St. Helenian English origins, evolution, and variation

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1. Verfasser: Schreier, Daniel 1971- (VerfasserIn)
Format: Buch
Sprache:English
Veröffentlicht: Amsterdam [u.a.] Benjamins 2008
Schriftenreihe:Varieties of English around the world General series ; 37
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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text Contents Preface and Acknowledgments ..................................................... xi 1 Introduction ..................................................................... 1 2 How St Helenian English could have formed: Principles of contact linguistics .................................................................... 9 2.1 Contact dialectology ........................................................... 13 2.1.1 Initial contact ............................................................ 14 2.1.2 Mixing ................................................................... 17 2.1.3 Levelling .................................................................. 18 2.1.4 Simplification/regularisation .......................................... 21 2.1.5 Reallocation ............................................................ 24 2.1.6 Independent developments and interdialect forms ................ 27 2.1.7 Summary: Dialect contact and new-dialect formation ............ 29 2.2 Language contact ............................................................... 33 2.2.1 Early stages: Jargonisation and borrowing ......................... 34 2.2.2 Pidginisation ............................................................ 35 2.2.3 Creolisation ............................................................. 39 2.2.4 Mixed languages, creoloids and semi-creoles ....................... 44 2.3 Conclusion and some theory-building ........................................ 47 2.3.1 Dialect vs. language contact: One theory or two? ................ 48 2.3.2 Socially-or linguistically-determined? (or both?) ................. 50 2.3.3 Feature inheritance and the nature of the setting .................. 55 2.3.4 Life-cycles and evolution ............................................. 61 2.4 ... andthe relevance for St Helenian English? ............................ 65 3 Historical, sociodemographic and sociolinguistic background ......... 67 3.1 St Helena. : Topography and geography ..................................... 68 3.2 Social history ................................................................... 70 3.2.1 1502-1673: From discovery to Dutch interregnum ............... 70 3.2.2 1673-1834: The reign of the East India Company ................ 75 3.2.3 1834-1981: Crown colony and Nationality Act ................... 90 3.2.4 1981 -today: Nationality Act and British Dependent Territory .. 93 3.3 Sociodemographic background .............................................. 94 3.3.1 Where did the settlers come from? ................................... 95 3.3.2 Where did the planters settle? ........................................ 101 3.3.3 How did the population increase? ................................... 104 3.3.4 How did the ethnic groups interact? ................................. 108 3.4 Some first sociolinguistic implications ..................................... 116 4 Evidence of earlier St Helenian English .................................... 123 4.1 The St Helena Records (17th and 18th centuries) ........................... 125 4.2 Court cases and testimonies (17th and 18th centuries) .................... 128 4.3 Newspapers (19th century) .................................................... 136 4.4 Short stories (79 century) ................................................... 141 4.5 Miscellaneous observations from the 20th century ......................... 147 4.6 Some more detailed sociolinguistic implications .......................... 150 5 Synchrony I: A descriptive profile of 20th century St Helenian English ........................................................................ 159 5. / Data and fieldwork ............................................................ 161 5.2 Segmental phonology ......................................................... 166 5.2.1 Vowels ................................................................... 167 5.2.2 Consonants ............................................................. 173 5.5 Morphology and syntax ....................................................... 174 5.3.1 Basic sentence types ................................................... 175 5.3.2 Clauses .................................................................. 176 5.3.3 Adjective phrase ....................................................... 177 5.3.4 Noun phrase ............................................................ 177 5.3.5 Prepositional phrase .................................................... 185 5.3.6 Verb phrase ............................................................. 186 5.3.7 Tense, mood, aspect .................................................... 191 5.3.8 Morphosyntax: Some first assessments ............................. 199 5.4 Summary ........................................................................ 200 6 Synchrony II: A variationist analysis of 20* century St Helenian English ........................................................................ 203 6.1 Consonant cluster reduction .................................................. 205 6.1.1 Methodology ........................................................... 206 6.1.2 Results and analysis ................................................... 207 6.1.3 Summary and a short assessment .................................... 212 6.2 Present tense concord/copula absence ....................................... 212 6.2.1 Methodology ............................................................ 213 6.2.2 Results and analysis ..................................................... 216 6.2.3 Summary and a short assessment .................................... 220 7 Summary and conclusion ...................................................... 223 7.1 Where does St Helenian English come from? .............................. 224 7.2 The typological status of StHE ................................................... 232 7.3 Regional variation? ............................................................. 248 7.4 Outlook and future research ................................................... 252 Appendices .......................................................................... 255 /: A List of Passengers on Board the Two Shipps for St Hellena in 1673 (the European and the John and Alexander) ............................... 255 //: Facsimile excerpt from the St Helena Records (1679), a declaration with all the marks and signatures of the settlers at that time ............ 256 ƒ//: Common StHE features found in other varieties of English, compared with the Handbook of English Varieties around the World .............. 257 IV: Less frequent StHE features found in other varieties of English, compared with the Handbook of English Varieties around the World .. 280 References ........................................................................... 287 Index ................................................................................. 305 Maps, Table and Figures List of Maps 1.1 An early map of the island of St Helena ...................................... 5 ЗЛА topographic map of St Helena ............................................... 69 5.1 Places of residence of Saints interviewed .................................... 164 List of Tables 2.1 /hw- ~ w-/ variation in early 20th century New Zealand English .......... 21 2.2 Phonological simplification in Afrikaans .................................... 22 2.3 Morphosyntactic régularisation in Tristan da Cunha English ............. 23 2.4 Morphosyntactic reallocation in English Fens English ..................... 26 2.5 Developmental continua of pidgins and creóles ............................. 61 2.6 Three evolutionary paths of varieties derived from language contact ..... 62 2.7 Three evolutionary paths of varieties derived from dialect contact ........ 63 3.1 Sociodemographic development of the St Helena population, 1665-1817........................................................................ 110 4.1 A comparative analysis of phonological features in earlier StHE ......... 154 4.2 A comparative analysis of morphosyntactic features in earlier StHE .... 156 5.1 List of Saints interviewed (arranged by year of birth) ...................... 163 5.2 StHE subject pronouns ......................................................... 182 5.3 StHE object pronouns .......................................................... 182 5.4 StHE possessive pronouns ...................................................... 183 6.1 Sub-sample of 14 StHE speakers analysed for CCR and copula absence 204 6.2 Internal effects on CCR in StHE ............................................... 208 6.3 Regional CCR variation in StHE .............................................. 209 6.4 VARBRUL factor weights for CCR in StHE ................................ 211 6.5 Copula absence in StHE (am, is, are) ......................................... 216 6.6 Copula absence by preceding grammatical environment in StHE ........ 217 6.7 Copula absence in StHE by following environment ........................ 217 6.8 Regional variation in StHE (Copula absence) ............................... 218 6.9 Copula absence in StHE: Summary ............................................ 219 7.1 The evolutionary path of StHE ................................................ 232 7.2 Atlantic creole features in StHE ............................................. 238 7.3 World-wide creole features in StHE ........................................ 239 7.4 StHE in comparison with English-derived contact varieties around the world ............................................................................. 241 7.5 The segmental phonology of StHE: Vowel summary ...................... 244 List of Figures 2.1 A schematic model of new-dialect formation .............................. 31 3.1 Demographic development of the black and white populations, 1665-1815 ...................................................................... 108 3.2 Total of slaves per St Helenian household in 1815 ........................ Ill 3.3 The feature pool of St Helenian English .................................... 119 4.1 Facsimile excerpt from the court records of the 1690 trial against John Oliver ............................................................ 132 4.2 Facsimile excerpt from John Oliver s statement ........................... 133 6.1 Internal effects on CCR in StHE ............................................. 208 6.2 Regional CCR variation in StHE ............................................. 210 7.1 Copula absence in varieties of English around the world ................. 235 7.2 Map of Jamestown, 1764 ...................................................... 249 7.3 Excerpt from Edward S. Blake s View of James s Town , 1830 ....... 250 7.4 Close-up detail from Edward S. Blake s View of James s Town , 1830 ............................................................................. 251 This volume provides the first-ever sociolinguistic analysis of English on the island of St Helena, the oldest variety of English in the Southern Hemisphere. It is based on a concise synchronie profile of the variety (describing its segmental phonology and morphosyntax) and an evaluation of diachronic material in the form of letters, court cases, ghost stories, etc. The analysis is embedded into a theoretical framework of contact linguistics (contact dialectology and pidgin/creole linguistics) and builds upon the social and sociodemographic development of the community. The aims of this book are to trace the origins and evolution of the variety, to pinpoint the forms of English it affiliates with today and the inputs it derived from historically and to investigate whether local contact scenarios have led to the formation of regionally distinctive varieties across the island. Insights from St Helenian English thus challenge us to rethink principles of classification that are applied to determine the status of post-colonial varieties of English. A sparkling study of a lesser-known variety of English, from the viewpoints of contact linguistics and the social history of the island of St Helena. Daniel Schreier s meticulous empirical work and his mastery of the literature on koines and Creoles combine to provide a study for linguists to savour. This is a welcome addition to. and advance of, the field of language contact. Rajend Mesthrie, University of Cape Town This is a precious book that everybody interested in the differential evolution of English around the world since the 17th century will need to read. It provides lots of useful information on the colonization, including peopling, of St. Helena that influenced the emergence of the local English variety. This book is impressively well documented socially and linguistically and provides incisive analyses by a critical and sharp thinker. Salikoko Mufwene, University of Chicago
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series Varieties of English around the world
series2 Varieties of English around the world : General series
spellingShingle Schreier, Daniel 1971-
St. Helenian English origins, evolution, and variation
Varieties of English around the world
Englisch
Gesellschaft
Sprache
English language Saint Helena
English language Social aspects Saint Helena
English language Dialects Saint Helena
Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd
subject_GND (DE-588)4014777-0
(DE-588)4051605-2
title St. Helenian English origins, evolution, and variation
title_alt Saint Helenian English
title_auth St. Helenian English origins, evolution, and variation
title_exact_search St. Helenian English origins, evolution, and variation
title_full St. Helenian English origins, evolution, and variation Daniel Schreier
title_fullStr St. Helenian English origins, evolution, and variation Daniel Schreier
title_full_unstemmed St. Helenian English origins, evolution, and variation Daniel Schreier
title_short St. Helenian English
title_sort st helenian english origins evolution and variation
title_sub origins, evolution, and variation
topic Englisch
Gesellschaft
Sprache
English language Saint Helena
English language Social aspects Saint Helena
English language Dialects Saint Helena
Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd
topic_facet Englisch
Gesellschaft
Sprache
English language Saint Helena
English language Social aspects Saint Helena
English language Dialects Saint Helena
Saint Helena Languages
Sankt Helena
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