Flow phenomena in nature

Flow phenomena in nature 1 A challenge to engineering design

Gespeichert in:
Bibliographische Detailangaben
Format: Buch
Sprache:English
Veröffentlicht: Southampton [u.a.] WIT Press 2007
Schriftenreihe:Design and nature 7
Online-Zugang:Inhaltsverzeichnis
Tags: Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!

MARC

LEADER 00000nam a2200000 cc4500
001 BV035129004
003 DE-604
005 20090406
007 t|
008 081030s2007 xx ad|| |||| 00||| eng d
020 |a 1845640012  |9 1-84564-001-2 
020 |a 9781845640019  |9 978-1-84564-001-9 
035 |a (OCoLC)633445289 
035 |a (DE-599)BVBBV035129004 
040 |a DE-604  |b ger  |e rakwb 
041 0 |a eng 
049 |a DE-703  |a DE-634 
084 |a WD 2300  |0 (DE-625)148164:  |2 rvk 
245 1 0 |a Flow phenomena in nature  |n 1  |p A challenge to engineering design  |c ed., R. Liebe 
264 1 |a Southampton [u.a.]  |b WIT Press  |c 2007 
300 |a 372 S.  |b zahlr. Ill. und graph. Darst. 
336 |b txt  |2 rdacontent 
337 |b n  |2 rdamedia 
338 |b nc  |2 rdacarrier 
490 1 |a Design and nature  |v 7 
490 0 |a Design and nature  |v ... 
700 1 |a Liebe, Roland J.  |e Sonstige  |4 oth 
773 0 8 |w (DE-604)BV035129000  |g 1 
830 0 |a Design and nature  |v 7  |w (DE-604)BV016963360  |9 7 
856 4 2 |m Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth  |q application/pdf  |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016796537&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA  |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis 
943 1 |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016796537 

Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_ 1819575928337989632
adam_text Contents Preface ¡x Acknowledgements xi Nomenclature xiii Volume 1 : Flow Phenomena in Nature A Challenge to Engineering Design Chapter 1 Introduction to fluid dynamics in nature and engineering .......................... 3 Concepts of aero- and hydromechanics ................................................................................... 5 M.F. Platzer & K.D. Jones 1 Historical overview ...................................................................................................... 5 2 Potential flow concepts ................................................................................................ 10 3 Fundamentals of lift generation .................................................................................... 12 4 Fundamentals of drag generation ................................................................................. 15 5 Concluding remarks ..................................................................................................... 18 Laws of similarity in fluid mechanics ..................................................................................... 20 B. Weigernd & V.Simon 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 20 2 Dimensional analysis .................................................................................................... 21 3 Dimensional groups and their physical significance .................................................... 25 4 Examples ...................................................................................................................... 28 4.1 The dynamics of planetary rings ........................................................................ 28 4.2 The run-off from a watershed ............................................................................. 30 4.3 The velocity of flight of birds ............................................................................. 31 4.4 The resistance of a sphere in low Reynolds number flow .................................. 33 5 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 34 Evolution of flight in animals .................................................................................................. 36 U.M. Lindhe Norberg 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 36 2 Evolution of insect flight .............................................................................................. 37 3 Evolution of vertebrate flight ....................................................................................... 38 3.1 Up-down or down-up? ...................................................................................... 38 3.2 Probable steps in the evolution of bird flight ..................................................... 40 3.3 Evolution of pterosaur and bat flight .................................................................. 48 4 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 49 Chapter 2 Swimming and flying in nature ...................................................................... 55 Diversity, mechanics and performance of natural aquatic propulsors ................................... 57 F.E. Fish 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 57 2 Propulsive systems in aquatic animals ......................................................................... 58 2.1 Anatomical-based swimming modes .................................................................. 59 2.2 Kinematics-based swimming modes .................................................................. 59 2.3 Force-based swimming modes ........................................................................... 62 3 Energetics and efficiency ............................................................................................. 64 3.1 Propulsive efficiency .......................................................................................... 64 4 Energy conservation and flow ...................................................................................... 66 4.1 Schooling ............................................................................................................ 66 4.2 Drafting ............................................................................................................... 68 4.3 Porpoising ........................................................................................................... 68 4.4 Burst-and-coast swimming ................................................................................. 69 4.5 Wave-riding ........................................................................................................ 70 4.6 Hitchhiking ......................................................................................................... 71 4.7 Currents .............................................................................................................. 71 4.8 Hydroplaning ...................................................................................................... 71 4.9 Vorticity control ................................................................................................. 72 5 Application of biomimetics from aquatic animals ....................................................... 73 5.1 Convergence of design ....................................................................................... 74 5.2 Copying .............................................................................................................. 74 5.3 Limitations of biomimetics ................................................................................. 77 6 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 78 Flight of seeds, flying fish, squid, mammals, amphibians and reptiles ................................... 88 A. Azuma 1 Flying seeds .................................................................................................................. 88 1.1 Pappose seeds ..................................................................................................... 88 1.2 Winged seeds ...................................................................................................... 91 2 Flying fish and squid .................................................................................................... 94 2.1 Flight at a constant height ................................................................................... 95 2.2 Unsteady flight path ............................................................................................ 96 3 Mammals, amphibians and reptiles .............................................................................. 98 3.1 Flying squirrel ..................................................................................................... 98 3.2 Other flying animals ........................................................................................... 98 3.3 Flying snake ........................................................................................................ 100 4 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 101 Propulsion by sailing and sweeping ........................................................................................ 104 A. Azuma 1 Various ways of locomotion using a wing for living creatures .................................... 104 1.1 Stationary wing ................................................................................................... 105 1.2 Rotary wing ........................................................................................................ 106 1.3 Wheeling wing .................................................................................................... 106 1.4 Beating wing ....................................................................................................... 106 1.5 Paddling wing ..................................................................................................... 107 1.6 Fanning wing ...................................................................................................... 107 1.7 Sweeping wing ................................................................................................... 108 1.8 Cyclo-gyro wing ................................................................................................. 108 2 Sailing .......................................................................................................................... 108 2.1 Mechanics of sailing ........................................................................................... 108 2.2 Sailing animals ................................................................................................... 110 3 Sweeping ...................................................................................................................... 113 3.1 Sweeping devices in animals .............................................................................. 116 3.2 Crabs ................................................................................................................... 116 4 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 117 Flight and scaling of flyers in nature ....................................................................................... 120 U.M. Lindhe Norberg 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 120 2 Dimensionless numbers that are important for flight dynamics .................................. 122 2.1 Lift and drag coefficients .................................................................................... 122 2.2 Reynolds number ................................................................................................ 122 2.3 Strouhal number ................................................................................................. 122 3 Aerodynamic forces and power .................................................................................... 123 3.1 Lift and thrust ..................................................................................................... 123 3.2 Drag forces ......................................................................................................... 125 3.3 Flight power ........................................................................................................ 127 4 Gliding and soaring ...................................................................................................... 128 5 Hovering ....................................................................................................................... 132 6 Energy-saving flight ..................................................................................................... 135 6.1 Intermittent flight ................................................................................................ 135 6.2 Ground effect ...................................................................................................... 136 6.3 Formation flight .................................................................................................. 136 7 Scaling of flight parameters ......................................................................................... 138 7.1 Wingspan and wing area ..................................................................................... 138 7.2 Wing loading and aspect ratio ............................................................................ 138 7.3 Flight speed and power ....................................................................................... 139 7.4 Wingbeat frequency ............................................................................................ 141 7.5 Upper and lower size limits ................................................................................ 142 8 Wing and tail design ..................................................................................................... 142 8.1 Wing design ........................................................................................................ 143 8.2 Tail form ............................................................................................................. 145 8.3 How changes of shape and mass affect the power curve ................................... 146 8.4 Some lift-enhancing characteristics .................................................................... 146 9 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 147 Modelling the effects of unsteady flow phenomena on flapping flight dynamics — stability and control .............................................................................................. 155 G.K. Taylor 1 Introduction: time history effects in flight dynamics ................................................... 156 2 Flapping flight dynamics modelling ............................................................................ 158 2.1 Autonomous versus non-autonomous unsteady aerodynamic inputs ................. 158 2.2 Can autonomous unsteady aerodynamic inputs be neglected in flapping flight? ............................................................................................... 159 2.3 Time-periodic modelling of unsteady aerodynamic inputs in flapping flight ................................................................................................. 160 2.4 State-space modelling of unsteady aerodynamics ............................................. 161 3 From flapping-flight dynamics models to flapping-flight control ............................... 162 3.1 Time-periodic feedback control systems ............................................................ 163 3.2 Sensing the aerodynamic state of the system ..................................................... 163 4 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 164 Chapters Observation of steady and unsteady flow phenomena ................................ 167 2D steady/unsteady wings at low Re number flow ................................................................. 169 A. Azuma 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 169 2 Steady airfoils ............................................................................................................... 171 2.1 Thin flat plate and effects of Renumber ............................................................ 171 2.2 Effects of plate thickness .................................................................................... 171 2.3 Effects of leading-edge configuration ................................................................ 172 2.4 Effects of camber ................................................................................................ 173 2.5 Surface waviness ................................................................................................ 175 2.6 Effects of airfoil thickness .................................................................................. 175 2.7 Leading-edge sharpness ...................................................................................... 175 2.8 Effect of turbulence ............................................................................................ 176 2.9 Dragonfly wings ................................................................................................. 177 3 Unsteady airfoils .......................................................................................................... 179 3.1 Heaving motion of a flat plate ............................................................................ 182 3.2 Feathering motion of a flat plate ......................................................................... 186 3.3 Combined heaving and feathering motions ........................................................ 186 3.4 Effects of profile configuration .......................................................................... 186 4 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 190 Flow and force characteristics of steady 2D wing section at low Reynolds numbers ................................................................................................................... 193 K. Kawachi 1 Boundary layer ............................................................................................................. 193 2 Calculation method ...................................................................................................... 194 3 Wing section shape and lift-to-drag ratio ..................................................................... 195 4 Flow pattern and aerodynamic force ............................................................................ 196 5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 197 Insect flight aerodynamics: structure of the leading edge vortex and selection pressures responsible for the use of high lift aerodynamic mechanisms in insects ................................ 198 A.L.R. Thomas 1 Structure of the leading edge vortex ............................................................................ 198 Application of the unsteady two-dimensional aerodynamic model to common dragonfly maneuvers ...............................................................................................................207 P. Freymuth 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................207 2 Mean pitch angle a0 for dragonfly hovering ................................................................208 3 Escape mode .................................................................................................................210 4 Sustained forward flight ............................................................................................... 210 5 Comparison of the helicopter model with the unsteady two-dimensional model ........212 6 Estimation of the kinetic power of the jet moving in still air [actuator disk approximation in tandem with eqn (5)]— the minimum power required for a wing.... 212 7 Visualization of vortex street formation by a hovering airfoil ..................................... 213 8 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................217 Fanning in honey bees — a comparison between measurement and calculation of non-stationary aerodynamic forces ...................................................................219 M. Junge 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 219 2 Results and interpretation of measurements carried out on fanning bees ....................220 2.1 Evaluating of the three-dimensional wing movement ........................................220 2.2 The effective flow ...............................................................................................222 2.3 The aerodynamic angle of attack ........................................................................226 2.4 Measurement of air forces created during fanning .............................................229 3 Simulation of flow on the wings using a mechanical bee .........................................230 4 Simulation of the flow created during fanning and the calculation of the aerodynamic forces ............................................................................................230 4.1 The improved method of discrete vortices .........................................................231 5 Discussion: Role of the coefficients of circulation, vortices and inertia in the development of aerodynamic forces during fanning ..........239 6 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................240 Chapter 4 Understanding of force generation in fluids: physical modelling and the finite natural vortex — steady and unsteady flow simulation .................245 Manifestation of the finite vortex — lift, thrust and drag .........................................................247 W. Liebe & R. Liebe 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................248 2 Ideal vortices ................................................................................................................248 2.1 The closed vortex ................................................................................................248 2.2 The open vortex ..................................................................................................249 2.3 The potential vortex ............................................................................................250 3 Real vortices .................................................................................................................251 3.1 The natural vortex ...............................................................................................252 4 The finite vortex concept ..............................................................................................255 4.1 The edge vortex ..................................................................................................255 4.2 The finite vortex model ......................................................................................257 4.3 The size of the finite vortex ................................................................................261 5 Applications of the finite vortex model ........................................................................262 5.1 Conservation of mass and momentum ................................................................262 5.2 Flow around fixed bodies ...................................................................................263 5.3 Flow around oscillating bodies ...........................................................................266 6 Swimming in nature .....................................................................................................268 7 Flying in nature ............................................................................................................272 8 Results and conclusions ...............................................................................................276 Unsteady flow mechanisms on airfoils: the extended finite vortex model with applications ..............................................................................................................................283 R. Liebe 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................284 2 Operating regimes in fluid dynamics ...........................................................................285 3 Flow around fixed bodies .............................................................................................288 3.1 The edge flow mechanism ..................................................................................289 3.2 Vortex formation ................................................................................................290 3.3 Flow around fixed cylinders and AFs .................................................................291 3.4 Vortex shedding from fixed cylinders ................................................................291 3.5 Accelerated edges ...............................................................................................293 3.6 The trailing edge vortex and the bound vortex ...................................................295 4 Flow around oscillating bodies ....................................................................................297 4.1 Dynamic stall ......................................................................................................297 4.2 Oscillating AFs ...................................................................................................297 5 Vortex methods and the FVM ......................................................................................299 5.1 Finite vortex modeling ........................................................................................300 5.2 Extensions and modifications of the FVM .........................................................305 5.3 How to control the TEV/BV, LEV? ...................................................................307 6 The FVM for oscillating AFs .......................................................................................308 6.1 General equations of motion and solution strategies ..........................................308 6.2 Equations of motion for pure pitching ................................................................309 6.3 Typical results .....................................................................................................312 6.4 Advantages and limitations of the FVM .............................................................312 6.5 Approximations ..................................................................................................314 7 The FVM for fixed AFs ...............................................................................................316 7.1 The intermittent suction mechanism ...................................................................316 7.2 Vortex size and detachment frequency ...............................................................316 7.3 Simulation of airplane flight by the FVM ..........................................................317 8 Applications of FVM in engineering ...........................................................................318 8.1 The pitching AF ..................................................................................................318 8.2 The plunging AF with arbitrary free-stream velocities ......................................320 8.3 Vortex size from experiments with measured circulation ..................................322 8.4 FVM applications for improved fixed AF designs .............................................322 9 Applications of FVM in nature ....................................................................................326 9.1 Swimming in water .............................................................................................326 9.2 Swimming analysis of a large whale ..................................................................327 9.3 Flying in air ........................................................................................................ 328 9.4 Solutions for flying in air .................................................................................... 328 9.5 Analysis of the take-off/cruise flight of a large heron ........................................ 329 10 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................332 Vortex visualizations for two-dimensional models of caudal fin fish propulsion ...................340 P. Freymuth 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................340 2 Extended 2D vortex visualization in the context of caudal fin propulsion .....................................................................................................................343 2.1 Ostraciform propulsion ....................................................................................... 343 2.2 Carangiform propulsion ......................................................................................347 3 Transients, unusual vortex streets and 3D effects ........................................................ 351 Vortices rule the wake: structure and Reynolds scaling of animal-generated wakes .......................................................................................................................................357 E.J. Stamhuis 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 357 2 Shear forces dominate larval copepod wakes at Re « 0.5............................................359 3 Acorn barnacles use the best of both worlds at Re = 1-10..........................................361 4 Fast decaying vortex wakes of juvenile fish at Re » 102 ..............................................363 5 Frogs kick the most beautiful vortex rings at Re я IO4................................................ 364 6 Big fish make whirl chains at Re = 104-106 ................................................................. 366 7 Birds make rings and chains at Re = IO4—105 .............................................................. 367 8 Discussion and conclusion — vortex rings are everywhere? ......................................... 367 Appendix of Colour Figures 372A Index 372C Volume 2: Flow Phenomena in Nature Inspiration, Learning and Application Chapter 5 Applications in engineering, nature and medicine: parallels to/inspirations from nature .............................................................375 Flexible-wing-based micro air vehicles ...................................................................................377 P.G. lfju, O.A. Jenkins, D. Viieru & W. Shyy 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................377 2 The vehicle concept ......................................................................................................378 3 Flexible-wing design ....................................................................................................380 4 MAV fabrication methods ............................................................................................381 4.1 Wing construction ...............................................................................................381 5 Aerodynamic assessment .............................................................................................382 6 Wind tunnel test ........................................................................................................... 384 7 Analysis of flight test data ............................................................................................ 388 8 Summary and conclusions ............................................................................................390 Flapping-wing micro air vehicles ............................................................................................ 393 M.F. Platzer & K.D. Jones 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 393 2 Biomimetic designs ......................................................................................................394 3 Biomorphic designs ......................................................................................................394 4 Design and development of the fixed/flapping-wing micro air vehicle .......................398 5 Summary and outlook ..................................................................................................398 Shape-adaptive wings — the unfulfilled dream of flight ..........................................................400 L.F. Campanile 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................401 2 The bio-mimetic way and its potential .........................................................................401 3 The unfulfilled dream of flight .....................................................................................404 4 On the significance and limits of scale-analysis for feasibility predictions .................405 5 The great optimiser and the bio-mimetic challenge ..................................................407 6 Sir George Cayley and the de-coupled mechanical design ..........................................408 7 Coupled mechanical design for flight: the belt-rib structure ........................................413 8 Concluding remarks .....................................................................................................415 Unsteady wing characteristics at low Reynolds number .........................................................420 K. Kawachi 1 Unsteady aerodynamics at high Reynolds number ......................................................420 1.1 Oscillatory wing .................................................................................................420 1.2 Dynamic stall ......................................................................................................422 1.3 Blade vortex interaction ......................................................................................423 1.4 Impulsive start ....................................................................................................424 2 Unsteady aerodynamics at low Reynolds number .......................................................424 2.1 Low aspect ratio wing .........................................................................................425 2.2 High-aspect ratio wing ........................................................................................428 3 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................431 Self-actuating flaps on bird and aircraft wings ........................................................................435 D. W. Bechert, W. Hage & R. Meyer 1 Movable flaps on wings: artificial bird feathers ...........................................................435 1.1 Flight experiments with movable flaps ..............................................................441 1.2 Further experiments with self-activated flaps ....................................................444 2 Concluding remarks .....................................................................................................445 Hydrodynamics of dolphin skin and other compliant surfaces ...............................................447 РЖ Carpenter 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................447 2 Mechanics and hydrodynamics of compliant walls .....................................................448 2.1 Types of compliant wall .....................................................................................448 2.2 Hydroelastic instabilities ....................................................................................450 2.3 Effects of wall compliance on laminar-turbulent transition ..............................450 2.4 Effects of wall compliance on turbulent flows ...................................................451 3 Structure of dolphin skin and its possible hydrodynamic function ..............................451 4 Concluding remarks .....................................................................................................455 Drag reduction with riblets in nature and engineering ............................................................457 D. W. Bechert & W. Hage 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................457 1.1 The mechanism of sharkskin or riblets ............................................................457 2 Experiments with a sharkskin replica ...........................................................................462 3 Riblets on aircrafts .......................................................................................................465 4 Concluding remarks .....................................................................................................467 Heat transfer enhancement techniques and their application in turbomachinery ....................470 J. von Wolfersdorf, B. Weigernd & M. Schnieder 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................470 2 Heat transfer enhancement techniques .........................................................................472 2.1 Surface roughness ...............................................................................................472 2.2 Small scale regular repeated roughness ..............................................................477 2.3 Ribs and tabulators ............................................................................................479 2.4 Longitudinal vortex generators ...........................................................................481 2.5 Dimples ...............................................................................................................486 2.6 Pin-fin heat transfer ............................................................................................488 2.7 Comparison of heat transfer enhancement techniques .......................................489 3 Applications in turbomachinery ...................................................................................491 4 Summary ......................................................................................................................497 Flow separations in blood flow — its significance in the human circulation and in artificial organs ........................................................................................................................ 505 U. Kertzscher, L. Goubergrits & K. Affeld 1 Introduction — nature of flow separation ...................................................................... 505 2 Flow separation in the human circulation system ........................................................ 510 2.1 Blood flow and separation in the circulation system of mammals ..................... 510 2.2 Problems in the human circulation system caused by separation ....................... 513 3 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 525 Chapter 6 Numerical methods for unsteady flow applications in engineering and nature ...............................................................................529 Steady and unsteady aerodynamics ......................................................................................... 531 M.F. Platzer & K.D. Jones 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 531 2 Steady low-speed airfoil flow at zero or moderate incidence angle ............................. 531 3 Low-speed airfoil flow near the stall angle .................................................................. 534 4 The Wagner effect ........................................................................................................ 535 5 The Kramer effect ........................................................................................................ 537 6 The Katzmayr effect ..................................................................................................... 538 Oscillating hydro-wing as a propulsor in the quasi-steady domain ........................................ 542 P. Freymuth 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................542 2 Analysis of oscillating wing performance in the quasi-steady domain ........................544 2.1 Thrust force Tand side force S ...........................................................................544 2.2 Propulsive efficiency η and ideal efficiency ądeai ..............................................544 2.3 Thrust and side force coefficients CTand Cs ......................................................547 3 Sizing of propulsor for a given application ..................................................................548 4 Acceleration of ship from rest to design speed Uo .......................................................548 5 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................549 Navier-Stokes computation of hovering dynamics .................................................................552 K. Gustafson 1 Introduction and summary ...........................................................................................552 2 Navier-Stokes computation of hovering dynamics .....................................................556 3 Vorticity in the far field ................................................................................................561 4 The direction of the hover-jet ....................................................................................... 564 5 Associated mathematical matters ................................................................................. 565 6 Further remarks and outlook ........................................................................................568 Recent advances in unsteady boundary layer transition research ...........................................573 M. T. Schobeiri 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................573 2 Physics of an intermittent flow .....................................................................................574 2.1 Identification of intermittent behavior of statistically steady flows ...................575 2.2 Turbulent/non-turbulent decisions ......................................................................576 2.3 Identification of intermittent behavior of a periodic unsteady flow ...................578 2.4 Implementation of intermittency function into Navier-Stokes equations ..........578 3 Modeling the unsteady intermittency for turbomachinery applications .......................584 3.1 Experimental investigations ...............................................................................584 4 Unsteady intermittency analysis ...................................................................................588 5 Implementation of the transition model into calculation procedures ...........................592 6 Aerodynamic and heat transfer studies ........................................................................593 6.1 Curved plate: experimental results, turbulence intermittency distribution .........593 6.2 Unsteady turbine cascade experiments ...............................................................596 7 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................601 An indicial-Polhamus aerodynamic model of insect-like flapping wings in hover ................606 C.B. Pedersen & R. Żbikowski 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................606 1.1 Wing kinematics .................................................................................................607 1.2 Main aerodynamic phenomena in insect flight ...................................................608 2 Model overview and relevant prior work .....................................................................610 2.1 Model structure and assumptions .......................................................................610 2.2 Relevant prior work ............................................................................................611 3 Quasi-steady effects .....................................................................................................611 3.1 Potential theory ...................................................................................................612 3.2 Dirichlet solution ................................................................................................612 3.3 Kutta-Joukowski condition ................................................................................ 613 3.4 Unsteady form of Bernoulli equation .................................................................613 3.5 Leading edge suction correction .........................................................................614 3.6 Quasi-steady forces .............................................................................................614 3.7 Total quasi-steady force ......................................................................................615 3.8 Wing integrals .....................................................................................................616 3.9 Moments .............................................................................................................617 3.10 Wing moment integrals ......................................................................................618 4 Added mass effects .......................................................................................................619 4.1 What is added mass? ...........................................................................................619 4.2 Potential form of added mass .............................................................................619 4.3 Total circulation ..................................................................................................620 4.4 Accelerations ......................................................................................................621 4.5 Normal added mass forces ..................................................................................621 4.6 Parallel added mass forces ..................................................................................622 4.7 Vertical and horizontal added mass forces .........................................................623 4.8 Moments ............................................................................................................. 623 4.9 Comparison with standard results .......................................................................624 4.10 Wing integrals .....................................................................................................625 5 Polhamus leading edge and tip suction correction .......................................................626 5.1 Polhamus s analogy ............................................................................................626 5.2 Correction for leading edge sweep .....................................................................626 5.3 Implementation ...................................................................................................626 5.4 Forces ..................................................................................................................628 5.5 Wing integral ......................................................................................................628 6 Wake effects .................................................................................................................629 6.1 Potential form of wake model ............................................................................629 6.2 Wagner s model ..................................................................................................629 6.3 Küssner s model .................................................................................................630 6.4 Loewy s model ...................................................................................................631 6.5 Modified Loewy model ......................................................................................632 6.6 Combined wake model .......................................................................................632 6.7 Added mass and the wake ..................................................................................634 6.8 Polhamus correction and the wake .....................................................................634 7 Code implementation ...................................................................................................635 8 Dickinson s Robofly data .............................................................................................636 8.1 Geometry ............................................................................................................636 8.2 Kinematics ..........................................................................................................636 9 Indicial-Polhamus model prediction for Robofly data .................................................637 9.1 The lift force, Fv ..............................................................................................637 9.2 The drag force .................................................................................................. 645 10 Discussion ....................................................................................................................649 10.1 Discussion of results ...........................................................................................649 10.2 Evaluation of results ...........................................................................................651 11 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................653 11.1 Assumptions .......................................................................................................653 11.2 Theory conclusions .............................................................................................654 Appendix A: Terminology and notation ..................................................................... 654 A.I Angle of attack ....................................................................................................654 A.2 Velocities ............................................................................................................655 A3 Forces .................................................................................................................. 656 A.4 Moments ............................................................................................................. 660 A.5 Other definitions .................................................................................................661 A.6 Basic identities ....................................................................................................661 Chapter 7 Experimental methods for unsteady flow applications in engineering and nature ...............................................................................667 Modern image-based experimental methods for application in fluid dynamics .....................669 J. Kompenhans 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................669 2 Image-based experimental methods .............................................................................670 2.1 Set-up of non-standard video techniques for qualitative and quantitative flow visualization ...............................................................................................672 2.2 Particle image velocimetry ................................................................................. 680 2.3 Pressure sensitive paint ....................................................................................... 685 2.4 Density measurement techniques ....................................................................... 688 2.5 Position and deformation measurement techniques ...........................................690 3 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 695 Unsteady airfoil experiments ...................................................................................................698 M.F. Platzer & K.D. Jones 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 698 2 Dynamic airfoil stall .....................................................................................................698 3 Experimental studies of the Katzmayr effect ...............................................................699 4 Flapping-wing propulsion ............................................................................................701 5 Flapping-wing aerodynamics in hover ......................................................................... 704 Vortex wakes of bird flight: old theory, new data and future prospects ................................. 706 A. Hedenström 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 706 2 Some definitions ...........................................................................................................707 3 Vortex theories of bird flight ........................................................................................708 3.1 The actuator disc and momentum jet .................................................................. 708 3.2 Vortex ring theory .............................................................................................. 708 3.3 The constant circulation wake and other relatives ..............................................710 4 Bird wakes in reality ....................................................................................................712 4.1 Take-off flight ..................................................................................................... 712 4.2 Slow forward flight .............................................................................................712 4.3 Cruising flight ..................................................................................................... 714 4.4 Gliding flight ......................................................................................................714 4.5 Conclusion and speculation ................................................................................ 714 5 Bird wakes in reality: digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) ............................... 715 5.1 The wind tunnel .................................................................................................. 715 5.2 DPIV for birds (BPIV) .......................................................................................715 5.3 DPIV of a thrush nightingale ..............................................................................716 5.4 DPIV of a robin ..................................................................................................721 5.5 Wakes and kinematics ........................................................................................724 5.6 Comparing wake properties ................................................................................ 725 6 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 726 6.1 The topology of the wake and its properties .......................................................727 6.2 Optimum kinematics ...........................................................................................728 6.3 Aerodynamic mechanisms ..................................................................................728 6.4 A vortex wake theory .........................................................................................728 6.5 The ecology and evolution of flight ...................................................................730 6.6 Future prospects ..................................................................................................730 Shedding light on animal-generated flows: quantitative analysis of animal-generated flow patterns using DPIV ........................................................................................................ 735 E.J. Stamhuis 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................735 2 DPIV set-up for recording biogenic flows ................................................................... 736 2.1 Choice of medium and flow conditions ..............................................................735 2.2 Particle seeding ...................................................................................................738 2.3 Illumination ........................................................................................................ 739 2.4 Camera and storage system ................................................................................740 2.5 DPIV analysis .....................................................................................................741 2.6 Data validation and presentation ........................................................................741 2.7 Interpretation ......................................................................................................743 3 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 744 Temperature and pressure sensitive coatings ..........................................................................747 J. von Wolfersdorf, P. Ott & В. Weigernd 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 747 2 Thermochromic Liquid Crystals (TLCs) ......................................................................748 2.1 Liquid crystal thermography ..............................................................................749 2.2 Calibration .......................................................................................................... 751 2.3 Heat transfer measurement techniques ............................................................... 753 3 Pressure Sensitive Paints (PSPs) ..................................................................................755 3.1 Photoluminescence ............................................................................................. 756 3.2 Measurement concept ......................................................................................... 756 3.3 Calibration ..........................................................................................................758 3.4 Pressure measurements .......................................................................................759 3.5 Concentration measurements for film-cooling applications ...............................761 Appendix of Colour Figures Index 766C
any_adam_object 1
building Verbundindex
bvnumber BV035129004
classification_rvk WD 2300
ctrlnum (OCoLC)633445289
(DE-599)BVBBV035129004
discipline Biologie
format Book
fullrecord <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>01287nam a2200337 cc4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV035129004</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20090406 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t|</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">081030s2007 xx ad|| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1845640012</subfield><subfield code="9">1-84564-001-2</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781845640019</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-84564-001-9</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)633445289</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV035129004</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakwb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-703</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-634</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">WD 2300</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)148164:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Flow phenomena in nature</subfield><subfield code="n">1</subfield><subfield code="p">A challenge to engineering design</subfield><subfield code="c">ed., R. Liebe</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Southampton [u.a.]</subfield><subfield code="b">WIT Press</subfield><subfield code="c">2007</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">372 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">zahlr. Ill. und graph. Darst.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Design and nature</subfield><subfield code="v">7</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Design and nature</subfield><subfield code="v">...</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Liebe, Roland J.</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="773" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="w">(DE-604)BV035129000</subfield><subfield code="g">1</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="830" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Design and nature</subfield><subfield code="v">7</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-604)BV016963360</subfield><subfield code="9">7</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&amp;doc_library=BVB01&amp;local_base=BVB01&amp;doc_number=016796537&amp;sequence=000002&amp;line_number=0001&amp;func_code=DB_RECORDS&amp;service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="943" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016796537</subfield></datafield></record></collection>
id DE-604.BV035129004
illustrated Illustrated
indexdate 2024-12-23T21:15:39Z
institution BVB
isbn 1845640012
9781845640019
language English
oai_aleph_id oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016796537
oclc_num 633445289
open_access_boolean
owner DE-703
DE-634
owner_facet DE-703
DE-634
physical 372 S. zahlr. Ill. und graph. Darst.
publishDate 2007
publishDateSearch 2007
publishDateSort 2007
publisher WIT Press
record_format marc
series Design and nature
series2 Design and nature
spellingShingle Flow phenomena in nature
Design and nature
title Flow phenomena in nature
title_auth Flow phenomena in nature
title_exact_search Flow phenomena in nature
title_full Flow phenomena in nature 1 A challenge to engineering design ed., R. Liebe
title_fullStr Flow phenomena in nature 1 A challenge to engineering design ed., R. Liebe
title_full_unstemmed Flow phenomena in nature 1 A challenge to engineering design ed., R. Liebe
title_short Flow phenomena in nature
title_sort flow phenomena in nature a challenge to engineering design
url http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016796537&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link (DE-604)BV035129000
(DE-604)BV016963360
work_keys_str_mv AT lieberolandj flowphenomenainnature1

Ähnliche Einträge