Istoriografia română şi cenzura comunistă (1966 - 1977)
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Oradea
Ed. Univ. din Oradea
2010
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Cuprins
Cuvânt înainte
........................................................................... 5
Lista abrevierilor
....................................................................... 8
I.
INSTITUŢIA DE CENZURĂ
....................................................... 9
1.
D.G.P.T/C.P.T
....................................................................... 9
2.
Serviciul Ideologie
.................................................................. 15
2.1.
Nomenclatorul serviciului
................................................... 15
2.2.
Personalul
....................................................................... 15
2.2.1.
Sistem de calificare/pregătire profesională şi politică
.......... 16
2.2.2.
Responsabilităţi
......................................................... 18
3.
Activitatea de control
.............................................................. 20
3.1.
Etape. Dificultăţi
................................................................ 20
3.2.
Metodologia de rezolvare a referatelor/observaţiilor
................... 22
3.3.
Volumul de muncă
............................................................. 24
II.
CENZURA Şl ISTORIOGRAFIA ANILOR
1966-1972..................... 36
1.
Controlul. Probleme semnalate. Noile tipare
................................. 36
A. Prezentarea [nejcritică a burgheziei, a unor partide şi oameni
politici, a monarhiei
................................................................ 36
B. [Sub]estimarea mişcării muncitoreşti, în general, a P.C.R. în
mod special
........................................................................... 48
C. [Ne]respectarea indicaţiilor de partid în reconsiderarea
valorilor trecute
..................................................................... 56
D. Tratarea [ne]corespunzătoare a unor momente din istoria naţională.
63
E. Oportu
η
itatea po
I
iti
că
........................................................... 87
F. [Injcorecta încadrare a trecutului naţionalităţilor în istoria comună
.. 95
2.
Tendinţe şi fenomene semnalate la controlul de carte
social-politica
.. 99
3.
Scrisul istoric în viziunea instituţiei de cenzură. Directive
................ 108
III. CENZURAŞI ISTORIOGRAFIA ANILOR
1973-1977..................... 116
1.
înăsprirea controlului
(1973-1974)............................................ 116
2.
Totala subordonare faţă de Partid. Noua direcţie
(1975-1977)......... 139
3.
însemnările de pe notele de aviz
.............................................. 1 70
Consideraţii finale
..................................................................... 175
Summary
................................................................................. 181
Anexă
..................................................................................... 187
Indice de nume
......................................................................... 359
Romanian Historiography and Communist
Censorship
(1966-1977)
Abstract
The paper shows how the books, articles and studies of history, the
general socio-political content, were checked before printing, to get or not an
imprimatur visa. It recovers unpublished information from the inside of the
institution accredited by the writing historical censoring, in the period
1966-
1977
and, those in the volume of documents published by the same author in
2006
under the title The History Censorship, The Censured History.
Documents
(1966-1972).
. The institution of censorship. The censorship of the
historiographie
publications was done at the Ideology Service of the General Directorate of
Press and Publications
/
Committee for Press and Publications. Founded in
1949,
the institution has worked beside the Council of Ministers, then reaching
under the control of the Romanian Communist Party (R.C.P.). It was disbanded
in
1977,
passing the control activity in the powers of the Culture and Socialist
Education Council (C.
S.E.C.)
and publishers. The mission of this institution was
to review the publications and media, in order to forestall the public
dissemination of those materials which contravened the government policy of
the Romanian Socialist Republic (R.S.R.) based on the directives of R.C.P., and
any data, figures and information that were state secrets or could not be
disseminated in public from other reasons.
The nomenclature of the service included: a) the control of the editorial
works of the social sciences, originals and translations, which appeared in
capital and province, in the Romanian language, the cohabitant nationalities
languages or languages widely spoken, b) the publications directly edited by
the research institutes of the Academy of Social and Political Sciences,
university courses, syllabus and other teaching materials of social sciences or
with social-political content published by higher education institutes and
central government institutions, c) the history museums in the capital, and the
occasional historical exhibitions, d) the control
oí
75
periodicals (from
hebdomadars to annuals) of political-ideological character that used to appear
in capital, in Romanian or other languages; e) all of the
19
cults periodicals
that appeared in the country, and all the accidental publications of editorial
character
-
books of worship, theological studies,
iconographie
material
-
of
religion.
181
Ion Zainea
The Service
staff was composed of
11-15
lecturers, all with higher
education, most historians, but also economists, lawyers, philologists. The
Head of the Service was Micu
Bucur
and his adjunct,
Rodica
Radian.
The qualification of the lecturers
/
censors included a (technical)
practical component and a political-ideological one. The qualification process
was conducted in three stages. The first was acquiring labor standards,
instructions and provisions, while improving the political and ideological
training. It followed the stage of parallel lecturing, in two, together with one
already qualified lecturer and, according to the conclusions drawn, the
introduction in the self-labor.
The stages of the control were: reading (on manuscript, for the editorial
works, on pages typo II, for periodicals), the documentation and preparation of
the paper. On the paper basis followed the paper solving by the management
of the service.
The distribution of reading materials was done generally in order of
entry and if possible according to the specialty of the lecturer, the level of his
preparation, the category of his employment. Priority was given to the
periodicals, but also to the works on propaganda and party education, school
textbooks and university courses, anniversary works or related to political and
scientific events to date, congresses, conferences, etc.
The materials in the Ideology Service nomenclature received or not the
imprimatur classification only after reading in full. Any mistake that could
escape at the first reading was prevented on another link of the work of
censorship, the double reading or over control at the service management.
II. The censorship and historiography of the years
1966-1972.
The
historiography of the period
1966-1977
bears the imprint of the Ceausescu s
epoch, which printed it a specific physiognomy. Cutting an own road of power
from Bucharest and distancing from Moscow, implied the connection to the
Romanian traditions and national values and out coming of the Stalinist
dogmas, stereotypes, and patterns criteria.
The reconsideration of the past forged and removing the coarse debris
of the Stalinist era became the main task of the Romanian historiography after
1966.
All was rewritten so that the historians have understood it. But
everything had to be conducted in a controlled setting, with the gun of critics
of class and only in the accept terms of procedure, something that few really
understood it. They stand as witness the findings of the institution of
censorship, which, in the summaries of
1969, 1972, 1974
respectively, on the
historic writing, highlight many shortcomings: from the uncritical presentation
of the bourgeoisie, of some parties, politicians, of the monarchy to
underestimate the role of the workers movement, generally, of the R.C.P.
particularly, in the national past; from the failure to comply with the party in
question reconsidering past values to the opportunity policy issues; from the
182
Istoriografia română şi cenzura comunistă
(1966-1977)
inadequate presentation of
important
moments in the national history to the
incorrect framing of the past of minorities in the history of their common
homeland. They were, in fact, other patterns that had cast, namely recast, the
entire past. They never have allowed the historians to go all the way with the
revelations, to say the entire truth.
The new official vision on the national history, which gave many the
feeling
oí
returning to a true, objective history, became known to the historians
through the system of the editorial control and the interdict one, by censorship.
The numerous observations reported to reading for visa imprimatur is a proof
that the historians have guessed only in course of time which were the new rules
for writing history, they being not even the appanage of those initiated; many of
them were not aware of the new orientation of the system; even when they
understood that the recovery of the cultural heritage which became the state
program, could be made with the gun of critics of class , did not know
specifically what it meant and how it meant. The explanation may come on one
hand, from the party directives, whose general
/
vague formulation manner leaves
the possibility of personal interpretation, may be, on the other hand, the result of
incompetence, opportunism and careerism of which they applied.
The new offensive of the scheme, by censorship, on the historical
writing had a double effect: it closed the national history on certain segments
and opened it to others, useful to propaganda; one part was narrowed, the
other widened.
The nationalism has replaced the Marxism gradually as conceptual
framework of reference. The process took place gradually, that also explaining
why many of the historians have participated enthusiastically in what initially
seemed a welcome recovery action, even partial, without intuiting the
exaggerations that were to follow. The liberalization, rehabilitations of
1968,
the courageous attitude of Nicolae
Ceauşescu
in the Czechoslovakian
problem, have strengthened the Romanians the belief that the R.C.P. was the
continuer
oí
the struggle for independence that the new direction of the elite
coincides with the interests of the nation.
III. Censorship and historiography of the years
1973-1977.
Since the
70s,
the balance has tilted increasingly in favor of the nationalism. It quickly
fell in a nationalism going too far, depreciating it just through exaggeration,
through the parade without measure. This trend more prominent nationalist
seemed that linked to the interwar tradition. In reality, the decisive stimulus in
this direction came from Nicolae
Ceauşescu,
as the call to the national history
was one of the preferred means to ensure the national consensus around his
role as a leader.
The transformation of the communist regime in a personal dictatorship
of Nicolae
Ceauşescu
had profound implications in the
historiographie
plán.
The quotations of
Ceauşescu
gradually replaced those of Marx, so that the
183
Ion Zainea
references to
Marx
would come to have even a subversive character,
suggesting that there also is another authority than the most loved son of the
people . With the help of the repressive apparatus, that served Ceausescu with
obedience, the historical writing was brought under the total control of the
Party. Nothing could be written, after
Ί972,
without being, previously
approved by the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the RCP. The new
offensive, including the censorship, on the historical writing, has imposed in
historiography the fashion of the endless struggles for independence and, then
for national unity, led by a string of brave leaders from Burebista to Ceausescu.
Everything had to be reconsidered, made in days , according to the new
directives contained in the historical sketch of the R.C.P. Program of Building
the Socialist Society Multilateral Developed,
a vulgate
/
official version of the
history of Romania seen through the prism of the national communism, which
will serve as a guide both for the party propaganda and the historical research
and its control. After this text, the Central Propaganda Department of the
R.C.P. will judge the work submitted for endorsement. The control system has
become more efficient, through simplification. If in the
60s
methodology for
solving the comments raised in the audit was done through a cumbersome,
involving a series of compartments of the C.C.E.S., and other institutions, since
1972
the opinion should be sought only from the Central Propaganda
Department of the C.C. of R.C.P.
The increasing of the totalitarian pressure has influenced the
historiography in the sense of serious falsifications, this time in a nationalist
sense. The specific institutions and enslaved people, the regime led the
ideologization of the whole national history. In a boundless contempt for the
truth, propaganda has distorted copious the past, many exaggerations and
forgeries reaching directive ideological of party, gradually imposed a single
and unitary language, including for the historical past.
IV. Final considerations. This work, which is intended to circumscribe
to the broader approach, post-December, to better understanding of the
Romanian historiography under communism, shows or confirms some features
of the Romanian historiography of the period
1966-1977.
First, Romanian historiography fails to appear as a consistent, uniform
assembly from end to end of the period; we distinguish, on one hand, between
the recuperating period during the years
1966-1972/73
and that
oí
deformations, more and more serious, the next step; it alternates, on the other
hand, the moments of liberalism with those of conservatism, of progress and
regression, the offensive and defensive, detectable especially regarding the
assertion of some facts and truths of the Romanian-Russian/Soviet
relationships, determined by the relations of the regime from Bucharest with
Moscow, their tone shaping the guidelines of the party leadership to the
historiographie
front.
184
Istoriografia romană şi cenzura comunistă
(Ί
966-1977)
The historiography of the
period
1966-1977
presents, in another
perspective, a number of paradoxes, such as: is a Marxist historiography with
less and less or, no Marx (even the propaganda department of the Central
Committee of the Romanian Communist Party suggests the sending of the
classics in the pages footnotes); a historiography of a sphere of Soviet
domination, with a visible anti-Russian and anti-Soviet orientation; a
historiography that gradually closed to the contacts with the decadent
Western, but connected, at least in the first part, in spirit, through translations,
foreign press, circulation of some Romanian runagates works, of the major
currents and lines of European investigations; a historiography which, although
dealing with the past continually faced with the hostility of the present; a
historiography which manages to combine the truth with falsehood; and
finally, a historiography controlled by the party activists, but able to maintain,
essentially, the basic principles of the professionalism in the historical
research. These paradoxes of the historiography are found again in the work of
the historians, and thus, of the institution of censorship.
The historiography of the years
1966-1977
appears, broadly,
synchronous with the political discourse, which had to support its legitimacy,
and also overall, obedient and falsifying. It was always subordinate to the
Party, which will control it all; in the last part of the period falling into the
hands of the party activists and setting its headquarters and ISISP attached to
the C.C. of R.C.P. and
Ştefan Gheorghiu
Academy.
However, history has not been abolished as a science. The findings of
the institution of censorship confirm rather the more moderate view, more
nuanced, more balanced of those who deemed that the project of mystification
the national history not perverted the whole historiography community, within
it, gradually producing a polarization, separating the caste of officials from
the guild itself; that the range of attitudes was broader, some historians
adhering to the requirements of the scheme from the outset, while others
remained
expectative
or opposed; because they revealed some nuances
regarding the existence of the true professionals, whose compromise was made
more difficult or at all, despite of the existing temptations; that even the work
of some official historians, like
A. Oţetea,
С. С.
Giurescu, Şt.
Pascu,
requires
a nuanced research, they being not just summaries authors adulating for
power, but also some scientific contributions worthy of note; we have to
distinguish between the professional side of the craft and the party
propaganda, mystificator, which often used the prestige of a historic or
another; that, ultimately, they have always found ways to provide useful
contributions, studies, monographs, even partial synthesis, whose beneficial
role should not be underestimated. In one word, it is a plea to weigh and judge
impartially, and if he was wrong, and especially if the error persists, the
historian to be wilt, but he must be assessed if proves honesty and
professionalism in the search for truth.
185
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| author | Zainea, Ion |
| author_facet | Zainea, Ion |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036705992 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 8230 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)731869015 (DE-599)BVBBV036705992 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1966-1977 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1966-1977 |
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| genre | (DE-588)4135952-5 Quelle gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Quelle |
| geographic | Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Rumänien |
| id | DE-604.BV036705992 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-24T00:11:24Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9786061001118 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020624302 |
| oclc_num | 731869015 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
| physical | 366 S. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Ed. Univ. din Oradea |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Zainea, Ion Istoriografia română şi cenzura comunistă (1966 - 1977) Zensur (DE-588)4067601-8 gnd Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 gnd Kommunismus (DE-588)4031892-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4067601-8 (DE-588)4020531-9 (DE-588)4031892-8 (DE-588)4050939-4 (DE-588)4135952-5 |
| title | Istoriografia română şi cenzura comunistă (1966 - 1977) |
| title_auth | Istoriografia română şi cenzura comunistă (1966 - 1977) |
| title_exact_search | Istoriografia română şi cenzura comunistă (1966 - 1977) |
| title_full | Istoriografia română şi cenzura comunistă (1966 - 1977) Ion Zainea |
| title_fullStr | Istoriografia română şi cenzura comunistă (1966 - 1977) Ion Zainea |
| title_full_unstemmed | Istoriografia română şi cenzura comunistă (1966 - 1977) Ion Zainea |
| title_short | Istoriografia română şi cenzura comunistă |
| title_sort | istoriografia romana si cenzura comunista 1966 1977 |
| title_sub | (1966 - 1977) |
| topic | Zensur (DE-588)4067601-8 gnd Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 gnd Kommunismus (DE-588)4031892-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Zensur Geschichtsschreibung Kommunismus Rumänien Quelle |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020624302&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020624302&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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