Practical statistics for field biology
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Chichester [u.a.].
Wiley
2008
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed., reprinted |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Fowler, Jim |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Practical statistics for field biology |c Jim Fowler, Lou Cohen and Phil Jarvis |
| 250 | |a 2. ed., reprinted | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Chichester [u.a.]. |b Wiley |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a IX, 259 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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| 700 | 1 | |a Cohen, Lou |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Jarvis, Phil |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819698413800783872 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
Preface
xi
1
Introduction
1
1.1
What do we mean by statistics?
1
1.2
Why is statistics necessary?
1
1.3
Statistics in field biology
2
1.4
The limitations of statistics
2
1.5
The purpose of this text
2
Measurement and Sampling Concepts
3
2.1
Populations, samples and observations
3
2.2
Counting things
-
the sampling unit
3
2.3
Random sampling
5
2.4
Random numbers
5
2.5
Independence
6
2.6
Statistics and parameters
6
2.7
Descriptive and inferential statistics
7
2.8
Parametric and non-parametric statistics
7
Processing Data
8
3.1
Scales of measurement
8
3.2
The nominal scale
8
3.3
The ordinal scale
8
3.4
The interval scale
9
3.5
The ratio scale
9
3.6
Conversion of interval observations to an ordinal scale
10
3.7
Derived variables
10
3.8
The precision of observations
12
3.9
How precise should we be?
13
3.10
The frequency table
13
3.11
Aggregating frequency classes
14
3.12
Frequency distribution of count observations
16
3.13
Dispersion
17
3.14
Bivariate data
17
Presenting Data
18
4.1
Introduction
18
4.2
Dot plot or line plot
18
vi
Contents
4.3
Bar
graph
19
4.4
Histogram
20
4.5
Frequency polygon and frequency curve
22
4.6
Scattergram (scatter plot)
23
4.7
Circle or pie graph
24
Measuring the Average
26
5.1
What is an average?
26
5.2
The mean
26
5.3
The median
-
a resistant statistic
28
5.4
The mode
32
5.5
Relationship between the mean, median and mode
33
Measuring Variability
35
6.1
Variability
35
6.2
The range
35
6.3
The standard deviation
36
6.4
Calculating the standard deviation
37
6.5
Calculating the standard deviation from grouped data
38
6.6
Variance
39
6.7
An alternative formula for calculating the variance and
standard deviation
39
6.8
Obtaining the standard deviation, variance and the sum of
squares from a calculator
40
6.9
Degrees of freedom
40
6.10
The coefficient of variation
41
Probability
42
7.1
The meaning of probability
42
7.2
Compound probabilities
43
7.3
Probability distribution
44
7.4
Models of probability distribution
45
7.5
The binomial probability distribution
46
7.6
The
Poisson
probability distribution
54
7.7
The negative binomial probability distribution
56
7.8
Critical probability
59
Probability Distributions as Models of Dispersion
62
8.1
Dispersion
62
8.2
An Index of Dispersion
63
8.3
Choosing a model of dispersion
66
8.4
The binomial model
67
8.5
Poisson
model
68
8.6
The negative binomial model
70
8.7
Deciding the goodness of fit
73
The Normal Distribution
74
9.1
The normal curve
74
9.2
Some mathematical properties of the normal curve
75
9.3
Standardizing the normal curve
76
9.4
Two-tailed or one-tailed?
77
Contents
vii
9.5
Small samples: the f-distribution
79
9.6
Are our data normal ?
81
10
Data Transformation
83
10.1
The need for transformation
83
10.2
The logarithmic transformation
84
10.3
When there are zero counts
-
the arcsinh transformation
86
10.4
The square root transformation
87
10.5
The arcsine transformation
87
10.6
Back-transforming transformed numbers
88
10.7
Is data transformation really necessary?
89
11
How Good are our Estimates?
90
11.1
Sampling error
90
11.2
The distribution of a sample mean
90
11.3
The confidence interval of the mean of a large sample
92
11.4
The confidence interval of the mean of a small sample
93
11.5
The confidence interval of the mean of a sample of count
data
94
11.6
The difference between the means of two large samples
96
11.7
The difference between the means of two small samples
98
11.8
Estimating a proportion
99
11.9
Estimating a Lincoln Index
100
11.10
Estimating a diversity index
101
11.11
The distribution of a variance
-
chi-square distribution
102
12
The Basis of Statistical Testing
104
12.1
Introduction
104
12.2
The experimental hypothesis
104
12.3
The statistical hypothesis
105
12.4
Test statistics
106
12.5
One-tailed tests and two-tailed tests
107
12.6
Hypothesis testing and the normal curve
108
12.7
Type
1
and type
2
errors
108
12.8
Parametric and non-parametric statistics: some further
observations
109
12.9
The power of a test
110
13
Analysing Frequencies 111
13.1
The chi-square test 111
13.2
Calculating the x2 test statistic
112
13.3
A practical example of a test for homogeneous frequencies
114
13.4
The problem of independence
115
13.5
One degree of freedom
-
Yates
correction
116
13.6
Goodness of fit tests
116
13.7
Tests for association
-
the contingency table
117
13.8
The
r x c
contingency table
120
13.9
The G-test
122
13.10
Applying the G-test to a one-way classification of
frequencies
122
viii Contents
13.11
Applying the G-test to a
2
χ
2
contingency table
124
13.12
Applying the G-test to an
r x c
contingency table
126
13.13
Advice on analysing frequencies
128
14
Measuring Correlations
130
14.1
The meaning of correlation
130
14.2
Investigating correlation
130
14.3
The strength and significance of a correlation
132
14.4
Covariance
133
14.5
The Product Moment Correlation Coefficient
135
14.6
The coefficient of determination r2
137
14.7
The Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient rs
138
14.8
Advice on measuring correlations
141
15
Regression Analysis
142
15.1
Introduction
142
15.2
Gradients and triangles
142
15.3
Dependent and independent variables
144
15.4
A perfect rectilinear relationship
145
15.5
The line of least squares
146
15.6
Simple linear regression
147
15.7
Fitting the regression line to the scattergram
150
15.8
The error of a regression line
150
15.9
Confidence limits of an individual estimate
152
15.10
The significance of the regression line
154
15.11
The difference between two regression lines
154
15.12
Dealing with curved relationships
156
15.13
Transformation of both axes
158
15.14
Regression through the origin
160
15.15
An alternative line of best fit
161
15.16
Advice on using regression analysis
163
16
Comparing Averages
165
16.1
Introduction
165
16.2
Matched and unmatched observations
165
16.3
The
M
ann-
Whitney [/-test for unmatched samples
166
16.4
Advice on using the Mann-Whitney
U
-test
167
16.5
More than two samples
-
the Kruskal-
Wallis
test
168
16.6
Advice on using the Kruskal-Wallis test
169
16.7
The Wilcoxon test for matched pairs
170
16.8
Advice on using the Wilcoxon test for matched pairs
172
16.9
Comparing means
-
parametric tests
172
16.10
The F-test (two-tailed)
173
16.11
The z-test for comparing the means of two large samples
174
16.12
The r-test for comparing the means of two small samples
175
16.13
The i-test for matched pairs
176
16.14
Advice on comparing means
178
17
Analysis of Variance
-
ANOVA
179
17.1
Why do we need ANOVA?
179
Contents ix
17.2
How
ANOVA
works
180
17.3
Procedure for computing one-way ANOVA
181
17.4
Procedure for computing the Tukey test
184
17.5
Two-way ANOVA
187
17.6
Procedure for computing two-way ANOVA
190
17.7
Procedure for computing the Tukey test in two-way ANOVA
194
17.8
Two-way ANOVA with single observations
195
17.9
The randomized block design
198
17.10
The Latin square
202
17.11
Analysis of variance in regression
207
17.12
Advice on using ANOVA
208
18
Multivariate Analysis
210
18.1
Introduction
210
18.2
What is information?
211
18.3
Making large problems manageable
211
18.4
Are there three groups or four?
220
18.5
Learning from experience?
225
18.6
Variations on a theme
233
18.7
Summary
233
Appendices
Appendix
1:
Table of random numbers
235
Appendix
2:
f-distribution
236
Appendix
3:
^-distribution
237
Appendix
4:
Critical values of Spearman s Rank Correlation Coefficient
238
Appendix
5:
Product moment correlation values at the
0.05
and
0.01
levels of significance
239
Appendix
6:
Mann-Whitney
Ľ -test
values (two-tailed test)
P
- 0.05 240
Appendix
7:
Critical values of
T
in the Wilcoxon test for two matched
samples
241
Appendix
8:
F-distribution,
0.05
level of significance, two-tailed test
242
Appendix
9:
Critical values of Fmax
0.05
level of significance
243
Appendix
10:
F-distribution
244
Appendix
11:
Tukey test
248
Appendix
12:
Symbols
250
Appendix
13:
Matrices and vectors
251
Appendix
14:
Computer packages
255
Biblioçjraphv
und
further reading
256
Index
257
|
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| genre | (DE-588)4056995-0 Statistik gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Statistik |
| id | DE-604.BV035207585 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-23T21:22:53Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780471982968 9780471982951 0471982962 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017013896 |
| oclc_num | 254594713 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-188 |
| physical | IX, 259 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Fowler, Jim Cohen, Lou Jarvis, Phil Practical statistics for field biology Feldforschung - Ökologie - Statistik Feldforschung (DE-588)4016674-0 gnd Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd Populationsbiologie (DE-588)4046800-8 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4016674-0 (DE-588)4006851-1 (DE-588)4046800-8 (DE-588)4043207-5 (DE-588)4056995-0 |
| title | Practical statistics for field biology |
| title_auth | Practical statistics for field biology |
| title_exact_search | Practical statistics for field biology |
| title_full | Practical statistics for field biology Jim Fowler, Lou Cohen and Phil Jarvis |
| title_fullStr | Practical statistics for field biology Jim Fowler, Lou Cohen and Phil Jarvis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Practical statistics for field biology Jim Fowler, Lou Cohen and Phil Jarvis |
| title_short | Practical statistics for field biology |
| title_sort | practical statistics for field biology |
| topic | Feldforschung - Ökologie - Statistik Feldforschung (DE-588)4016674-0 gnd Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd Populationsbiologie (DE-588)4046800-8 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Feldforschung - Ökologie - Statistik Feldforschung Biologie Populationsbiologie Ökologie Statistik |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017013896&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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