Antropoėkologija Severo-Vostočnij Azii Čukotka, Kamčatka, Komandorskie ostrova
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Antropoėkologija Severo-Vostočnij Azii |b Čukotka, Kamčatka, Komandorskie ostrova |c Naučno-Issledovatelʹskij Institut ... [Otv. red. T. I. Alekseeva ...] |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Anthropology of North-Eastern Asia. Chukotka, Kamchatka, Commandor Islands |
| 264 | 1 | |a Moskva |b Taus |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a 367 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
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| adam_text | СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Введение
....................................................................9
Глава
1
Некоторые итоги предшествующих
популяционно-антропологических исследований
в Северо-Восточной Азии
...............................................
2О
Глава
2
Природные особенности Северо-Востока Азии
.............................
зд
Глава
3
Антропологический состав коренных народов Чукотки и Камчатки
...........
φ
Глава
4
Алеуты Командорских островов (соматологические наблюдения)
.............
8g
Глава
5
Материалы по краниологии науканских эскимосов
(к дифференциации арктической расы)
..................................
log
Глава
6
Дерматоглифика коренного населения Чукотки,
Камчатки и Командорских островов
.....................................
1
19
Глава
7
Характеристика зубной системы населения северо-восточной Азии
..........130
Глава
8
Эритроцитарные системы крови в популяциях
коренного населения Чукотки и Камчатки
................................
ι6ι
6
АНТРОПОЭКОЛОГИЯ СЕВЕРО-ВОСТОЧНОЙ АЗИИ
Глава
9
Генетическое разнообразие населения
Северо-Восточной Азии и этногенетические
процессы в регионе Берингии и сопредельных территориях
................
2о8
Глава
10
Морфологические особенности
тела народов Северо-Восточной Азии
....................................238
Глава
11
Физиологический статус популяций Северо-Восточной Азии
................270
Глава
12
Физиологический статус популяций Северо-Восточной Азии
................296
Глава
13
Антропоэкологические связи
на территории Северо-Восточной Азии
..................................
gig
Заключение
Некоторые вопросы этногенеза
и адапатции к окружающей среде
.......................................323
Anthropology of North-Eastern Asia.
Chukotka, Kamchatka, Commandor Islands
................................328
Литература
................................................................
Приложение
Антропологические портреты отдельных
представителей народов Чукотки и Камчатки
.............................357
CONTENTS
Introduction
...........................................................
g
Chapter
1
Some results of the population-anthropological
researches in North-Eastern Asia
...........................................20
Chapter
2
Environmental specifics of Asia s North-East
.................................29
Chapter3
Anthropological structure of the aboriginal populations
of North-Eastern Asia and some problems of their ethnic genesis
.................56
Chapter
4
The Aleuts of the Commander Islands (Somatological observations)
..............89
Chapter
5
Materials for the craniology of the Naukan Eskimos
(Concerning subdivision of the Arctic race)
.................................109
Chapter
6
Dermatogliphic traits of the aboriginal population
of Chukotka, Kamchatka, and the Commander Islands
........................119
Chapter
7
Characteristic of dental system of the population of North-Eastem Asia
...........130
Chapter
8
Erythrocitic blood systems in the groups of aboriginal population
of Chukotka, Kamchatka and the Commander Islands
........................161
8
АНТРОПОЭКОЛОГИЯ СЕВЕРО-ВОСТОЧНОЙ АЗИИ
Chapter
9
Genetic diversity of the North-Eastern human population
and ethnogenetic processes in the Bering Sea region
and neighboring territories
..............................................208
Chapter
10
Body morphological specifics ofthe Koryak peoples of North-Eastern Asia
........238
Chapter
11
Physiological status of populations of North-Eastern Asia
......................270
Chapter
12
Age indications ofthe osteomorphic status and skeletal
mineralization of hand among the aboriginal population
of North-Eastern regions of Russia
........................................296
Chapter
13
Anthropo-ecological relationships in the territory of North-Eastern Asia
..........313
Conclusions
..........................................................323
Summary
Bibliography
Appendix
Photo portraits ofthe representatives ofthe studied
peoples of North-Eastern Asia
ANTHROPOLOGY
OF NORTH-EASTERN ASIA. CHUKOTKA,
KAMCHATKA, COMMANDOR ISLANDS
INTRODUCTION
The expedition organized by the Institute of Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences,
and the Scientific Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology of Moscow State University carried
out studies of the aboriginal population of Chukotka, Kamchatka and the Commander Islands from
1970
to
1982.
The investigation program included racial characteristic, i.e. head measurement and
description of facial soft tissues structure; body measurement and description, including adipose folds
measurement in different parts of the body; taking teeth casts; taking palm and finger-prints. Besides
the morphological characteristics, physiological ones were also studied, including determination of
gaseous metabolism, and protein,
lipid,
and mineral metabolism. These indications basic ones for
evaluation of adaptive characteristics of population.
The work presupposed also determination of genetic markers, taking blood samples for
laboratory physiological and genetic studies, as well as determination of gustatory sensitivity to PTC.
The age indications of skeletal maturity and skeletal mineralization were investigated with
application of the methods of radiophotography. Within the framework of various programs over
2000
individuals were investigated, both adults and non-adults, representing the Eskimos, the Chukchi, the
Koryaks, the Itelmen, the Evens, and the Aleuts.
CHAPTER
1.
SOME RESULTS OF THE POPULATION-ANTHROPOLOGICAL
RESEARCHES IN NORTH-EASTERN ASIA.
The chapter discusses the results of the studies of aboriginal peoples carried out some time ago
in North-Eastern Asia. The following results are of special significance. On the Asian littoral continuity
was established between the population groups that had left the Uelen and Ekven cemeteries and the
modern population
(G.E Debets,
M.G. Levin, V.P. Alekseyev). Genetic study of Siberian peoples and
those living in North-Eastern Asia allows us to highlight the problems related to the evolution stability
and dynamics of populations, as well as to genetic adaptation. The obtained results are evaluated against
the background of the general picture of the population genetic processes in Siberia (Yu.G. Rychkov,
V.A. Sheremet eva). Genetically, the Asian Eskimos do not form a separate group, which is confirmed
by somatological and craniological analyses. The Chukchi and the Eskimos may be considered regular
bearers of the Arctic complex of indications, which contradicts the Eskimo wedge hypothesis. In the
aboriginal population s morphological-functional complex of indications we can reveal the features
related to adaptation to the extreme environmental conditions of Arctic.
CHAPTER
2.
ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIFICS OF ASIA S NORTH-EAST.
Environmental specifics of the Far East are determined by the region s geographic position,
atmosphere circulation within the continent
-
ocean system, in winter
-
the influence exerted by
ANTHROPOLOGY OF NORTH-EASTERN ASIA
the Siberian anticyclone, adjacent cold-water seas, and the history of the region s development during
protracted geological time.
The majority of settlements in Chukotka and the Koryak plateau are situated in arctic and
subarctic landscapes typified by extremely low environmental potential and extremely unfavourable
habitation conditions characterized by strong deficiency of warmth, UV radiation (its deficiency is
registered for
8
months in a year), and generally stern climatic conditions. Cold season lasts here for
over
200
days, low temperatures (with absolute minimum under
— 45
С о)
is combined with strong
winds, their maximal speed being over
40
m
per second, more than
60
days of them with snowstorms.
The index of weather harshness often exceeds
4.5 — 5
units (according to Bodman). The settlements
located in the areas situated farther southward (in Kamchatka and the Commander Islands) are
disposed in the boreal meadow-forest landscapes, and also enter the group with low environmental
potential and unfavourable living conditions. Anyway, relatively favourable period in these regions is
somewhat longer, index of sun radiation is higher, while deficiency of UV radiation is registered in
the middle of the winter season only. The biogeochemical parameters are also different. The tundra
landscapes are characterized by sharp deficiency of macro— and trace elements, which contributes to
the emergence of biogeochemical deficiency endemics.
CHAPTER
3.
ANTHROPOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE ABORIGINAL
POPULATIONS OF NORTH-EASTERN ASIA AND SOME PROBLEMS
OF THEIR ETHNIC GENESIS.
Application of canonic analysis for determination of the position occupied by the peoples of
North-Eastern Asia produces two clusters in the correlation field: one comprises the Eskimos, the
Chukchi, the Itelmen, the Aleuts, the Koryaks and the Evens; another one
—
the peoples of the Altai-
Sayan highland, the Yakuts and the Mongols. This clearly separates representatives of the Arctic race,
on the one hand, and those of the Central Asian race, on the other hand. As for the Evens, they are
related by their origin to the inland regions of Siberia, and hence are expected to be representatives
of the Central Asian race, but they enter the North-Easter cluster. Evidently, a protracted stay in the
Kamchatka Peninsula, amidst its aboriginal peoples accompanied by metisation with the local groups
led to the situation when the Evens had acquired the features relating them to the Arctic race. It should
be noted, however, that separate ethnic groups preserve to a certain extent their anthropological
specifics. In connection with the above a rather polymorphic character of the Arctic race may be
supposed. Unlike this race, the representatives of the Central Asian race look more homogeneous.
Anyway, the said concerns the Altai and Tuva peoples, the Yakuts and the Mongols.
CHAPTER
4.
THE ALEUTS OF THE COMMANDER ISLANDS
(SOMATOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS).
The chapter is based on the study of the Aleuts, aboriginal population of the Commander
Islands, and of their metises with Russian people. The program of investigation included different
head and facial measurements, as well as some so-called descriptive features commonly used to
discriminate between the Caucasoid and Mongoloid races. Morphological traits of the Aleuts, even
taking into account the fact that they developed with participation of definite Caucasoid admixture,
form a combination that differs substantially from the Eskimo one. It should be pointed out that the
contacts with the southern populations maintained along the Pacific coast played a considerable role
in formation of this combination.
CHAPTER
5.
MATERIALS FOR THE CRANIOLOGY OF THE NAUKAN
ESKIMOS (CONCERNING SUBDIVISION OF THE ARCTIC RACE).
Craniological materials obtained from an Eskimo burial ground investigated in Naukan
settlement are described. The results of their study are compared with craniological data on the Eskimos
of Alaska, Canada and Greenland. The Eskimo craniological complex is substantially differentiated,
much more than the populations of many areas in Eurasia. Comparison between a totality of features
typical of the western and eastern Eskimo groups has confirmed the existence of western and eastern
variant within the Eskimo complex as a whole.
антропоэкология северо-восточной Азии
CHAPTER
б.
DERMATOGLIPHIC TRAITS OF THE ABORIGINAL POPULATION
OF CHUKOTKA, KAMCHATKA, AND THE COMMANDER ISLANDS.
Dermatogliphic traits of
18
ethno-territorial aboriginal groups of North-Eastern Asia have
been analyzed with application of the method of H. Cummins and Ch. Midlo: three Eskimo and
seven Chukchi samples, as well as the Itelmen, the Evens and the Aleuts (one sample from each
group). Totally
2221
individuals have been studied:
939
men and
1282
women. Men and women
groups were analyzed separately. Multidimensional analysis was performed with the use of two
independent methods (i.e. inter-group scale method and that of principal components). All the
population of Chukotka and Kamchatka studied belong to the North-Asiatic Mongoloids. The next
level of similarity brings the Eskimo, the Koryaks and the Itelmen closer to the southern and eastern
Mongoloids. Differences between the local populations and ethnic groups of the region are higher
than the general Siberian level. Within this range of diversity the following variants are distinguished:
the Eskimo-Chukchi, the KoryakTtelmen and the Aleuts. The Chukchi and, especially, the Eskimo
show the features of similarity with the southern Mongoloids. In the structure of the Koryaks, the
Itelmen and, to for the most part, of the Evens of Kamchatka there is a significant south-Caucasoid
admixture, which allows us to view Kamchatka as a specific race-breeding focus, without counterparts
in the territory of Siberia. The limited size of the Aleutian sample possibly resulted in its sexual
dimorphism and discrepancy of the results obtained from the comparative analysis of the Aleut
men and women, which does not give grounds to draw any definite conclusions on the established
specifics of the Aleuts.
CHAPTER
7.
CHARACTERISTIC OF DENTAL SYSTEM
OF THE POPULATION OF NORTH-EASTERN ASIA.
All studied groups according to the majority of
odontologie
indications are considered the
representatives of the Eastern
odontologie
tree (all indications except for the distal crest of trigonide,
lpa and Carabelli tubercle).
Western
odontologie
indications are registered in all groups to the same degree except the
Nunyamo, Lorino, Uelen and Kamchatka Chukchi, or slightly less than the Eastern ones. Noteworthy,
this correlation is characteristic also of the ancient Eskimos of the Bering Sea region. The Eskimos
of the late
XIX —
early XX cc. showed Eastern indications more clearly expressed, as compared
to Western ones. The studied materials give grounds to single out certain Chukchi-Koryak group,
uniting the northern, the Sireniki, and the Uelen Chukchi, and the Penzhinskaya Bay, the Coastal, the
Palana,
and Karaga Koryaks. This group according to the aggregate of indications both of Eastern and
Western
odontologie
tree is close to the Greenland Eskimos, the Old Harbor Aleuts, and the Ulchi, as
well as generalized groups of the Chukchi, the Koryaks, and the eastern Chukchi.
The Itelmen occupy an isolated position in a generalized comparison of the groups; they show
strong development both of Eastern and Western indications. The Evens stay most closely to the
Aleuts of the Commander Islands; they show the both complexes developed to the same degree. They
are most similar to the Uelen sample of ancient Eskimos, and the Chukchi as a whole.
CHAPTER
8.
ERYTHROCITIC BLOOD SYSTEMS IN THE GROUPS
OF ABORIGINAL POPULATION OF CHUKOTKA, KAMCHATKA
AND THE COMMANDER ISLANDS.
Several populations of Chukotka and Kamchatka (the Chukchi, the Eskimos, the Koryaks,
the Evens, the Itelmen, the Aleuts) were investigated during the expeditions of
1970-1982
supervised by V.P. Alekseyev, T.I. Alekseyeva and T.S. Balueva. The chapter discusses the genetic
geography of the populations attributed to the following groups of blood: ABO, MN,
Le,
Ρ
и
Rh.
The results have generally confirmed the well-known results obtained with the help of classic
methods of morphological anthropology. According to genetic markers (and to morphology as
well) the groups of Asian Eskimos and the Coastal Chukchi appeared to be most closely related
to each other, on the one hand, and to the nomadic Chukchi, the Koryaks and the Evens, on the
other hand. The Aleuts, the American Eskimos and rarely the Itelmen were the most distant from
the clusters of other ethnic groups on the corresponding Tree Diagrams. The Koryaks are the most
ANTHROPOLOGY OF NORTH-EASTERN ASIA
331
heterogeneous according to genetic frequencies of investigated blood systems. With the help of
ABO blood system, vhich turns to be the most informative, as compared to the other mentioned
above blood systems, it became possible to discriminate between the chronological stages of the
Eskimos spreading in Arctic. The earliest stage was characterized by high frequency of
r
gene and
low frequencies of
p
и
q
genes. The high frequency of
p
gene is most characteristic of the next
stage, which is not typical of the present arctic populations in Asia. The latest stage of the Eskimos
spreading shows relatively high East-Asian gene
q
frequency, which points to the relationship of
these populations with those of the East Asiatic regions situated farther to the south. This feature
is characteristic only of few populations of the Eskimos and of the Koryaks as a whole. Further
analytical study is desirable.
CHAPTER
9.
GENETIC DIVERSITY OF THE NORTH-EASTERN HUMAN
POPULATION AND ETHNOGENETIC PROCESSES IN THE BERING SEA
REGION AND NEIGHBORING TERRITORIES.
Complex information concerning genetic structure of the North-Eastern aboriginal
population groups are discussed in the chapter. The history of population genetic studies of the
Udeghe, the Nivkhs, the Evens, the Itelmen, the Koryaks, the Chukchi, the Eskimos and the Aleuts
is presented and compared with adjacent large anthropological groups. The genetic connections
among the studied ethnic groups were confirmed by serological, genetic-biochemical and molecular-
genetic data. Genetic similarity of the Arctic anthropological type and the other Siberian population
groups is established. The comparative analysis shows different taxonomical value both of individual
genetic systems and their complexes for discussing the problems of historical genetics. The most
abundant information about ethnic-anthropological value of the analyzed data may be derived from
mtDNA, Y-chromosome and Gm haplotypes. The Eskimos wedge theory is discussed with the regard
to population migrations from Asia to America. Spatial vector of the gene frequencies reflects a
series of migrations directed from the south to the north along the Asian coast. This study also
confirms existence of genetic connections between the studied North-Eastern ethnic groups and
Siberian and Central Asian populations.
CHAPTER
10.
BODY MORPHOLOGICAL SPECIFICS
OF THE KORYAK PEOPLES OF NORTH-EASTERN ASIA.
The insignificant difference observed in the somatotype of North-Eastern Asia population
evidently can be explained both by influence of different climatic conditions (for instance, the
Kamchatka and Chukotka peoples) and certain geographic isolation. Metisation with the migrant
groups must have played its role as well, as it can be seen from the relationships between the Itelmen
and the Evens. Finally, we must take into account some morphological features in common that
evidence earliest single origin of the peoples of North-Eastern Asia (the Aleuts morphology can serve
as an example). This insignificant morphological differentiation apparently developed within the
Arctic race, while the morphological features typical of the representatives of the Central Asian race
are traced as an admixture only that occurred as a result of metisation of the aboriginal and migrant
population.
CHAPTER
11.
PHYSIOLOGICAL STATUS OF POPULATIONS
OF NORTH-EASTERN ASIA.
The stability and variability of physiological status was investigated in several populations of
North-Eastern Asia (the Kamchadals
—
recent migrants to Kamchatka, the Coastal Chukchi and the
Eskimos). The problems of stability and variability of physiological status of the local population are
discussed from the viewpoint of the concept of physiological homeostasis.
The physiological status of the Kamchadals and the migrants shows general similarity. The
difference between the physiological status of the Eskimos and the Chukchi is significant. The violation
of physiological homeostasis and a number of medical and sociological characteristics indicate a
decrease of the Eskimos adaptability to the environment.
АНТРОПОЭКОЛОГИЯ СЕВЕРО-ВОСТОЧНОЙ АЗИИ
CHAPTER
12.
AGE INDICATIONS OF THE OSTEOMORPHIC STATUS
AND SKELETAL MINERALIZATION OF HAND AMONG THE ABORIGINAL
POPULATION OF NORTH-EASTERN REGIONS OF RUSSIA.
The ossification processes were studied on the Chukchi-Eskimos and the Eveno-Koryak
children from the Chukotka Peninsula and Kamchatka respectively. The researches were carried out
in the early 1970-s. The results showed that the pace of skeletal development of the discussed groups
is similar to standard (method TW-2). The reveled pace is faster, as compared to those established in
a series of the other rural aboriginal populations. The obtained results allow supposing the influence
of moderate stress factors of social nature. The retrospective study of the menarche age confirms the
supposition on advanced biological development in the region under study, which may be related to
the transformation of traditional culture and life-style that took place in the territory.
The obtained data are closely associated with the specifics of age dynamics observed on hand
bones of the adult population in the studied regions. In particular, a high (in inter-group aspect)
pace of aging process is registered in a number of aboriginal population groups of Kamchatka and
Chukotka.
CHAPTER
13.
ANTHROPO-ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS
IN THE TERRITORY OF NORTH-EASTERN ASIA.
The populations of North-Eastern Asia live in the territories differentiated mostly by the level of
favourable, or less favourable influence on human organism. Geographically, the ecological conditions
clearly become more favourable, moving from north to south
—
from Chukotka to Kamchatka. To
analyse the anthropo-ecological relationships the geographical method was applied, widely used in
anthropological studies for a long time.
Judging from the absolute and relative characteristics of body size of the aboriginal peoples of
North-Eastern Asia, all of them have high heat regulation properties and are typical representatives
of the Arctic adaptive type. In Chukotka this type is represented by a more massive variant, while in
Kamchatka
—
by a more miniature one. When discussing dominating natural factors of environment
in the territories of Chukotka and Kamchatka that cause adaptive reactions in human populations,
we should mention first of all the level of extreme characteristics, and basic reaction from human
organism
—
growth of energetic characteristics developed both in morphology and physiology.
CONCLUSION. SOME QUESTION OF ETHNIC GENESIS
AND ADAPTATION TO THE ENVIRONMENT
The project of studying the aboriginal population of North-Eastern Asia presented in this
book logically continued the Jesup expedition of the early XX century, as well as the fundamental
investigations on the anthropology of the Far East carried out by G.F.
Debets
and M.G. Levin.
The conclusion on the single origin of the aboriginal peoples of Kamchatka and Chukotka,
and their attribution to different variants of the Arctic race should be considered basic result of the
researches undertaken by the national anthropologists before. This paved the way to the solution
of the protracted debate between the adherents of the palaeoasiatic hypothesis of the origin of the
North-Eastern Asian peoples, and those who supported the hypothesis of the Eskimo wedge. The
problem was solved in favour of the former, claiming the single origin of the peoples inhabiting
North-Eastern Asia.
Studies of the aboriginal peoples of Chukotka, Kamchatka, and the Commander Islands
were resumed
m
relation with significant extension of the methods applied in anthropological
investigations, which allow suggesting much more comprehensive characteristics of the local
population s physical specifics. The scope of problems investigated by physical anthropology
was also extended substantially, now it includes the questions of human populations adaptation
to the environment, modes of interaction with the environment, and the historical dynamics of
this interaction. In recent investigations of special importance are researches of erythrocytic and
serum blood systems producing equally reliable information both for establishment of population s
genetic relationships and assessment of specific features of population s adaptation to the extreme
habitation conditions. Methods of statistical processing anthropological materials are now much
ANTHROPOLOGY OF NORTH-EASTERN ASIA
333
more advanced, which provides us with better possibility for objective evaluation of the investigation
results.
The results of our research work in North-Eastern Asia have been partly published, but not in
entirety, so that the scholars participating in the program consider it necessary to resume the theme of
the anthropology of the North-East in order to highlight in details the problems of ethnic genesis of
the Arctic and subarctic peoples, and their interrelation with the environment.
New anthropological data confirm attribution of the modern aboriginal population of Chukotka,
Kamchatka, and the Commander Islands to the Arctic race. Variations registered within it are related by
its origin to certain ethnic and geographic isolation some peoples lived in, in-population variability, and,
probably, early admixture of Eastern and Southern Mongoloid elements, similar to what we know about
the Aleuts. Application of R. Knussman and Malyutov-Pasekov methods of digital taxonomy
(Алексеева
и др.,
1978)
for establishing genetic distances between the peoples of Chukotka, Kamchatka, the
Commander and the Aleut islands and Alaska clearly shows their geographic isolation. Two groups of
islander Aleuts are singled out, the both are related to the Alaska Eskimos; the Itelmen occupy rather
isolated position as one of the most ancient peoples in North-Eastern Asia, while the Chukchi and
Eskimos are very close to each other; finally, the Koryaks are rather closely related to them.
The genetic analysis perfectly correlates with the anthropological, historical and ethnological data.
Representatives of the Arctic race differ from all continental Mongoloids by lesser development
of the Mongoloid indications in the eye zone, and more dark-coloured skin. In this aspect they are
closer to the Eastern and Southern Mongoloids than those inhabiting the inland regions of the
continent. The results obtained by the recent investigations confirm the genetic unity of the peoples
of Kamchatka, Chukotka, and the Commander Islands, and completely discard the hypothesis on the
Eskimo wedge.
The genetic unity of the peoples of North-Eastern Asia is convincingly evidenced by stable
character of some genetic markers, in particular,
100%
of individuals show rhesus-positive gene.
From Chapter
8
it is clear that in
20
groups from
22
investigated ones the rate ipf rhesus-positive gene
(D) reached
100%.
In two groups only (the Chukchi of the Bering zone and the Karaga Koryaks)
the admixture of rhesus-negative gene (d) makes up less than one tenth of percent. In the authors
view, this situation was probably caused by the Caucasoid influence, since the both groups in question
are coastal ones. The idea on the usage of rhesus-positive gene to prove the single genetic origin of
the peoples of Chukotka, Kamchatka, and the Commander Islands was already suggested
(Рычков,
Шереметьева,
1972;
Алексеев,
1974),
but the studied materials were too limited then.
The obtained genetic characteristics more clearly evidence specifics of ethnic history than
environmental conditions. At the same time,
100%
rhesus-positive indication may be regarded as a
specific feature of adaptive character that prevents birth complications. The investigations carried out
by Yu.G. Rychkov and V.A. Sheremet yeva among the peoples of Chukotka and Commander Islands
demonstrate the rigid pressure exerted by natural selection.
Judging from the dermatogliphic characteristics, population of Chukotka and Kamchatka
enters the circle of the North Asiatic Mongoloids subdivided into several variants more closely related
to one another. The first variant is represented by the Eskimos and Chukchi, the second one
—
by the
Koryaks and Itelmen, the third variant includes the Aleuts. The Chukchi and Eskimos, the latter in
particular, show certain similarities with the Southern Mongoloids. Among the Kamchatka Koryaks,
Itelmen and Evens an admixture of Southern Caucasoid elements is registered, which allows the authors
(see Chapter
6)
regard Kamchatka as a specific focus of race formation process having no analogies in
the territory of Siberia. Apparently, here we deal with an insignificant Caucasoid admixture related to
the Russian Cossaks exploration of Kamchatka, formation of the local group of the Kamchadals, and
their subsequent metisation with the aboriginal population.
An insignificant Caucasoid admixture is also registered among the Kamchatka peoples
according to the odontological data (see Chapter
7).
In opinion of the author of this chapter N.A.
Dubova,
there are no grounds to relate this phenomenon to the late Caucasoid admixture, in particular,
to the coming of the Russians, though the latter supposition must not be excluded. Similar situation
was observed also among the peoples of the Amur basin, the Ainu, and some groups of Australians.
Evidently, this problem needs further investigations.
The local differentiation of the extreme North-East of Asia is established by the blood group
factors as well (Chapter
8).
The Chukchi and the Asian Eskimos show the highest indications of
334
АНТРОПОЭКОЛОГИЯ СЕВЕРО-ВОСТОЧНОЙ АЗИИ
________________
closeness; the Koryaks and Evens demonstrate rather similar relationship. The Aleuts and the
American Eskimos are the least close from them, which well corresponds to the latter
s
geographical
separation from the Asian populations. Within the Eskimo population certain closeness
m
physical
appearance show the Asian and the Alaska Eskimos, while the Eskimos of Canada and Greenland are
essentially different from the populations living in the Asian continent. It is highly evident that the
anthropological differentiation is to a great extent determined by the distance factor, this observation
being confirmed by the results of thesomatological investigations.
, .
The local anthropological differentiation of the modern peoples of North-Eastern Asia is
confirmed by the analysis of craniological samples dating from the XIX-XX cc. and characterise all the
Eskimo groups. The Asian Eskimos turned to be most heterogeneous, the least heterogeneous are the
Greenland ones (Chapter
5).
Among the factors that had caused this homogeneity might be growing
influence of the natural selection during the settlement process, and, consequently, limited variability
of indications. Long ago
A. Hrdlička
(1930)
considered the Greenland variant as a result of the Arctic
adaptation. He was the first to point out the role adaptation to the Arctic climate could have played in
formation of the specific physical features of the Far North population.
Concluding the section devoted to the problems of racial and ethnic genesis of the peoples
of Chukotka, Kamchatka, and the Commander Islands it should be reasonable to dwell upon the
researches in the field of genetic structure of the population of North-Eastern Asia (Chapter
9).
The
author of the chapter V.A. Spitsyn states that most valuable information for solving the problems of
historical genetics may be derived from the data on haplotypes and haplogroups in the immune systems
,
mt
DNA,
and Y-chromosome. The character of gene frequency variability mirrors the consecutive,
step-by-step pattern of the migrations that were directed from the South to the North along the Asian
coast.
We can see that the somatological researches revealing southern relationships of the peoples of
North-Eastern Asia are seriously confirmed by the genetic data.
Another series of problems is related to the anthropological studies of the
North-Easţ
Asian
peoples, that is, to their morphophysiological characteristics that may be considered in the light of
their adaptation to the extreme environmental conditions of the Far North.
In the body structure of the aboriginal population of the Arctic and subarctic regions many
features in common are observed, independently of the peoples origin. Relatively insignificant body
length (according to the inter-group scale) is combined with relatively significant weight, as well as
thorax, waist, and buttocks circumference, and strongly developed bone and muscle mass. These
features are typical not only of the inhabitants of Chukotka, Kamchatka, and the Commander Islands,
but of different territorial groups living in the American Arctic regions, as well as the forest Nentsy
from the Pur River basin and the Lapps of the Kola Peninsula.
When evaluating the morphological specifics of the peoples inhabiting North-Eastern Arctic,
high concentration of the people of athletic constitution should be pointed out in the male selection
(Chapter
10).
In some groups this indication exceeds
50%.
This proportion is much higher than what
we know about other peoples living in the inland and western regions of Northern Asia. For instance,
among the Buryats representatives of the athletic constitution make up only
15%.
As for women, they show specific features related to the athletic constitution to a lesser extent,
but in general the female selection also demonstrates high indications of physical development.
Such phenomena as relatively high proportion of muscle constitution type in the male selection,
and mesoplastic type in the female one are characteristic of all the groups living under the conditions
of cold stress. We cannot exclude that this feature had emerged as a result of a long-term adaptation
of human populations to the extreme environment, since strong development of muscle body mass
intensifies basic metabolic process and thermal energy production. Probably, physical stresses had
contributed to strong development of bone and muscle components in the body structure of the
Arctic aboriginals. Thus, the individuals of athletic constitution among the aboriginal population of
Chukotka whose traditional occupation was hunting sea animals is higher than that of the Kamchatka
peoples traditionally engaged in reindeer-breeding, fishing and hunting.
Certain age characteristics of the aboriginal inhabitants of the Asian North-East draw special
attention: biologically, they are older than their officially registered age, with early manifestations of
involution changes in the skeletal structure (Chapter^). If we interpret these indications as the signs
of physical maturity, we shall acknowledge that the life cycle of the Arctic aboriginals is somewhat
ANTHROPOLOGY OF NORTH-EASTERN ASIA
335
shortened. This supposition is confirmed by the fact of their insignificant life duration, though this
circumstance might be determined also by the insufficient hygienic level and low social status of the
Arctic peoples.
Among the functional indications reflected in the body structure cylindrical shape of thorax
should be mentioned, which is not typical of the inhabitants of the moderate climatic zone with high
proportion of conical and flattened shapes. Under the conditions of increased basic metabolism and
heat regulation high capacity of lungs is also considered an adaptive feature.
Significant development of thorax in the Arctic conditions is related to hypoxia syndrome
caused by deficiency of ascorbic acid and related to its increased expense in the intensified metabolic
process
(Неверова и др.,
1972).
The oxygen deficiency associated with the specific features of metabolism leads to intense blood
producing related not only to increased of haemoglobin content, but also to strong development of
the marrow zone. Radiological investigations of the Arctic people skeletons have shown their massive
bones with wide marrow channels and thin compact layers. This feature is of key significance, because
skeleton is a strong centre of haemoglobin synthesis, this respiratory protein guaranteeing processes
of energy exchange in organism.
The aboriginal inhabitants of Arctic demonstrate such characteristic physiological features
as increased blood circulation, high rate of proteins and fats in blood serum, and their increased
utilisation. There are sufficient data at our disposal to suppose the existence of inherited mechanisms
regulating metabolic processes. These problems are discussed in details in the works dealing with the
process of human populations adaptation within the territory of
ecumene
(Алексеева,
1977, 1986).
In relation with the said it would be expedient to point out the investigation of basic metabolism
among the inhabitants of the
Circumpolar
regions carried out by a joint team of researchers from
the USA, Canada, and Russia (Leonard
et al.,
2002).
The comparison of basic metabolism assessment
among the aboriginal and migrant population shows statistically significant difference, the indication
reaching
19%
and
7%
respectively. The authors are inclined to think that in the process of adaptation
to cold climate both environmental and genetic factors play substantial role, in particular the thyroid
gland hormones.
In order to establish the chronology of formation of the anthropological specifics of the North-
Eastern Asian population, and those of adaptive character in particular, it is necessary to consider the
population of the ancient Bering Sea region known from the Uelen and Ekven cemeteries. Especially
numerous are the craniological samples from Ekven.
The chronological scope of the cemetery is very wide, covering the period from the
2nd
с. ВС
to the 14th
с
AD.
G.E Debets
was the first to investigate the skulls from these cemeteries, and he pointed to a
specific structure of the Eskimo skulls: combination of very high cranial vault and extremely wide
cranial base
(Дебец,
1975). G.E Debets
did not suggest any explanations of these features, but it is
highly probable that they were related to the adaptive changes in cranium structure. The skull shape
of the Eskimos buried in the Ekven and Uelen cemeteries practically does not differ from the modern
one. The population is characterized by long and high head and very narrow nose. V.P. Alekseyev
pointed out the adaptive nature of such skull shape in his publication concerning bipolar races
(1985).
Identical skull shape is typical of the population of Terra del
Fuego.
Possibly, this is related to some
specific character of insolation, or some other geographical factors.
Of special interest is the striking homogeneity of the Eskimo samples from the Ekven and Uelen
cemeteries revealed by our investigations with the help of the Datascope system.
During fifteen centuries of the cemeteries functioning the same anthropological type was
reproduced without any visible changes. In my opinion, only one explanation can be suggested in
this case: the natural selection under the extreme Arctic conditions was conducive to preservation of
the anthropological type most adequately corresponding to the local conditions. The discussed type
demonstrates such features as long head, very high skull, very large face and very narrow nose. The
range of in-group indications variability is strongly reduced, especially in the female series.
Such fact as reduction of in-group morphological variability in the human populations living in
extreme habitation conditions was registered more than once, when studying modern population of
various environmental niches. Consequently, we may state rather definitely that environment played
an important role in formation of the ancient population of the Bering Sea coast.
антропоэкология северо-восточной Азии
Stability of the Eskimo anthropological type for almost two thousand years of their history was
established long ago by M.G. Levin
(1949).
In the light of the recent investigations of the modern and
ancient population of the Bering Sea zone this phenomenon can be explained by the rigid pressing
exerted by the extreme Arctic conditions. This conclusion confirms the idea formulated by
A. Hrdli
ka
concerning adaptive nature of the Greenland Eskimos skull structure, and the results obtained by
Yu.G. Rychkov and V.A. Sheremet yeva, who studied the peoples of Chukotka and the Commander
Islands, and explained their specific anthropological features by the pressure of natural selection
(Шереметьева, Рынков,
1978).
The morphological specifics of the body structure and certain features of metabolism established
for the modern population are also associated with adaptation to the extreme conditions of the Far
North. Basing on the morpho-physiological characteristics of the region s aboriginal population, the
Arctic adaptive type was singled out and characterised as a standard biological response to the complex
challenge of geographic conditions, with cold stress being most important
(Алексеева,
1977).
Geographically, the investigated region does not comprise strongly different environmental
niches, unlike, say, Central Asia
(Антропоэкология
..., 2005).
The territories of Chukotka, Kamchatka,
and the Commander Islands differ mostly by the level of favourable or unfavourable influence on
human organism.
The degree to what subsistence conditions may be considered favourable was assessed by a
set of parameters including landscapes productiveness; chemical formulas of natural food resources,
both of plant and animal origin; hydro-chemical properties of surface waters (Chapter
13).
The more to the south a territory is situated, the more favourable its conditions are. The same
gradient is revealed in absolute and relative body parameters of the aboriginal peoples of Chukotka
and Kamchatka. All population groups show high
thermorégulation
mechanisms that demonstrate
distinct reaction of organism to the influence of cold climate. At the same time, in the territory of
Chukotka features of the Arctic adaptive type manifest themselves in a more massive variant, while
in the territory of Kamchatka we find them in more miniature one. The massive variant is related to
the extreme habitation conditions, and the miniature one
—
to more favourable environment. When
discussing the influence of the factors of natural environment on human populations in the Far North-
East of Asia, the level of extreme should be first pointed out as a leading factor, while basic reaction of
human organism should be considered increased energy characteristics, which are achieved both by
changes in body structure and metabolic processes.
|
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| geographic | Ferner Osten Russland Nord (DE-588)4559858-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Ferner Osten Russland Nord |
| id | DE-604.BV035761490 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-23T22:42:26Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9785903011445 |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018621358 |
| oclc_num | 643235689 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 367 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Taus |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Antropoėkologija Severo-Vostočnij Azii Čukotka, Kamčatka, Komandorskie ostrova Indigenes Volk (DE-588)4187207-1 gnd Anthropologie (DE-588)4002230-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4187207-1 (DE-588)4002230-4 (DE-588)4559858-7 |
| title | Antropoėkologija Severo-Vostočnij Azii Čukotka, Kamčatka, Komandorskie ostrova |
| title_alt | Anthropology of North-Eastern Asia. Chukotka, Kamchatka, Commandor Islands |
| title_auth | Antropoėkologija Severo-Vostočnij Azii Čukotka, Kamčatka, Komandorskie ostrova |
| title_exact_search | Antropoėkologija Severo-Vostočnij Azii Čukotka, Kamčatka, Komandorskie ostrova |
| title_full | Antropoėkologija Severo-Vostočnij Azii Čukotka, Kamčatka, Komandorskie ostrova Naučno-Issledovatelʹskij Institut ... [Otv. red. T. I. Alekseeva ...] |
| title_fullStr | Antropoėkologija Severo-Vostočnij Azii Čukotka, Kamčatka, Komandorskie ostrova Naučno-Issledovatelʹskij Institut ... [Otv. red. T. I. Alekseeva ...] |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antropoėkologija Severo-Vostočnij Azii Čukotka, Kamčatka, Komandorskie ostrova Naučno-Issledovatelʹskij Institut ... [Otv. red. T. I. Alekseeva ...] |
| title_short | Antropoėkologija Severo-Vostočnij Azii |
| title_sort | antropoekologija severo vostocnij azii cukotka kamcatka komandorskie ostrova |
| title_sub | Čukotka, Kamčatka, Komandorskie ostrova |
| topic | Indigenes Volk (DE-588)4187207-1 gnd Anthropologie (DE-588)4002230-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Indigenes Volk Anthropologie Ferner Osten Russland Nord |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018621358&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018621358&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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