Sol, piper ... i archeologija
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Sofija
Vladimirova-Aladžova
2009
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| 100 | 1 | |a Vladimirova-Aladžova, Dočka |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Sol, piper ... i archeologija |c Dočka Vladimirova-Aladžova |
| 264 | 1 | |a Sofija |b Vladimirova-Aladžova |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a 106 S. |b zahlr. Ill., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a PST: Salt, pepper ... and archaeology. - In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804141133729628160 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Съдържание
Вместо увод
..................................................................7
Сол, пипер и сребърни съдове
....................................9
Съкровището от Николаево, Плевенско
...................24
Статуетката от Сидон (Ливан)
...................................34
Съкровището от Шаурс (Франция)
..........................37
Съкровището от Виен (Изер) (Франция)
................43
Съкровището отХоксни (Англия)
............................50
Предмети
с
неизвестно място на намиране
и произход
....................................................................56
Статуетка на седнал мъж
...........................................57
Статуетка на мъжка глава
..........................................71
Статуетка със сферично тяло
...................................76
Заключение
.................................................................81
Цитирана литература
.................................................83
Summary
......................................................................95
SALT, PEPPER
...
and ARCHAEOLOGY
Summary
As in historical background some of the greatest sybarites
of luxury things are the Romans according to many corresponding
bear records of golden and silver adornments, refined figurines,
silver sets and utilities and etc.
The tableware took a precise place in the life of Roman
men of means, for whom the usage of silver things for laying the
table and consuming the food and drinks as the table decorations
were part of their common convictions for well-being. The proof
we can find in different silver utilities hidden in the ground during
war-time or uncertain periods. It is likely for their owners to be
celebrities with civil or military background not having the chance
to gather them back after the danger was over. Mostly these
are antique silver tableware
-
a family value gathered through
generations as can be seen in different style of workmanship and
ornaments.
The unearthed treasures, as a whole, can be divided
into personal (family s) and social, as found under temples,
worshipping constructions and churches. These two groups differ
in contents. The family ones consist of, except utilities, different
trimmings and jewelry, cosmetic sets medical tools, coins etc.
The second ones except tablewear include such, but for liturgical
function as well as votive offerings.
The tradition in usage of silver sets, utilities, ornaments
for table decorating continues through the Middle ages and the
Renaissance and the new-time as a sign of monetary solvency and
aristocratic proper quarter.
As the time is passing the used sets change their initial
95
forms, some of which become more complicated and mysterious.
Their functions become different or more conjunctive. The
decorations develop too, some elements are complemented or
thoroughly changed.
As in scientific background the information for the antique
sets made of white origin but used for spices, is of great shortage.
In the antique table sets
{ministerium)
in connection with the
utilities and pots (argentum escarium) are described also salterns
(salină)
and pepper-castors (piperatoria). Interesting information
for the form and functions of the lasts give the unearthed treasures
of the Roman age, which among the rest different pots include
small statues used to preserve spices.
The treasure of Nikolaevo, the region of Pleven
The treasure of the village of Nikolaevo (region Pleven)
is found in
1909.
It consists of
35
gold and silver adornments,
two silver dishes, a small silver statue and
899
silver coins of
Roman emperors from the period of
1-3
century AD. The find
is unique and is the richest and the most variable collection of
Roman jewels known to us from the lands of Thrace.
Among all the items the most famous is a small statue of
a child which
Bogdan Filov
specifies as a saltern. In the world
specialized literature the small statue of Nikolaevo is quoted as a
form of sculpture effigy, as a spice-pot (piperatorium). The statue
is made of silver its height is
10,4
cm and its weight is
106,44
gr. It represents seated naked boy in a childish age, holding a
dog. The figure is set on a round profiled base. Its bottom consists
of two circles one on top of the other, the outer of which (the
lower one) is fixed, but the inner one can be revolved across by a
small handle riveted in its center. The outer one has three almond
cuts, the same as on the inner one, but completed with three other
figures (the same form) covered with holes like a riddle. As the
handle of the inner circle is turned round and the cuts of both
circles are coincided the statue-pot is open. Under next rounding
96
of the inner circle coinciding the cuts with the outer one the pot
is closed. The next position is when the cuts of the outer circle
coincides the hollow parts of the inner one the content of the pot
can be sprinkled.
According to me the research-workers are truly right taking
this small monument from Nikolaevo to the pots-piperatoria
preserving the spice black pepper. The reveal sets up the treasure
of Nikolaevo among the few of the kind found in Sidon, Chaource,
Vienne
(lsére),
Hoxne which include different small statues
with not only aesthetic but practical functions preserving exotic
spices.
Concerning the date of this small monument from
Nikolaevo,
Bogdan Filov
and George Seure take it to
249 -
250/251
AD, while Liudmila Ruseva-Slokoska on the base of the
resemblance of the childish portrait and this of
Gordian
the
3rd
specifies it to the 40s of the
3rd
century AD.
The statue of Sidon
It is found in the antique town of Sidon in
1899.
Since
1972
the statue is possessed by the Museum of Fine arts in
Boston. The statue is made of silver, its height is
9,5
cm and its
weight is
109
gr. It represents seated naked boy on a round base,
right arm risen put on the scruff of the neck, left hand is holding
grapes. The grapes coincided with the image of Dionysios gives
authority to some research-workers to interpret the child on
the statue with
Dionysos as a
child. The base over which the
child is seated represents a profiled ground. The bottom and the
mechanical tool are identical to these of the small monument from
Nikolaevo. In the reports this statue is described as a pepper-castor
(piperatorium) too and is dated to the first half of the
3rd
century
AD. George Seure considers both statues of Sidon and Nikolaevo
as a batch production of Syrian workshops and its local jewelers.
The similar characteristic as in type and style do not let us easily
contradict his idea, though the presence of workshops for silver
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
ľ
97
München
dishes through the central Roman province. In the famous table
sets the found pepper-castors differ in idea, style and image from
that of the nice childish figure, which is an argument enough to
put the question aside till new proofs in variance.
The treasure of Chaource (France)
The treasure was discovered in
1883,
wrapped in a piece
of cloth of which a few fragments remained. It consists of thirty-
nine pieces, forming a complete table-service or
ministerium,
six
vessels being of plated bronze, the rest of silver.
Among the rare examples of small statues of silver
covered in gold these found in Chaource are outlined against all
others. They include different dish-pots (argentum escarium),
drink-pots (argentum potorium) and some small statues in gold
cover. One of them is different because of its usage as a pepper-
castor (piperatorium) in form of Ethiopian slave squatting. He is
represented asleep, with eyes closed; his right arm is wrapped in
his mantel, the hand supporting his cheek, and the left hand rest
on his knee, holding a chain attached to a lantern
(?)
between his
legs. His features are coarse, the lips thick, and the nose broad; his
hair is crimped, and he has a moustache and two tufts of hair on
the chin. He wears sandals, a sleeveless tunic, and apaenula with
hood, which is partly gilded. The framework of the lantern is also
gilt. In the hair above, the forehead a row of six holes is pierced,
indicating the purpose of the figure. Below it is a moulded base,
the concave part of which is gilt.
The item is hollow but the base is not preserved. Its height
is
9
cm, it is wide
4,5
cm, large
4,7
cm and weighs
52
gr. It is
dated as
3rd
century AD
The treasure of
Vienne (Isère),
(France)
It is unearthed during rescue operations over the antique
town in the quarters of the today
Vienne (Isère).
Through the
research work many silver dishes and items are found and held
over. On some of them there are inscriptions mentioning the
98
name of Dolmatius which probably is the name of their owner.
The analyses of the items reveals they date to the
3rd
century
AD. The great interest in the finds are two spice-boxes with very
complicated construction and ornaments The first one represents
silver statue forged with printed ornaments embossed in gold. Its
diameter is
4,5
cm, height
9
cm. The small statue is pear-shaped
with narrow tube-like top which is tapped. The bottom slowly
widened and is based on a stool. The base consists of two
lamellás
one on top of the other but each with an identical bean-shaped
hole. The second lamella is not fixed and can be turned round its
axis. When the two holes coincide the content can be poured. The
middle part of the pot is decorated with frieze in prints slightly
embossed though the outline is deeply indented. Although the
drawing is awkward and not clearly visible we can identify a
horse-drawn buggy
-
races passing through water. It is dated to
the
3rd
century AD.
The second spice-pot from
Vienne (Isère)
is a silver pot
with a diameter of
5
cm, general height
3.6
cm and weight
63,61
gr. It is exclusively well preserved with only missing the axis of
the handle hinge of its lid. The box is cylindrical based on three
hemisphere legs. The lid is flexible. It is lyra-shaped and enters the
box sliding it thoroughly. There are two
lamellás
one on the top of
the other. The lower (inner) one has four heart-shaped ornaments
finely perforated. The upper (outer) lamella has also four heart-
shape-cut forms. With a small tiller ending in a loop the outer
lamella can be rounded on its axis in two positions. When the
heart-shaped holes are covered or when they coincide with the
perforations in the lower part of the lid it is possible the content
to be poured or to be evaporated. To control the movements of
the inner and outer
lamellás
there is a small tiller to restrict the
rounding. Dated to the
3rd
century AD.
The treasure of Hoxne
The Hoxne hoard is one of .the largest Roman treasures
99
ever to have been discovered in Roman Britain. It consists of
some
15,000
gold and silver coins and around
200
other gold and
silver objects, and was buried by its original owners during the
early fifth century AD.
The gold coins are all of the denomination known as the
solidus weighing around
4,4
grams with a fineness of
99
per cent.
All the gold coins post-date Valentinian
I s
reform of
365-8
AD,
and indeed most of them were made during the reigns of Arcadius
and Honorius, between
394
and about
405
AD. However, eight
different Roman emperors are represented in all. The gold coins
are in an excellent state of preservation and, because none of them
was more than about fifty years old at the time when the hoard is
likely to have been buried, they have seen very little wear.
Apart from the coins, the two principal classes of material
in the Hoxne hoard consist of gold jewelry and small items of
silver tableware.
Silver plate, namely eating and drinking utensils made of
silver, was owned by most wealthy Roman families, and could
include large and highly decorated dishes, salvers, bowls and jugs
as well as small containers, spoons and ladles.
It is not certain who originally owned the hoard, though
several objects are inscribed with the name Aurelius Ursicinus,
but it is likely that it is represents the accumulated wealth of a
very affluent private family.
The most striking silver objects from the hoard look like
statuettes, but all are in fact table utensils. Four statuettes are
piperatoria, pepper-pots. One is in the formal a bust of a late-
Roman Empress depicted in a formal and hieratic pose, with
details of the clothing, necklace and elaborate hairstyle picked
out in gilding. Such busts are well-known in the form of bronze
steelyad-weigths of the fourth and fifth centuries. The bust is a
hollow container, and its separate base, enabling the bust to be
filled with groups of small perforations so that the pepper can be
sprinkled.
100
The same mechanism is found in the other pepper-pots.
One is in the form of a solid-cast statuette of Hercules wrestling
with the giant Atlas. Its hollow base was the pepper-container.
The other two pots represent animals, a reclining goat or ibex and
a hound catching a hare.
Items non-defined in origin and unearthing.
At the end of
2006
in Bulgaria came-out three small silver
statues also non-localized in unearthing. No found analogues are
known and their characteristics are contradictory and provoke
many questions. The description and the monuments they have
in common with as idea, image and functions show indisputably
that they are rare sculptural patterns. The lack of information
in the fields of the finds and its context makes every attempt
harder in analyzing the cultural influence over the style and their
iconography. This is the reason why each opinion in a monument
of unclear evidence to be liable to a discussion till another of the
kind appears or more certain in genesis.
A small statue of a seated man
It is made of silver and is
12
cm in height. It represents
naked man seated on a round profiled base which periphery is
encrusted with doubled hemisphere bulging thoros the risen parts
of which are in gold. The figure is of a young man seated with
a knee
-
bent right leg in front of his body and the left leg is
angled in front of the body and the right one. The muscles of the
body are really well interpreted and all anatomical details are in
gold. The hands are very near to the body bent in elbows, the
left one is at the left knee. The whole impression is of breached
proportions in the length of the arms as the lower part from the
wrist to the elbow is shortened against the upper one from the
elbow to the shoulder, the palm is missing replaced by a thickened
form marked cuts in gold imitating fingers. There are striped
small cylinders, probably musical instruments. Along the arms
is spread adding material covering the place of the palms up to
101
the shoulder. There is a broad-brim holding the cylinders and the
material itself. The engraver very carefully presents the covering
material, may be cloth, as the ribbon, the broad-brim and the
musical instruments are additionally in gold. The head is in front,
the chin slightly risen, the eyes widely-open. The nose is straight,
the mouth slightly ajar, the ears bigger than the proportions of
the head are slightly apart of it. The hair is gathered in a knot
with some curls both sides. They are precisely crafted and are
underlined in gold too with two small holes between. The statue
is hollow and is covered with a small disc used as a base. It is with
a diameter
6
cm but not the whole is in presence now. The central
part of it is protruded inside and in the center of the outer one is
attached a movable triangular lamella. When slightly moved it
opens or closes two holes in different shapes next to one another
situated on the marked the most inner concentric circles. The
nearly situated pair of holes and that they can be open or close at
once by the triangular lamella makes the difference in their size
unexplainable. The base is made not so precisely as the hull and
the mechanical tool on it is maximum simple and is unknown as
in intention and design.
The characteristics of the newly ^found small statue
insist on being discussed and some points of support in different
monuments to be found so the interpreting of it be easier. Approved
interest in first place causes the pose of the seated man s figure,
which is not found up to now among statues unearthed here in
Bulgaria but can be found among statues connected with the
history of the
hinduism
and buddhistic cultural fields. The hair-
dressing of this man s figure -back knot divided into curies is
another element not found among monuments here in
Bulgaria. The origin and spread-out of this hair-dressing
is well-known in the lands of East-South-east in chronological
aspect it is a track to social, religious and cultural identity.
Another interesting element found in the analysed statue
102
are the striped cylinders to the hands, musical instruments which
shaked or
beated
one another produced different sounds probably
connected with defined ritual actions.
Concerning the practical apply of this statue there are
some obscurities risen by the situated opposite holes on the head
and on the base. They impede the interpretation that the statue can
be used as a pot for pouring product. Except these the attached
outer lamella does not fit tightly the surface it is used to move on
and this makes it difficult for the fined-grained or loose product
to be held inside the body of the statue when it is on its base. The
presence of divertive holes can be acquitted only if it is used to
held inside tree rinds or resins (cinnamon, vanilla powder etc.)
with different aroma emitted though the holes of the head. Having
in mind the expense of these products we can suppose that it is
normal for such products to be put in a pot incrusted in
gold. The usage of different aroma is common in the
antiquity but become most popular in
15-16
centuries when in the
East there are made special pot for the purpose.
The statue of a man s head
It represents three-dimensional silver sculpture of man s
head in height
7.2
cm and diameter in the base
3.8
cm. It represents
a bearded old man with big disproportionate hooked nose with
wide nostrils and protruded chin. His face is covered in long
beard separated in a strange manner in three tufts on both sides
left and right underlined in gold. The lips are thick, the upper
one is upturned to the nose, the tongue is protruded in unnatural
manner out of the mouth left corner bit by the upper teeth, all
details are in gold. The eyes are widely-open, the brows thick and
underlined, the ears are larger than the head proportions and are
set in unnatural manner.
Between the brows there are two deeply carved wrinkles
which start from there and declining go straight to the forehead
truncated there by another ones but horizontal Over the forehead
103
the hair is marked knotted at the back of the head, separated in
four curly tufts underlined in gold. Among them there is a small
pierced hole. The face-image has strongly individual features
enhancing its grotesque appeal. The statue is a hollow one with
a silver lamella as for the base of it with an attached triangular
lamella with restricted movements left-right but at the same time
uncovering a small hole at the bottom. The practical usage of this
statue is as blurred as the previously described and the questions
are risen again by the location of the opposite holes and the outer
attached lamella at the base. For that very reason the appliance as
a box for aroma is a suitable explanation. The grotesque image
makes it different to conjunct with defined characters or to be
connected with a specified period mainly because according to
the research-workers the golden period of grotesque is
16-17
century AD.
The statue in a sphere-shape.
It is made of silver and its height is
10.7
cm, and the
diameter of the base is
4.2
cm. It
represents spherical body put on a base in a shape of a
truncated cone and the opposite side turns into a tiny neck. The
body at the base of the neck is restricted by numbers of embossed
girdles decorated in plant ornaments formed as a wreath. The
cover of the sphere is decorated in geometrical and floral patterns
in gold too.
The statue is hollow, the bottom is a round disc with
an attached outer lamella movable round to the left and to the
right, sliding over a small hole near the point of attachment of
the triangular lamella. The bottom of this statue as a pattern and
mechanical device resembles the described above statue-head. A
similar pot as in shape or ornaments is not published yet. Under
many conventions the statue of
Vienne (Isère)
is similar to this
one although is different in the mechanical device at the bottom
and the ending of the necking. As a complete vision this item
104
resembles
the architectural forms of religious Medieval and
subsequent temples of the East. As it is formed as a whole and
its ornaments it resembles the more subsequent sasanidian silver
pots encrusted in gold widely spread in the fore parts of Asia. The
lack of analogues as the unclear purpose of this monument leave
the question of its dating and functions.
One of the possibilities is to take the statue after the
resemblance of these ones from the
3rd
century AD, as the one of
Vienne (Isère),
though the form, the ornaments, the decorations
and the workmanship of the mechanical device differ in origin.
Another possibility is to take after the pots in similar form but
from
16
century AD.
After looked thoroughly the three statues make it clear
that except their non-defined dating and functions there are too
many other unsolved problems in connection with the history of
these monuments to be cleared out.
Except the remaining questions it is important to be
recognized if these monuments belong to one whole complex,
treasure of three features or not. Among the other artifacts there
are characteristic features that draw them closer as:
1.
They are made of silver encrusted in gold.
ή
2.
The mechanical device in the base is identical.
3.
They have holes at the bottom and the opposite (head
and top) that is supposed as identical in purpose.
4.
There are no such others discussed yet.
5.
The date reappears are uncertain.
These signs rise a very serious question enhancing the
attention of the specialists which is:
How can it be possible that only three statues are found in
the region of Bulgaria since last
100
years and at once three more
found no evidence under what circumstances?
The elementary answer is that in archaeology many
surprises are possible but is it the true one?
105
The reveal of the approved finds and the recent three ones
shows the difference in usage and workmanship as a whole but
gives the opportunity to vary in ideas and interpretation though
these are only possibilities.
Yet unanswered questions are
:
Where is the place of unearthing of the three small
statues?
Are there any clues leading to an approved archeological
object?
Are they part of a treasure or accidentally gathered?
What are their functions?
What is their origin?
Where are they made and what the connection with the
region of Bulgaria is?
Are they an object of out-trade deals and if yes
-
what
period are they connected with?
What is their dating?
Whom were they possessed by?
Are these three non-patterned statues
—
a pattern of their
own?
All these questions await their historical, archaeological
and cultural answers.
The beginning is hereby but not only.
The discussion is run on.
106
í
Bayerische |
10 Staatsbibliothek
l
München j
ЪШя&кйзг
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Vladimirova-Aladžova, Dočka |
| author_facet | Vladimirova-Aladžova, Dočka |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Vladimirova-Aladžova, Dočka |
| author_variant | d v a dva |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036078073 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)644060329 (DE-599)BVBBV036078073 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Römisches Reich (DE-588)4076778-4 gnd Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Römisches Reich Bulgarien |
| id | DE-604.BV036078073 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:11:02Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789544000882 |
| language | Bulgarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018969188 |
| oclc_num | 644060329 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 106 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Vladimirova-Aladžova |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Vladimirova-Aladžova, Dočka Verfasser aut Sol, piper ... i archeologija Dočka Vladimirova-Aladžova Sofija Vladimirova-Aladžova 2009 106 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier PST: Salt, pepper ... and archaeology. - In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Gewürzgefäß (DE-588)7696144-8 gnd rswk-swf Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Römisches Reich (DE-588)4076778-4 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd rswk-swf Römisches Reich (DE-588)4076778-4 g Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s Gewürzgefäß (DE-588)7696144-8 s Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 g DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018969188&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018969188&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Vladimirova-Aladžova, Dočka Sol, piper ... i archeologija Gewürzgefäß (DE-588)7696144-8 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)7696144-8 (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4076778-4 (DE-588)4008866-2 |
| title | Sol, piper ... i archeologija |
| title_auth | Sol, piper ... i archeologija |
| title_exact_search | Sol, piper ... i archeologija |
| title_full | Sol, piper ... i archeologija Dočka Vladimirova-Aladžova |
| title_fullStr | Sol, piper ... i archeologija Dočka Vladimirova-Aladžova |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sol, piper ... i archeologija Dočka Vladimirova-Aladžova |
| title_short | Sol, piper ... i archeologija |
| title_sort | sol piper i archeologija |
| topic | Gewürzgefäß (DE-588)7696144-8 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Gewürzgefäß Funde Römisches Reich Bulgarien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018969188&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018969188&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT vladimirovaaladžovadocka solpiperiarcheologija |