE
IMMUNE RESPONSE 83.2 FOUNDATIONS OF NEUROENDOCRINE- IMMUNE INTERACTIONS
83.3 NEUROENDOCRINE FACTORS IN IMMUNE REGULATION 83.3.1 GLUCOCORTICOIDS
83.3.2 CATECHOLAMINES 83.3.3 CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE 83.3.4
OTHER FACTORS 83.4 ROLE OF CYTOKINES IN THE REGULATION OF THE
NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND BEHAVIOR 83.4.1 PATHWAYS OF IMMUNE TO BRAIN
SIGNALING 83.4.2 CYTOKINE NETWORK IN THE BRAIN 83.4.3 IMPACT OF
CYTOKINES ON NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM FUNCTION 83.4.3.1 CYTOKINE
EFFECTS ON THE HPA AXIS 83.4.3.2 CYTOKINE EFFECTS ON GLUCOCORTICOID
RECEPTORS 83.4.3.3 BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF CYTOKINES 83.5 THE IMPACT OF
STRESS ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 83.5.1 ACUTE STRESS 83.5.2 CHRONIC STRESS
83.5.3 PSYCHOSOCIAL VARIABLES MEDIATING NEURBENDOCRINE-LMMUNE
INTERACTIONS DURING STRESS NEUROENDOCRINE-IMMUNE INTERACTIONS 83.6 IN
DEPRESSION 83.6.1 MAJOR DEPRESSION AND IMMUNE PARAMETERS 83.6.2
DEPRESSION AND IMMUNE ACTIVATION 83.7 MODEL FOR NEUROENDOCRINE-IMMUNE
INTERACTIONS IN CLINICAL DISEASE 83.7.1 A NEUROENDOCRINE DIATHESIS MODEL
OF INFLAMMATION 83.8 THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS OF NEUROENDOCRINE*IMMUNE
INTERACTIONS 83.8.1 BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS IN IMMUNOLOGIC DISORDERS
83.8.2 NEUROENDOCRINE INTERVENTIONS IN IMMUNOLOGIC DISORDERS 83.8.3
IMMUNE INTERVENTIONS IN BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS REFERENCES 2602 2602 2604
2604 2605 2606 2607 2608 2608 2608 2609 2609 2609 2612 2613 2613 2617
2618 2619 2619 2620 2622 2622 2624 2624 2625 2625 2626 B.
ENDOCRINOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT BEHAVIORAL SYNDROMES CHAPTER 84 GENETIC
TRANSMISSION OF BEHAVIOR AND ITS NEUROENDOCRINE CORRELATES 2633 B
HAMBSCH, R LANDGRAF L CZIBERE, AND C TOUMA 84.1 INTRODUCTION 2634
CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME XXIII 84.2 STRESS AND THE HPA SYSTEM 2634 84.2.1
DYSREGULATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC- PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS IN AFFECTIVE
DISORDERS 2636 84.2.2 ANIMAL MODELS ELUCIDATING THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF
NEUROENDOCRINE* BEHAVIOR INTERACTIONS 2637 84.2.2.1 MICE WITH TARGETED
MUTATIONS MODULATING HPA -AXIS FUNCTION 2637 84.2.2.2 NONTARGCTED
GENETIC APPROACHES 2642 84.3 THE OXYTOCIN AND VASOPRESSIN SYSTEMS 2644
84.3.1 THE OXYTOCIN SYSTEM 2645 84.3.1.1 OXYTOCIN 2645 84.3.1.2 THE
OXYTOCIN RECEPTOR 2646 84.3.2 THE VASOPRESSIN SYSTEM 2647 84.3.2.1
VASOPRESSIN 2647 84.3.2.2 THE VASOPRESSIN VIA RECEPTOR 2648 84.3.2.3 THE
VASOPRESSIN VLB RECEPTOR 2649 84.4 TACHYKININS 2650 84.4.1 DIFFERENT
TYPES OF TACHYKININS AND RECEPTORS 2650 84.4.2 FUNCTION OF TACHYKININ
SIGNALING 2651 84.5 OPIOID RECEPTORS 2652 84.5.1 N-OPIOID RECEPTORS 2653
84.5.1.1 [T-OPIOID RECEPTORS IN NOCICEPTWN, STRESS RESPONSE, AND
POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER 2653 84.5.1.2 N-OPIOIDRECEPTORS IN
REWARD, PLEASURE, AND ANXIETY 2654 84.5.1.3 I-T -OPIOID RECEPTOR LIGAND
BINDING IN DIFFERENT SPLICE VARIANTS 2656 84.5.2 ENDORPHINS 2656
84.5.2.1 MATURATION OFTHEFI-ENDORPHIN- PRECURSOR PROOPWMELANOCORTIN 2657
84.5.2.2 (I-EUDORPHIN IN MOTIVATION, REWARD, AND HEDONIC VALUE 2658
84.5.2.3 FI-ENDORPHIN IN STRESS, ANXIETY, AND POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS
DISORDER 2658 84.5.3 K-OPIOID RECEPTORS 2659 84.5.3.1 K-OPIOID RECEPTORS
IN REWARD AND AVERSION 2659 84.5.3.2 K-OPIOID RECEPTORS IN ANXIETY AND
ETBANOL-INDUCED ANXIOLYSIS 2659 84.5.4 DYNORPHINS 2660 84.5.4.1
PRODYNORPHIN IN ANALGESIA, REWARD, AND AVERSION 2660 84.5.5 5-OPIOID
RECEPTORS 2661 84.5.5.1 &-OPIOID RECEPTORS IN DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, AND
ETHANOL-INDUCED ANXIOLYSIS 2661 84.5.6 ENKEPHALINS 2662 84.5.6.1
ENKEPHALINS IN NOCICEPTWN AND ANXIETY 2662 84.5.6.2 ENKEPHALINS IN
STRESS-INDUCED ANHEDOMA AND DEPRESSION 2663 84.6 CONCLUSION 2663
REFERENCES 2664 CHAPTER 85 TRANSGENIC AND GENETIC ANIMAL MODELS 2673 R A
KEN AND R E SIEGEL 85.1 INTRODUCTION 2674 85.1.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
MOUSE GENETICS 2674 85.1.2 MICE AS MODELS FOR BEHAVIORAL PHENOTYPES 2676
85.2 RANDOM INSERTION OF FOREIGN DNA INTO THE MURINE GENOME 2677 85.2.1
GENERAL PRINCIPLES 2677 85.2.1.1 PRODUCTION OF FOUNDER ANIMALS 2678
85.2.1.2 PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE 2678 85.2.1.3 GENOMIC REGULATION
OFTRANSGENC EXPRESSION 2679 85.2.1.4 INSERTIONAL MUTAGENESIS 2681 85.2.2
TRANSGENE COMPOSITION 2682 85.2.2.1 REPORTER GENES 2683 85.2.2.2
INDICATOR STRAINS OF MICE 2684 85.2.2.3 IN VIVO IMAGING 2685 85.2.2.4
PROTEIN OVEREXPRESSION 2686 85.2.2.5 TRANSGETIE-MEDIATED GENE SILENCING
2687 85.2.2.6 CELL-SPECIFIC ABLATION AND INACTIVATION 2688 85.2.3
LNDUCIBLE/CONDITIONAL EXPRESSION OF ~ RANSGENES 2690 85.2.3.1
LIGAND-REGULATED TRANSGENE EXPRESSION 2690 85.2.3.2
RECOMBINATION-INDUCED TRANSGENE EXPRESSION 269 1 85.3 HOMOLOGOUS
RECOMBINATION OF FOREIGN DNA INTO THE MURINE GENOME 2692 85.3.1 GENERAL
PRINCIPLES 2693 85.3.1.1 TARGETING VECTORS AND GENE DISRUPTION IN ES
CELLS 2694 85.3.1.2 PRODUCTION OF CHIMERIC MICE 2696 85.3.1.3 GENERATION
OF KNOCKOUT ANIMALS AND PEDIGREE ANALYSIS 2697 85.3.2 KNOCKIN MICE 2698
85.3.3 CONDITIONAL GENE TARGETING 2699 85.4 GENE TRAPPING 2701 85.5
GENETIC ENVIRONMENTS 2701 85.5.1 GENETIC BACKGROUND AND PHENOTYPES 2702
85.5.2 HITCHHIKING OR PASSENGER GENES 2702 85.6 SUMMARY 2703 REFERENCES
2703
|
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036794381 |
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| dewey-full | 571.7 573.8 591.5 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 571 - Physiology & related subjects 573 - Specific physiological systems in animals 591 - Specific topics in natural history of animals |
| dewey-raw | 571.7 573.8 591.5 |
| dewey-search | 571.7 573.8 591.5 |
| dewey-sort | 3571.7 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology 590 - Animals |
| discipline | Biologie |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV036794381 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:48:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780123743855 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020710721 |
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| physical | XXIII S., S. 2035 - 2708 graph. Darst. |
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| spelling | Hormones, brain and behavior 4 Chapters 64 - 85 ed. by Donald W. Pfaff ... 2. ed. Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier, Acad. Press 2009 XXIII S., S. 2035 - 2708 graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Pfaff, Donald W. Sonstige oth (DE-604)BV014246419 4 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020710721&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Hormones, brain and behavior |
| title | Hormones, brain and behavior |
| title_auth | Hormones, brain and behavior |
| title_exact_search | Hormones, brain and behavior |
| title_full | Hormones, brain and behavior 4 Chapters 64 - 85 ed. by Donald W. Pfaff ... |
| title_fullStr | Hormones, brain and behavior 4 Chapters 64 - 85 ed. by Donald W. Pfaff ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hormones, brain and behavior 4 Chapters 64 - 85 ed. by Donald W. Pfaff ... |
| title_short | Hormones, brain and behavior |
| title_sort | hormones brain and behavior chapters 64 85 |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020710721&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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