Multilevel modeling of social problems a causal perspective

Gespeichert in:

Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Smith, Robert B. (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Dordrecht [u.a.] Springer 2011
Schlagworte:	Soziale Probleme Statistik
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis
Tags:	Tag hinzufügen Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!

MARC


LEADER	00000nam a2200000 c 4500
001	BV036730623
003	DE-604
005	20110429
007	t\|
008	101020s2011 gw d\|\|\| \|\|\|\| 00\|\|\| eng d
015			\|a 10,N28 \|2 dnb
016	7		\|a 1004244649 \|2 DE-101
020			\|a 9789048198542 \|c GB. : ca. EUR 149.75 (freier Pr.), ca. sfr 217.50 (freier Pr.) \|9 978-90-481-9854-2
024	3		\|a 9789048198542
028	5	2	\|a 12625840
035			\|a (OCoLC)705916943
035			\|a (DE-599)DNB1004244649
040			\|a DE-604 \|b ger \|e rakddb
041	0		\|a eng
044			\|a gw \|c XA-DE-BE
049			\|a DE-703 \|a DE-473
084			\|a MS 6350 \|0 (DE-625)123752: \|2 rvk
084			\|a 300 \|2 sdnb
100	1		\|a Smith, Robert B. \|e Verfasser \|4 aut
245	1	0	\|a Multilevel modeling of social problems \|b a causal perspective \|c Robert B. Smith
264		1	\|a Dordrecht [u.a.] \|b Springer \|c 2011
300			\|a XXXIX, 535 S. \|b graph. Darst.
336			\|b txt \|2 rdacontent
337			\|b n \|2 rdamedia
338			\|b nc \|2 rdacarrier
650	0	7	\|a Soziale Probleme \|0 (DE-588)4139770-8 \|2 gnd \|9 rswk-swf
655		7	\|0 (DE-588)4056995-0 \|a Statistik \|2 gnd-content
689	0	0	\|a Soziale Probleme \|0 (DE-588)4139770-8 \|D s
689	0		\|5 DE-604
776	0	8	\|i Erscheint auch als \|n Online-Ausgabe \|z 978-90-481-9855-9
856	4	2	\|q text/html \|u http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3500829&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm \|3 Inhaltstext
856	4	2	\|m Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth \|q application/pdf \|u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020648311&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA \|3 Inhaltsverzeichnis
943	1		\|a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020648311

Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_	1819706064676847616
adam_text	Contents Part I Introductory Essays .................................................. 1 1 Concepts and Considerations .............................................. 3 Contextual Analysis .......................................................... 3 Spurious Correlations ........................................................ 6 Chains of Relationships ...................................................... 8 Contextual Analysis and Multilevel Models ................................ 10 Notions of Causality ......................................................... 10 Stable Association and Potential Outcomes ................................. 12 Stable Association ......................................................... 12 Potential Outcomes ........................................................ 13 Causal Effects of Attributes ............................................... 13 Dependency Networks ....................................................... 14 Graphical Models .......................................................... 14 Association Graphs ........................................................ 15 Generative Processes ...................................................... 15 Econometric Models in Policy Research ................................. 16 Uses for Multilevel Models .................................................. 16 Contextual Studies ........................................................ 16 Evaluative Research ....................................................... 18 Research Summaries ...................................................... 19 Conclusion ................................................................... 19 Endnotes...................................................................... 20 2 Contextual Analysis and Multilevel Models .............................. 23 The Academic Mind ......................................................... 24 Apprehension and Its Correlates .......................................... 24 Assessing Permissiveness ................................................. 26 Institutional Incidents ..................................................... 27 Conclusion and Implications ................................................. 30 xiv Contents Notions of Causality ....................................................... 31 Multilevel Models ......................................................... 32 Endnotes...................................................................... 33 3 Stable Association and Potential Outcomes .............................. 35 Stable Association ........................................................... 36 Classic Causality .......................................................... 36 Causality as Robust Dependence ......................................... 37 Potential Outcomes .......................................................... 40 Causality as an Effect of an Intervention ................................. 41 Causal Models for Attributes .............................................. 43 Endnotes...................................................................... 55 4 Dependency Networks ...................................................... 59 Graphical Models ............................................................ 59 Strategy .................................................................... 60 Results ..................................................................... 62 Interpretive Graphs ........................................................ 62 Interpretive Edge Matrices ................................................ 67 Association Graphs for Loglinear Models ................................... 69 The Cross-Tabulated Variables ........................................... 69 A Loglinear Model ........................................................ 71 Association Graphs ........................................................ 71 Generative Mechanisms ...................................................... 74 Consideration of Use ...................................................... 76 A Generative Process Model .............................................. 78 Correlations or Multivariate Dependencies? .............................. 83 A Test of the Basic Model ................................................ 85 Decomposition of Effects ................................................. 87 Causality in Policy Research ................................................ 89 Theoretical Models Are Necessary ....................................... 91 The Experimental Paradigm .............................................. 92 Limitations of the Experimental Paradigm ............................... 93 Heckman s Paradigm ...................................................... 94 Structural Economic Models .............................................. 94 Conclusions .................................................................. 96 Endnotes...................................................................... 96 5 Uses for Multilevel Models ................................................ 103 Contextual Studies .......................................................... 104 Clustered Macrolevel Units .............................................. 104 Significance of a Level-2 Variance ...................................... 106 Contents xv Accounting for a Levels Variance by Classifying the Levels of the Random Variable ................................... 109 Counts of Events ......................................................... Ill Clustered Microlevel Units ............................................... 113 Macro and Micro Explanatory Variables ................................ 114 Evaluative Research ........................................................ 116 Estimating Treatment Effects in Difference-in-Differences Designs ................................. 116 Borrowing Strength ...................................................... 117 Using Propensity Scores to Reduce Bias ................................ 117 Research Summaries ........................................................ 119 Meta-analysis ............................................................. 119 Evidence for Causal Inferences .......................................... 120 Endnotes..................................................................... 122 Part II Contextual Studies ................................................. 125 6 Contexts and Covariates .................................................. 127 Global Human Development ............................................... 128 The Social Problem ...................................................... 128 Theory .................................................................... 129 Study Design ............................................................. 129 Measures .................................................................. 130 Results .................................................................... 130 Policy Implications ....................................................... 131 A Globalized Conflect ...................................................... 131 The Social Problem ...................................................... 131 Theory .................................................................... 132 Study Design ............................................................. 132 Measures .................................................................. 133 Results .................................................................... 133 Policy Implications ....................................................... 134 Will Claims Workers Dislike a Fraud Detector? ........................... 135 The Social Problem ...................................................... 135 Theory .................................................................... 135 Study Design ............................................................. 135 Measures .................................................................. 136 Results .................................................................... 136 Policy Implications ....................................................... 137 7 Global Human Development .............................................. 139 Literature Review and Hypotheses ......................................... 140 Civilizations .............................................................. 140 Instrumental Factors and Substantive Freedoms ......................... 141 Contents Research Methods........................................................... 143 The Multilevel Study Design ............................................ 143 Measures .................................................................. 144 Statistical Methods .......................................................... 151 Weights, Bonferroni Adjustments, BIC, and R2 ......................... 151 The Variance Components Model ....................................... 152 Descriptive and Explanatory Models .................................... 153 Results ....................................................................... 156 Descriptive Models of HDI Rank ........................................ 156 Explanatory Models of HDI Rank ....................................... 160 Tests and Replications Using Index Scores .............................. 167 Discussion ................................................................... 172 Summary ................................................................. 172 Interpretation of Explanatory Effects .................................... 173 The Role of Civilization Zones .......................................... 174 Policy Implications ....................................................... 176 Endnotes..................................................................... 177 A Globalized Conflict ...................................................... 181 Prior Theory and Research .................................................. 183 Population Characteristics ................................................ 184 Mobilization .............................................................. 185 Bystander Unresponsiveness to Crimes .................................. 187 Ambivalence .............................................................. 188 Exploring the Data .......................................................... 189 Jewish and Muslim Populations .......................................... 190 Antisemitic Attitudes ..................................................... 192 Israel and the Palestinians ................................................ 194 Assumptions about the Counts of Violence .............................. 196 Who Are the Perpetrators? .................................................. 199 Developing and Testing Models ............................................ 201 Study Design ............................................................. 201 The Poisson Model ....................................................... 202 Fit Statistics .............................................................. 204 Creating the Mobilization Model ........................................ 208 What Factors Foster the Violence? ...................................... 211 Parameter Study of Belgium s Violence Counts ........................ 216 Replication of the Main Analysis ........................................ 217 Discussion ................................................................... 219 Summary ................................................................. 219 Implications .............................................................. 220 Policy Recommendations ................................................ 220 Endnotes..................................................................... 221 Contents xvii 9 Will Claims Workers Dislike a Fraud Detector? ........................ 225 New Contributions .......................................................... 226 Hypotheses .................................................................. 226 Method ...................................................................... 227 Study Design ............................................................. 227 The Data .................................................................. 228 Measures .................................................................. 229 Statistical Models ......................................................... 235 Results ....................................................................... 236 Model 1— The Baseline Unconditional Means Model .................. 236 Model 2— Adding Two Fixed Level- 1 Covariates ...................... 239 Model 3a Through 3d— Adding One Office-Level Fixed Classificatory Variable ......................................... 240 Model 4— All Variables Fixed, Three Office Contexts .................. 244 Model 5— All Variables Fixed, Four Office Contexts ................... 245 The Effect of Sample Size on Hypothesis 4............................. 246 Discussion ................................................................... 248 Summary ................................................................. 248 Interpretations ............................................................ 248 Generalizations ........................................................... 249 Recommendations ........................................................ 250 Endnotes..................................................................... 251 Part III Evaluative Research .............................................. 257 10 Cause and Consequences ................................................ 259 A Pressing Social Problem: Student Achievement and Schools ......... 260 Four Types of Policy Orientations ..................................... 261 Co-nect s Theoretical Model of Comprehensive School Reform ...................................................... 264 The Basic DID Design .................................................... 265 Binary (0,1) Indicators ................................................. 266 An Econometric Formalization ........................................ 268 Other Assumptions ..................................................... 269 Evaluations of Comprehensive School Reform .......................... 270 Target, Matched, and Not-Matched Schools ........................... 270 Using Propensity Scores ............................................... 274 Policy Implications ........................................................ 278 Endnotes................................................................... 278 11 Target, Matched, and Not-Matched Schools ........................... 283 New Contributions ........................................................ 283 The Setting of the Study .................................................. 284 xv¡¡¡ Contents What Did the Consultants Do? ........................................... 286 Methods ................................................................... 287 Previous Studies ........................................................ 287 The DID Design ........................................................ 288 Repeated Measures ..................................................... 290 The Covariates ......................................................... 291 Statistical Models ....................................................... 292 Selecting Covariance Structures ....................................... 298 Corrections for Multiplicity ............................................ 309 Effect Sizes ............................................................. 310 Results ..................................................................... 311 Overall School Performance ........................................... 312 Third Grade Achievement .............................................. 315 Fifth Grade Achievement .............................................. 317 Discussion ................................................................. 319 Summary ............................................................... 319 Implications ............................................................ 320 Appendix .................................................................. 324 Endnotes................................................................... 328 12 Using Propensity Scores ................................................. 331 New Contributions ........................................................ 332 The Setting of the Study .................................................. 332 Aspects of the Schools .................................................... 333 Aspects of the Reforms ................................................... 335 Possible Impacts of the Reforms ....................................... 336 Conjectures ............................................................. 337 Methods ................................................................... 338 The Difference-In-Differences (DID) Design ......................... 339 Propensity Scores ....................................................... 341 The Repeated Measures ................................................ 346 The Multilevel Models ................................................. 347 Covariance Structures .................................................. 349 Treatment Effects ...................................................... 357 The Results ................................................................ 364 Reading Tests ........................................................... 365 Mathematics Tests ...................................................... 366 Average of Reading and Mathematics Tests ........................... 367 Fourth Grade Writing .................................................. 369 Multiplicity and Composite Effects .................................... 370 Discussion ................................................................. 375 Summary ............................................................... 375 Policy Implications ..................................................... 375 Endnotes................................................................... 376 Contents xix Part IV Research Summaries ............................................. 381 13 Consolidations and Critiques ............................................ 383 Problems of Health Care .................................................. 384 The Uninsured .......................................................... 384 Medical Costs .......................................................... 386 Quality of Care ......................................................... 386 Policy Orientations and Reform Plans ................................. 387 President Obama s Plan ................................................ 389 Cost Savings ............................................................ 390 The Subsequent Chapters ................................................. 391 Gatekeepers and Sentinels ............................................. 392 Childhood Vaccinations and Autism ................................... 394 Gauging Causality in Multilevel Models .............................. 396 Endnotes................................................................... 396 14 Gatekeepers and Sentinels ............................................... 399 Program Characteristics ................................................... 400 New Contributions ........................................................ 400 Preauthorization Review ............................................... 400 Concurrent Review ..................................................... 401 Research Methods ......................................................... 401 Study Characteristics ................................................... 402 Statistics ................................................................ 407 Results ..................................................................... 411 Effects of Precertification .............................................. 412 Effects of Onsite Concurrent Review .................................. 415 Discussion ................................................................. 421 Summary of Findings .................................................. 421 Interpretation of Findings: Gatekeepers and Sentinels ................ 426 Generalization of Findings ............................................. 427 Endnotes................................................................... 428 15 Childhood Vaccinations and Autism .................................... 431 The MMR-Autism Controversy in Britain ............................... 432 The Vaccination-Autism Controversy in the USA ....................... 434 Methods for Reviewing Evidence ........................................ 437 The Cochrane Collaboration s Meta-Analytic Approach .............. 438 The Institute of Medicine s Bayesian Approach ....................... 440 Endnotes................................................................... 448 16 Gauging Causality in Multilevel Models ............................... 451 Zones of Causal Notions .................................................. 452 Two Meanings of Non-Causality ...................................... 452 і Contents Stable Association ...................................................... 454 Potential Outcomes ..................................................... 454 Dependency Networks ................................................. 455 Causality Zones of the Contextual Studies ............................... 456 Chapter 2, Contextual Analysis and Multilevel Models ............... 456 Chapter 7, Global Human Development ............................... 457 Chapter 8, A Globalized Conflict ...................................... 460 Chapter 9, Will Claims Workers Dislike a Fraud Detector? .......... 464 Causality Zones of the Evaluative Research ............................. 467 Chapter 11, Target, Matched, and Not-Matched Schools ............. 467 Chapter 12, Using Propensity Scores .................................. 472 Causality Zone of the Research Summaries .............................. 477 Chapter 14, Gatekeepers and Sentinels ................................ 477 Implications ............................................................... 481 Endnotes................................................................... 483 Glossary ...................................................................... 485 References ................................................................... 501 Index ......................................................................... 521
any_adam_object	1
author	Smith, Robert B.
author_facet	Smith, Robert B.
author_role	aut
author_sort	Smith, Robert B.
author_variant	r b s rb rbs
building	Verbundindex
bvnumber	BV036730623
classification_rvk	MS 6350
ctrlnum	(OCoLC)705916943 (DE-599)DNB1004244649
discipline	Soziologie
format	Book
fullrecord	<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>01682nam a2200421 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV036730623</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20110429 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t\|</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">101020s2011 gw d\|\|\| \|\|\|\| 00\|\|\| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="015" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">10,N28</subfield><subfield code="2">dnb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="016" ind1="7" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1004244649</subfield><subfield code="2">DE-101</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9789048198542</subfield><subfield code="c">GB. : ca. EUR 149.75 (freier Pr.), ca. sfr 217.50 (freier Pr.)</subfield><subfield code="9">978-90-481-9854-2</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="024" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9789048198542</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="028" ind1="5" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">12625840</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)705916943</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)DNB1004244649</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakddb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="044" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">gw</subfield><subfield code="c">XA-DE-BE</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-703</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-473</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">MS 6350</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)123752:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">300</subfield><subfield code="2">sdnb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Smith, Robert B.</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Multilevel modeling of social problems</subfield><subfield code="b">a causal perspective</subfield><subfield code="c">Robert B. Smith</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Dordrecht [u.a.]</subfield><subfield code="b">Springer</subfield><subfield code="c">2011</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XXXIX, 535 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">graph. Darst.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Soziale Probleme</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4139770-8</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="655" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4056995-0</subfield><subfield code="a">Statistik</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd-content</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Soziale Probleme</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4139770-8</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Erscheint auch als</subfield><subfield code="n">Online-Ausgabe</subfield><subfield code="z">978-90-481-9855-9</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="q">text/html</subfield><subfield code="u">http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3500829&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltstext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020648311&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="943" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020648311</subfield></datafield></record></collection>
genre	(DE-588)4056995-0 Statistik gnd-content
genre_facet	Statistik
id	DE-604.BV036730623
illustrated	Illustrated
indexdate	2024-12-24T00:12:06Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9789048198542
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020648311
oclc_num	705916943
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-703 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG
owner_facet	DE-703 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG
physical	XXXIX, 535 S. graph. Darst.
publishDate	2011
publishDateSearch	2011
publishDateSort	2011
publisher	Springer
record_format	marc
spellingShingle	Smith, Robert B. Multilevel modeling of social problems a causal perspective Soziale Probleme (DE-588)4139770-8 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4139770-8 (DE-588)4056995-0
title	Multilevel modeling of social problems a causal perspective
title_auth	Multilevel modeling of social problems a causal perspective
title_exact_search	Multilevel modeling of social problems a causal perspective
title_full	Multilevel modeling of social problems a causal perspective Robert B. Smith
title_fullStr	Multilevel modeling of social problems a causal perspective Robert B. Smith
title_full_unstemmed	Multilevel modeling of social problems a causal perspective Robert B. Smith
title_short	Multilevel modeling of social problems
title_sort	multilevel modeling of social problems a causal perspective
title_sub	a causal perspective
topic	Soziale Probleme (DE-588)4139770-8 gnd
topic_facet	Soziale Probleme Statistik
url	http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3500829&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020648311&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT smithrobertb multilevelmodelingofsocialproblemsacausalperspective

Multilevel modeling of social problems a causal perspective

MARC

Datensatz im Suchindex

Ähnliche Einträge