Evidence before the International Court of Justice
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2009
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Evidence before the International Court of Justice |c Anna Riddel and Brendan Plant |
| 264 | 1 | |a London |b BIICL |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a XXVII, 420 S. |b Ill. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819739534211940352 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
1.
INTRODUCTION
1
I. The Diversity of Approaches to Judicial Fact-Finding
1
II. Fact-Finding in International Dispute Settlement
2
ΙΠ.
the Subject of the Study: the International Court of Justice
4
IV. The Aim of the Study
6
V. Background to the Current Research
7
VI. Personnel and Methodology
7
VU.
Structure of the Book
9
2.
STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE COURT:
IMPLICATIONS FOR THE COURT S APPROACH TO
EVIDENCE
11
I. Functions and Features of the Court
12
A. Role in the Legal Order of the United Nations
12
B. Governing Documents: Constitution and (Self-)
Regulation
14
1.
Formation of Chambers
15
II. Parties and Participation; Cooperation and Control
16
A. States Parties and Other Participants
16
1.
Intervention and submission of evidence by
third party States
17
B. Sovereign Equality and the Consent Criterion
20
C. Cooperation Between the Court and the Parties
21
1.
Consultation with the President of the Court
22
2.
Procedural modifications
22
3.
The Registry
23
D. A Shift in Approach? From Complaisance to Control
23
Ш.
Evolution of the Court s Evidentiary Practice
26
A. Revision of the Rules
26
B. Practice Directions
27
С
Precedent
28
1.
Stare decisis and precedent
28
2.
Stare decisis and the ICJ
28
3.
Stare
decüis
in practice in the ICJ
30
4.
Stare decisis and evidence before the ICJ
31
D. Separate and Dissenting Opinions
31
IV. Composition and Culture of the Court
34
A. Composition of the Court
34
1.
Professional background
35
2.
Legal traditions
36
3.
Inquisitorial
v
adversarial legal systems
37
r
Contents
4.
Judges
ad hoc
39
5.
Local knowledge
42
6.
Procedural considerations
44
V. Conclusion
44
3.
PRODUCTION OF EVIDENCE: RIGHTS AND
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE PARTIES, POWERS OF THE
COURT
47
I. Production of Evidence by the Parties
48
A. Rights and Responsibilities
48
1.
Freedom of production
48
2.
A general duty of disclosure?
48
3.
Responsibility not to contravene international
law in producing evidence
50
4.
Implicit ancillary rights of the parties
51
(a) Confidentiality/privilege
51
(b) Production/disclosure
51
(c) Withdrawal of evidence
51
B. Rules Governing the Production of Documentary Evidence
52
1.
Manner of production
52
2.
Production and admissibility
53
C. Production of Testimonial Evidence: Witnesses and Experts
53
1.
Other rules concerning witness and expert testimony
54
II. The Court s Powers to Obtain Evidence
56
A. The Court s General Powers
57
B. The Court s Power to Request Additional Documents or
Explanations
58
С
The Court s Power to Question Witnesses
59
D. The Court s Power to Call Witnesses
61
E. The Court s Power to Appoint Experts
62
E Site
Visits
66
Ш.
Problems and Prospects
68
A. Problems with the Production of Evidence
68
1.
The burden of superfluous evidence
69
2.
Neglect of the Court s powers and the insufficiency of
evidence
69
B. Prospects and Proposals
75
1.
Limiting the volume or number of evidentiary items
75
2.
Preliminary proceedings on questions of fact and proof
75
IV. Conclusion
77
4.
PROOF
79
I. Introduction
79
П.
Burden of Proof
80
A. Distinction Between Burden of Proof and Burden of
Evidence
81
Contents xi
1.
The burden of evidence in national law
81
2.
The burden of evidence in the ICJ
82
3.
The Burden of Persuasion and the Presentation
of Pleadings and Evidence
85
B.
Actori Incumbit
Onus
Probandi
87
1.
Problem of identifying the claimant
89
2.
The application of the principle in the ICJ
91
3.
Difficulties with the application of the principle
in the ICJ
94
4.
Cases brought by Application versus cases brought
by Special Agreement
98
C. Duty of Cooperation on the Parties
98
Ш.
Presumption and Inferences and their Effect on Proof
99
A. Presumptions
99
1.
Presumptions in national law
100
2.
Presumptions in international law
101
3.
Classification of presumptions in international law
102
4.
Examples of presumptions in the ICJ
104
B. Irrebuttable Presumptions
108
C. Presumptions Shifting the Burden of Proof
109
D. Inferences
112
1.
Distinction between presumptions and inferences
112
2.
Inferences and circumstantial evidence
113
3.
Positive and negative inferences
114
4.
Examples of situations in which the Court will
draw inferences
115
5.
Adverse inferences from silence and the non-
production of documents
116
6.
Non-appearance of one of the Parties to a case
120
IV. Standard of Proof
123
A. Potential Standards of Proof
124
B. Does the Court Employ a Specific Standard?
125
C. Debate on the Standard of Proof in the ICJ
130
D. A Variable Standard of Proof
132
1.
Boundary disputes, or assessing competing claims not
attributing international responsibility
133
2.
Cases where the international responsibility of the
State is involved
133
3.
Higher standard for charges of exceptional
gravity
134
E. Conclusion on the Standard of Proof in the ICJ
136
V. Matters not Requiring Proof
137
A. Judicial Notice
137
1.
Judicial Notice in international law
140
2.
International jurisprudence: developments
142
B. Jura Novit Curia
144
xn
Contents
1.
International conventions
144
2.
Customary international law
145
3.
General principles of law recognised by civilised
nations
14/
YL Conclusion
149
5.
ADMISSIBILITY AND USE OF EVIDENCE
151
I. All Evidence is Generally Admissible
152
A. Some Limitations of the Principle
153
1.
Evidence from negotiations
154
2.
Illegally obtained evidence
155
B. Conclusion on Admissibility
158
II. Submission of Evidence
159
A. Extracts
161
B. Translations
163
С
Certification
165
1.
Challenging authenticity
166
D. Late Submission of New Documents
171
1.
Prohibition on production of new documents
—
Article
56
of the Rules
171
2.
Procedure for requesting production of new
documents
175
3.
Explaining necessity and delay
176
4.
Comments by the other party
177
(a) Reservation of the right of response
177
(b) Exhaustion of the right of response
178
5.
Timing and form of comments in response
179
6.
Extension of the principle: Submissions of documents
after the oral hearings and during applications for
review
179
7.
Readily available documents
181
E. Conclusion on the Submission of Evidence
184
III. Assessment of Evidence
185
A. The Court s General Principles of Evidentiary
Assessment
—
The Nicaragua Case
187
1.
Weight given in cases of non-appearance
187
2.
Statements against a party s interest
180
3.
Criticism of Nicaragua
189
B. DRCv Uganda
190
C. The Genocide Convention Case
191
D. Summary of Principles of Assessment
192
E. Weighing Witness Testimony
193
1.
Hearsay
195
E
Expert Evidence
198
IV. Conclusion on Admissibility and Use of Evidence
201
Contents
хш
6.
NON-PRODUCnON, PRIVILEGE, AND
NON-APPEARANCE
203
I. Non-production Generally
204
П.
State Secrets and Privilege
206
A. Municipal Rules Protecting Privileged
Communication
206
B. Privilege in International Litigation
207
C. Privilege in the PCIJ Jurisprudence
208
D. State Secrets in ICJ Litigation
210
1.
The Corfu Channel case
—
naval secrets
210
2.
The Genocide Convention case
—
redacted minutes
of military meetings
212
(a) Responses to the decision
215
E. Difficulties and Prospects
217
Ш.
Non-appearance
219
A. Purpose
219
B. Consequences of Non-appearance for the Parties
220
C. Application of Article
53 221
D. Implications for the Court
222
1.
The duty of self-satisfaction
222
(a) Questions of law
223
(b) Questions of fact
224
2.
Irregular communications from the absent party
225
3.
Evaluation of evidence
227
E. Concluding Remarks on
Non-
Appearance
228
IV. Conclusion
229
7.
DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE
231
I. Introduction
231
A. The Primacy of Documentary Evidence
232
П.
Characterization of Documentary Evidence
233
A. No Definition
233
B. The Variety of Documentary Forms of Evidence
234
ΠΙ.
The Types of Documentary Evidence and the Issues
Affecting their Use
235
A. Treaties and International Agreements
235
B. Documents from International Sources
236
1.
United Nations reports
237
2.
Official working documents of the UN
240
3.
UN Resolutions, voting outcomes and other formal
pronouncements
242
4.
Documents, evidence, and decisions from
international tribunals
243
(a) The value of ICTY decisions
244
fb) Other international tribunals
247
5. NGO
reports
247
xiv
Contents
(a) Procedural differences
248
(b) Evaluative difference
249
C. Documents from National Sources
250
1.
National legislation
251
2.
Official declarations and public statements
251
3.
Official records
253
4.
Internal documents
254
5.
Documents from third party States
254
D. Maps and Cartographic Materials
255
1.
The evidentiary roles of maps
257
2.
Probative weight given by the Court to maps
258
(a) Cautious approach to maps as evidence
258
(b) Special vigilance
259
(c) Map-makers and hearsay evidence
259
(d) Reluctance to give maps probative value
260
(e) Case study: Burkina
Faso/Mali 2.61
(f)
Maps drawn by boundary commissions and
other official or government bodies
265
3.
Maps as evidence in identifying a boundary
266
(a) Maps are not a root of legal title per
se
266
(b)
Maps as integrated into a boundary treaty
267
(c) Maps as corroborating other evidence
268
(d) Maps as contradictory evidence
269
(e) Maps as evidence of the intention of states
270
(f) Maps as evidence of acquiescence
270
(g) Maps as evidence of notoriety of the facts to an
opposing state
273
(h) Maps as evidence of the subsequent practice of states
273
(i) Maps as a means of interpreting a treaty
274
(j) Maps as evidence of certain facts
275
4.
Conclusions
276
E. Press Reports
276
1.
Press information as corroborative secondary
evidence
277
2.
The minimal value of press information
278
E
Affidavits
279
1.
Submission
279
2.
Evaluation
280
3.
Source and content of statements
281
4.
Timing, purpose, and context of production
282
5.
Summary
283
G. Audio and Visual Materials: Photographs, Films,
Models
283
1.
Submission
284
2.
Evaluation
287
H. Satellite Imagery and Digital Mapping
288
1.
Submission
289
2.
Evaluation
291
Contents xv
(a) Disagreements relating to production of the image
292
(b) Disagreements over interpretation
293
(c) Reliance upon satellite imagery
294
(d) Problems and prospects
296
I. Historical Documents
297
1.
The role of historical evidence
297
(a) Colonial legislation
298
(b) The multiple forms of title
299
(c) Affectivités
299
2.
Incomplete or fragmentary records
301
3.
Assessment by the Court
302
IV. Conclusion
304
8.
TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE
307
I- The Lack of Testimonial Evidence in the ICJ
308
II. Procedure Concerning Testimonial Evidence
311
A. Witness Handling
315
Ш.
Categorization
—
Witness, Expert, or Witness-Expert
319
A. Creation of the Category of Witness-Expert
321
IV. Use of Witness Statements and Depositions
324
A. Witness Statements
324
B. Depositions
326
V. Conclusion
327
9.
EXPERT EVIDENCE
329
I. The Qualification of Experts
331
П.
The Court s Appointment of Experts
332
Ш.
Private Experts
334
A. Assessors
335
B. Experts Assisting with Judgments
336
C. The Use of Experts by the Court Without the
Knowledge of the Parties
337
IV. Experts Appointed by the Parties
339
A. Experts Called to Give an Opinion to the Court
340
B. Experts Forming Part of the Delegation
341
1.
Distinction between counsel and experts forming
part of the delegation
341
V. Technical and Scientific Evidence
343
VI. CaseStudies 345
A. Qatar
v
Bahrain Case
1994 346
B. Gabčikovo-Nagymaros
Case
1997 346
C. Cameroon
v
Nigeria Case
2002 348
1.
The land boundary
348
2.
The maritime boundary
350
3.
Demarcation of the boundaries—ongoing difficulties
351
xvi Contents
VI. Considerations for the Future
352
A. Improving the Use of Expert Evidence
353
B. A Comparative Study
—
Guyana
v
Suriname 354
C.
An Alternative Viewpoint
—
Recognizing the
Limitations of the ICJ
356
VIH-Conclusion
358
10.
EVIDENCE IN PROCEEDINGS UNDER THE COURT S
ADVISORY JURISDICTION
359
I. The Advisory Function of the Court
360
A. The Court s Advisory Competence
360
B. Origins and Purpose of the Advisory Jurisdiction
361
1.
The PCIJ and the introduction of an advisory function
361
2.
Transfer of the advisory function to the ICJ
362
П.
Participation in Proceedings and the Production of
Evidence
363
A. Requesting Entities: Organs and Agencies of the
United Nations
363
1.
Evidentiary role of the requesting entity
364
B. Other Participants: States
364
1.
States as amid curiae
365
C. Other Participants: Inter-Governmental
Organizations
365
D. Other Participants: Non-Governmental
Organizations
366
E. Other Participants: Individuals
368
1.
Directly affected individuals
368
2.
Individual experts
368
E
Production of Evidence by the Court
369
Ш.
Dispute Resolution under the Court s Advisory
Jurisdiction
372
A. International Organizations and Disputes
372
B. Settlement of Disputes Directly Involving
International Organizations
373
C. Settlement of Disputes Indirectly Involving
International Organizations: Legal Questions
Actually Pending Between States
374
1.
Characterization of the advisory request
374
2.
Requests for guidance in the organization s own
action
374
3.
Requests relating to legal questions actually
pending between states
376
4.
Composition of the Court: judges ad hoc
378
D. Appellate Review of International Administrative
Disputes
378
IV. Procedural Aspects of Evidence in Advisory Cases
382
Contents xvii
Α.
Initiation
of Proceedings: Request for an Advisory
Opinion
383
1.
Submission of evidence: documents likely to throw-
light upon the question
383
2.
Entitlement to appear and ability to furnish
11.
information
385
B. Conduct of Written and Oral Proceedings
390
1.
Written proceedings
389
2.
Oral proceedings
389
V.
The Evaluation of Evidence in Advisory Proceedings
390
A. The Duty of the Court
390
B. No Burden of Proof
391
С
Insufficiency of Information
393
D. Specific Findings of Fact and Standard of Proof
397
VI.
Conclusion
400
CONCLUSION
409
I.
Flexibility
410
Π.
Sovereignty of the Parties and their Relationship with
the Court
412
ΠΙ.
Legal Traditions
415
IV.
Recommendations for the Future
416
Some recent contentious issues about the use of evidence in cases before the
International Court of Justice have highlighted the importance of factfinding and
the use of evidence before this Court. This major study by the British Institute of
International and Comparative Law has examined all aspects of the Court s
handling and treatment of evidence in detail, in both contentious and advisory
proceedings, from the recently-refined procedure for submitting late evidence, to
the hearing of live witness testimony in the Peace Palace.
Considerations of flexibiiity and respect for the sovereignty of the States Parties
before it have traditionally deterred the Court from constructing concrete rules
on matters of evidence. Yet in a number of recent opinions, including Democratic
Republic of Congo
v
Uganda and Bosnia and Herzegovina
v
Serbia and
Montenegro, the Court has demonstrated a growing readiness to issue detailed
guidance on its approach to the handling and evaluation of evidence, as States
have made use of increasingly diverse and sophisticated forms of evidence in their
attempts to prove complex allegations of fact. However, in taking these steps to
clarify and strengthen its evidentiary practice, the Court has encountered many
difficulties, not least of which is the enduring tension between the common law
and civil law traditions concerning the appropriate methods of judicial fact-
finding.
This book examines the history and development of the treatment of evidence
since the early days of the PCIJ up to the recent Nicaragua
v
Honduras Judgment,
critically analysing the Statute and Rules of the Court, dicta from judgments and
separate and dissenting opinions, the newly developed Practice Directions and
academic writings on the subject. It aims not only to provide an academic
discussion of the subject, but also to act as a guide to practitioners appearing
before the Court.
The initiative taken by the British Institute of International and Comparative Law
to carry out a thorough study of the rules of evidence in international courts and
tribunals will place international lawyers deeply in their debt. There can be hardly
any field of international legal practice presenting no possibility of presentation
of a claim, at some stage and in some circumstances, to an international court or
tribunal, so that consideration of procedural issues, and in particular what facts
must be proved, and how they are to be proved, may come to have almost as
great an importance for the practitioner as consideration of the state of the
substantive law. The proliferation of such tribunals in recent years, each with its
own nature, its own constituent instrument, and its growing body of practice,
also necessitates the focusing of attention on the underlying principles. The study
will be an excellent starting-point, in view of the thoroughness with which the
relevant material has been assembled, and set against an analytical assessment in
relation to those principles.
Professor Hugh Thirlway
Former First Legal Secretary of the International Court of Justice
|
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| id | DE-604.BV035398763 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-23T21:31:06Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781905221257 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017319444 |
| oclc_num | 315134652 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-521 DE-384 DE-739 |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-521 DE-384 DE-739 |
| physical | XXVII, 420 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | BIICL |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Riddell, Anna Plant, Brendan Evidence before the International Court of Justice International Court of Justice Rules and practice Internationaler Gerichtshof (DE-588)36344-3 gnd Evidence (Law) Beweis (DE-588)4132532-1 gnd Sachverhaltsaufklärung (DE-588)4178846-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)36344-3 (DE-588)4132532-1 (DE-588)4178846-1 |
| title | Evidence before the International Court of Justice |
| title_auth | Evidence before the International Court of Justice |
| title_exact_search | Evidence before the International Court of Justice |
| title_full | Evidence before the International Court of Justice Anna Riddel and Brendan Plant |
| title_fullStr | Evidence before the International Court of Justice Anna Riddel and Brendan Plant |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evidence before the International Court of Justice Anna Riddel and Brendan Plant |
| title_short | Evidence before the International Court of Justice |
| title_sort | evidence before the international court of justice |
| topic | International Court of Justice Rules and practice Internationaler Gerichtshof (DE-588)36344-3 gnd Evidence (Law) Beweis (DE-588)4132532-1 gnd Sachverhaltsaufklärung (DE-588)4178846-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | International Court of Justice Rules and practice Internationaler Gerichtshof Evidence (Law) Beweis Sachverhaltsaufklärung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017319444&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017319444&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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