Jasło w dobie autonomii galicyjskiej miasto i jego przestrzeń

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1. Verfasser: Laskowski, Andrzej 1973- (VerfasserIn)
Format: Buch
Sprache:Polish
Veröffentlicht: Kraków Wydawn. Tow. Naukowego Societas Vistulana 2007
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adam_text SUMMARY ι book presents the results of author s research assembled for the first time in his doctor s thesis entitled Między Krakowem a Lwowem, Architektura i rozwój przestrzenny Jasia w okresie autonomu galicyjskiej {Between Krakow and Lvov. The Architecture and Spatial Development ofjaslo in the Period of Galician Autonomy) supervised by Professor Jacek Purchla at the History of Art Institute of the Jagiellonian University, and completed in 2005. Otherwise than the doctor s thesis, the book focuses only on historical and urban questions, because the matter of town architecture and its creators is supposed to be the subject of a separate publication. The subject of this research is the town of Jasło, situated approximately halfway between Krakow and Lvov, situated at the foothills, in the valley between three rivers, and having a little above ten thousand inhabitants at the close of the Galician autonomy At the end of 1944 and the beginning of 1945, after its inhabitants had been previously expelled, the town practically ceased to exist, destroyed and burned by special units of the German army Restored after the war, it is now one of the largest towns in the southern part of the Podkarpacie voivodship. In the course of research there were identified many unknown cartographic materials (dating back even to the 18і1 century), as well as vast stores of historical iconography, and a number of original plans and designs. Archival materials concerning the town have been thoroughly explored, both in Polish and foreign archives. The existing literature on the subject has been exploited, both in reference to Jasło and in comparative research on other Galician towns. All this allowed a new look at the history ofjaslo, giving the real story of the town s struggle, in the Galician autonomy period (1866-1914), out of the deep, several centuries long decline, and of the process of taking up its key and indisputable position among other neighbouring towns. On the base of historical research, and using various sources, there has been made an analysis of processes occurring in the town within the range of its legislation and its urban space. Jasło, located according to the mediaeval Magdeburg city law in the second half of the 14th century, had its best moments in history at the close of the Middle Ages. After Poland had lost its independence, the fire-ridden Jasło still remained in stagnation, which had fallen to his lot in modern times. This situation was caused, among other things, by various disasters befalling the town, and particu¬ larly by the great fire in 1785, which consumed the Carmelite estate and hindered mass pilgrimages, very important for the economic situation of the town. The significant change came in 1790, along with the transference of main district town from Dukla to Jasło, for at that time a large group of officials and military units came into town and the first Jews settled there. The inhabitants of the town were engaged mostly in farming and gardening, and the town itself was famous for its clean streets, neatly sprinkled with stone chippings. Paradoxically, the favourable event for the development of Jasło seems to be the fire in 1826, which ravaged the majority of buildings in the centre of the town. A special committee came to Jasło after the fire and drew up guidelines that had a positive effect on the further development of the town. Owing to them, wooden buildings became consistently supplanted by brick ones, and the street network be¬ gan to assume some hallmarks of regularity. During the successive decades after the fire there appeared the first significant buildings in town, such as the offices of the district authorities, military barracks and the graveyard chapel. In I860, quite unexpectedly, Jasło ceased to be the main town of a district and remained only an ordinary county town. As a result, it entered the period of autonomy with its rank considerably impaired, deprived of distinct town-creating impetus. This impetus soon appeared in the form of fundamental system changes consisting in the revival of municipal self-government and consolidation of district self-government. On the strength of this foundation the town continued to build strenuously through subsequent decades its strong position in the region. New town-creating factors proved to be more durable than those from the turn of the 19th century. At the very beginning the first grammar school in the region of Podkarpacie was established in Jasło, and then there came, among other in¬ stitutions, the local branch of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, District Mining Office, the District Court, Agency of the National Drainage Bureau and the District School Council. At the same time, local societies and social organisations began to play a significant part in the proper supraregional structures. . , t.„„tha The announcement of profound changes was including the town in the all-Galician railway network (1884), and grant ng the station in Jasio the role of an important regional railway junction (1890). One of the most distinct results of the town s comprehenstve 251 SUMMARY development was the dynamic increase in the number of its inhabitants, which more than trebled in 1880-1910. Jasio could have also boasted the highest positive migration balance in the region of Podkarpacie, which occurred in spite of the intensive emigration to the United States of America, placing the Jasło district at the first place within the region of Galicia. This was influenced mainly by the inflow of intellectuals (who found employment in new institutions), workers from the nearby refinery, students of the local grammar school, and, above all, the Jews who constituted over twenty percent of the town population in 19IO. The development of Jasło was supported by the initially favourable economic situation of the community, deriving profits mostly from the law giving them licence to sell alcohol. The local budget, which at first registered some surplus income, had revealed deficit in 1880s, which was brought by the intense investment activity of the authorities. This active investment policy, run on credit, worked well until 1910 when the abolishment of alcohol licence caused the decrease of communal income, which had been already insufficient. The nature of the town, traditionally agricultural, began to change gradually during the autonomy period. In Jasło, an important part had been played by trade based on farming, which in time was overrun in many fields by the Jews who came to settle in the town. The similar situation was with some branches of handicraft taken over almost entirely by the Jews. Beside these traditional fields of activity, industry turned up in the vicinity of the town - on the large scale in the Galician realities - above all the oil industry, in which the companies with foreign capital were involved. The most important enterprise was the oil refinery in nearby Niegłowice, built in 1888-1895, which presently became one of the largest factories of this kind in the Habsburg Monarchy, employing several hundred workers. The height of the oil output in the district of Jasło fell in 1904; then the hegemony in this regard was taken over by the Drohobycz district. Generally, the number of oil wells within the immediate vicinity of Jasło was relatively small; yet the asset of the town was its central location relative to rich oil-bearing areas near Krosno (to the East) and Gorlice (to the West). Apart from the oil businessmen there was a group of other business people, quite large, although their factories were usually small, employing a few, maybe a dozen workers. An important sphere of activity, which the authorities in Jasło took particular care of, was education. Characteristic for the studied period was also an increase in the social activity of inhabitants of Jasło, with its agitated artistic life and intense cultural performan¬ ces, and still growing political initiatives. The Church also played a significant part in the development of the town, consisting in the revival of monastic life in the town, activities of numerous Catholic organisations, and connections with personages important in the Church circles. Moreover, the improving standard of education and degree of the inhabitants wealth was in keeping with technologi¬ cal progress. The town s comprehensive development did not go unnoticed, which came to express itself in the visits of celebrities, in the conventions, meetings and exhibitions organised here, and in the establishment of the head office of the General Staff during the extensive military manoeuvres attended by Emperor Francis Joseph himself in I900. The development of the town, clearly noticeable in so many fields had also its correlation with the spatial development of Jasto in the described period, and many occurrences in this regard were parallel to general trends in this development. It should be clearly admitted that several significant enterprises from the period of the autonomy found favourable conditions prepared in the previous times. Among such preparatory actions there could be counted, first of all, the building of high roads to Dukla and Biecz, ignoring the previous road network (this resulted in the cross-cut of the Market Square surface and in re-orienting the main axis of the town from the East-West to the North-South direction); parcelling out the Carmelite grange situated in the south-west direction from the strict centre of the town; and giving orders to rearrange the town after the fire of 1826. Those activities were accompanied by a number of other, less significant events, such as the establishment of new enclaves of buildings (at Targowica), the gradual reconstruction of buildings at the Market Square decimated by the fire, beginnings of the expansion of housing area to the south, and changes in the course of the rivers. Jasto entered the autonomy period as a commune of quite cohesive territory, the surface of which had remained unaltered until the end of the autonomy period, and it was comparable with the surface area of Krakow (excluding Błonia) in 19OO (sic!) . Attempts at the extension of boundaries ended in failure, although the areas of neighbouring communities situated northward clearly leaned towards Jasło, becoming its unofficial suburbs. This situation, however, was beneficial to the town - the large reserve of areas without buildings and a good network of main roads created convenient terms for further development. In the spatial development of Jasło during the period of autonomy, we can distinguish several stages enclosed in conventional time limits: the phase of stagnation (until 1871); the phase of benefits drawn from opportunities (1871-1900); years of the investment boom and creative continuation (19OO-I912); and after 1912 the phase of diminishing prosperity. Themost important phenomena characterising spatial development ofjasto in 1866-1914 were: the transformation of the southern part of the town brought by the appearance of railway; creation of the new centre of the town in this area; considerable condensation of buildings m the centre (connected with partial obliteration of historical spatial arrangements), along with giving it new functions; the concentration of buildings along main traffic routes; gradual expulsion of the agricultural pattern based on still unoccupied spacious suburbs; the implementation and execution of the local town-planning regulation; the creation of several enclaves of residential ho¬ using.areas airi industrial zones; and concentration of school buildings at the south-west from the strict centre of the town. For all the abundance of the even* mentioned above, the decisive matter for the town s appearance was the shaping of numerous green areas of diversified characters. At the same time, not all of the activities so much important as intended for the spatial development ofjasto had 252 SUMMARY succeeded, and part of them had remained unnoticed or not taken upon. Among them, there could be mentioned the fact of making very insufficient use of rivers flowing through the town, the lack of conclusion of the efforts to carry out new railway connections, and the building of the bridge upon the Wisłoka River; also the lack of investment activities aiming at taking advantage of the qualities of Górka Klasztorna (The Monastery Hill); the complete eradication of the former Carmelitan Monastery complex, as well as ineffective actions which were intended to establish a new cemetery, an open-air playground and a modern hospital. During the key period (1871-1900) a railway line was drawn through the southern part of the city, and while cutting across one of the two main roads leading southward, it rendered as well that the chief investment endeavours were directed to this part of the town. First of all, halfway between the centre and the railway station there arose the giant building of the District Court, connected with a pri¬ son. This investment was connected with the enterprising conception of creating the municipal park beside the court, and surround it with some private building structures, as well as public buildings. This idea had been realised from the moment of the establishment of the court edifice in the second half of 1880s until the end of the period of autonomy The supplement of this new structure became numerous new streets situated across main routes and the layout of fields, or in places of former field roads. An analysis carried out here has proved that one of distinctive features of Jasło, as opposed to other Galician towns, was the exe¬ cution of the building law established top-down and locally The most important legal act concerning the housing construction in the period of the autonomy was the building act for 29 large towns and cities, passed in 1882, and amended in 1907. As the archival rese¬ arch has proved, its decisions were executed in Jasło with meticulous care, and this contributed in large measure to the harmonious development of the town. In 1884 local authorities established building areas in the town, depending on the constructive substance that could have been used there. This was the important step to protect the town against the imminence of fires, which - at the introduction of some additional preventive measures - had been almost completely eliminated in Jasło. The fundamental legal deed for the deve¬ lopment of Jasło was also the regulation plan, worked out in 1902, and ratified four years later. This plan determined the direction and form of the town buildings expansion within both the existing and newly depicted network of streets, becoming for immediate decades the fundamental document which regulated these issues. The observance of the rules, as well as the investment activity, resulted in Jasło in the good condition of the roads and high standards of cleanliness, which was willingly emphasised by the contemporaries. Towards the close of the autonomy period Jasło, while being the seat of many institutions having either local or supraregional significance, transformed from the town where agriculture played the dominant part to the multifunctional place without a clear ad¬ vantage of any of the functions. This model is acknowledged by research workers as the most favourable for the development of towns, which seems to be confirmed by the example of Jasło. The rank of achievements that happened to befall Jasło during the period of autonomy had influenced for many years the signifi¬ cant position of the town within the region. At the same time Jasło had preserved, practically until the end of World War II, when it was destroyed, ite special character and range shaped in the discussed time. Its urban structure was formed during the internar period, according to the rule of conscious continuation, preferring the low-rise, mostly residential buildings. translated by Ewa Howdy ska
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geographic Jasło (Polska) / 1870-1914 jhpk
Jasło (Polska) - 1870-1914 jhpk
Jasło (DE-588)4489390-5 gnd
geographic_facet Jasło (Polska) / 1870-1914
Jasło (Polska) - 1870-1914
Jasło
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physical 264, [1] s., [3] k. tabl. Ill., Kt. 30 cm 3 Kt.-Beil.
publishDate 2007
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publisher Wydawn. Tow. Naukowego Societas Vistulana
record_format marc
spellingShingle Laskowski, Andrzej 1973-
Jasło w dobie autonomii galicyjskiej miasto i jego przestrzeń
Bibliogr. s. 223-[245]. Indeks
Urbanistyka / Polska / Jasło / 1870-1914 jhpk
Urbanistyka - Polska - Jasło - 1870-1914 jhpk
subject_GND (DE-588)4489390-5
title Jasło w dobie autonomii galicyjskiej miasto i jego przestrzeń
title_auth Jasło w dobie autonomii galicyjskiej miasto i jego przestrzeń
title_exact_search Jasło w dobie autonomii galicyjskiej miasto i jego przestrzeń
title_full Jasło w dobie autonomii galicyjskiej miasto i jego przestrzeń Andrzej Laskowski
title_fullStr Jasło w dobie autonomii galicyjskiej miasto i jego przestrzeń Andrzej Laskowski
title_full_unstemmed Jasło w dobie autonomii galicyjskiej miasto i jego przestrzeń Andrzej Laskowski
title_short Jasło w dobie autonomii galicyjskiej
title_sort jaslo w dobie autonomii galicyjskiej miasto i jego przestrzen
title_sub miasto i jego przestrzeń
topic Urbanistyka / Polska / Jasło / 1870-1914 jhpk
Urbanistyka - Polska - Jasło - 1870-1914 jhpk
topic_facet Urbanistyka / Polska / Jasło / 1870-1914
Urbanistyka - Polska - Jasło - 1870-1914
Jasło (Polska) / 1870-1914
Jasło (Polska) - 1870-1914
Jasło
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