Tsetse biology and ecology their role in the epidemiology and control of trypanosomosis

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1. Verfasser: Leak, Stephen G. A. (VerfasserIn)
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Veröffentlicht: Wallingford [u.a.] CABI Publ. 1999
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adam_text TSETSE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY Their Role in the Epidemiology and Control of Trypanosomosis SGA J^EAK International Livestock Research Institute Nairobi Kenya CABI Publishing in association with the International Livestock Research Institute Contents List of Figures and Tables xvi Foreword xx Acknowledgements xxiii Part I Tsetse Biology and Ecology 1 1 Introduction 3 2 Classification and Anatomy 7 2 1 Classification 7 211 Relationships between subgeneric classification and habitat 12 2 2 Anatomy 13 3 Biology 17 3 1 Life Cycle 17 3 2 Spermatogenesis, Copulation and Fertilization 18 3-3 Larval Development 19 3 4 Larviposition and Pupariation 20 34 1 Control of pupariation 20 3-4 2 Puparial metabolism and duration of the interlarval period 21 34 3 Eclosion of adults from puparia 23 4 Physiology 25 4 1 Processing of the Bloodmeal 26 411 The role of saliva 26 412 The role of digestive enzymes 26 413 Water balance and excretion 29 414 Metabolism, nutrition and digestion - adaptation of the metabolism of the bloodmeal to the reproductive cycle of female tsetse flies 31 vi Contents 415 The role of symbiotic organisms Metabolism — Adaptation to the Environment and Mode of Life 421 Proline metabolism 422 Maturation of the adult - development of thoracic musculature 423 Energy reserves for flight and survival Reproductive Physiology 431 The reproductive cycle 4 32 The regulation of ovulation - hormonal and nervous control 4 3-3 Larval nutrition 434 Temperature and larviposition Pheromones and Hormones 441 Pheromones 442 Hormones The Nervous System 451 Neurosecretions 452 Sense organs Pteridines Genetics of Tsetse Flies Chromosome Number and Polymorphism Sex Determination Genetic Variation in Tsetse Populations 531 Visible traits Genetic Influence on Vectorial Capacity Sampling Tsetse Populations Sampling Methods 611 Fly-rounds 612 Traps Trap Efficiency - Electric Nets Repellency of Humans Factors Affecting Tsetse Population Samples 641 Intrinsic variability 642 Climatic and seasonal variation 643 Siting of sampling devices 644 Nutritional and reproductive status Estimation of Population Size 651 Mark-release-recapture 652 Removal trapping Ecology - Distribution and Habitats Traditional Ideas Regarding Tsetse Habitat Factors Affecting Distribution and Habitats Contents vii | 721 Climatic factors determining tsetse distribution 81 722 Desiccation as a cause of mortality and limit to population growth 84 723 Effect of humans 86 724 Other influences on distribution - disease 89 725 Migration and distribution of tsetse in wind fields 90 7 3 Quantitative Methods for the Determination of Distribution and Abundance 91 7 4 Descriptions of Habitats and Distribution 92 741 Vegetation types 92 742 Distribution and habitats of the morsitans group 95 743 Distribution and habitats of the palpalis group 97 744 Distribution and habitats of the fusca group 98 7 5 Larviposition and Larviposition Sites 100 7 5-1 General requirements and features of larviposition sites 100 752 Larviposition sites of the morsitans group 101 753 Larviposition sites of the palpalis group 102 754 Larviposition sites of the fusca group 103 8 Behavioural Ecology 104 8 1 Mating 104 8 2 The Following Swarm 105 8 3 Vision 106 8 4 Feeding Behaviour 107 841 Host location 107 842 Host effects/preferences 109 843 Feeding-related activity 109 844 Biting response - 110 845 Feeding process 110 8 5 Bloodmeal Collection and Identification 111 851 Precipitin test :Ill 852 Inhibition test 113 853 Serological identification of reptile feeds of Glossina 113 854 Complement fixation test 113 855 ELISA 114 856 Direct ELISA 115 857 New developments 116 858 General 116 viii 9-2 9-3 9-4 9-6 Contents Natural Hosts 861 Natural hosts of the morsitans group 862 Natural hosts of the palpalis group 863 Natural hosts of the fusca group 864 General Frequency of Feeding - Hunger Cycles 871 Nutritional state, fat/haematin concentrations and behaviour Resting Behaviour 881 General features of resting sites 882 Daytime resting sites 883 Night-time resting sites Landing Behaviour Activity 8 10 1 Effect of light on activity 8 10 2 Effect of season on activity 8 10 3 Effect of olfactory and visual stimuli on activity 8 10 4 Effect of climate (weather) on activity 8 10 5 Spontaneous activity and circadian rhythms 8 10 6 Activity of pregnant flies Population Dynamics Availability Dispersal within a Habitat 921 Theoretical models and analysis of dispersal Population Regulation 931 Ageing of tsetse flies Density-dependent and Density-independent Mortality 941 Predators and parasites Survival and Mortality Rates 95 1 Saunders s probabilistic method 9 5-2 Van Sickle s method - the Euler-Lotka equation 9-5 3 Challier and Turner s method 954 Climate and mortality (Rogers et al ) 95 5 Effect of sampling bias on estimates of mortality 956 Size and mortality 95 7 Feeding-related mortality Population Growth Rates 961 Hargrove s model 962 Williams s model Fly Movement and Distribution within Habitats Contents 10 Odour Attractants 168 10 1 Odours in Host Breath 170 10 1 1 Carbon dioxide 170 10 1 2 Acetone 170 10 1 3 l-Octen-3-ol (octenol) 170 10 2 Odours in Host Skin Secretions 171 10 3 Odours in Host Urine 171 10 4 Combinations of Attractants 173 10 5 Behaviour of Tsetse in Response to Odours 174 10 5-1 Responses to odours and visual targets 175 10 6 General Field Observations 176 Part n Epidemiology 179 11 Host-Parasite Interactions 181 11 1 Origins of the Host-Parasite Relationship 181 11 2 Development of Trypanosomes in Tsetse 182 11 3 Factors Influencing Trypanosome Infection Rates in Tsetse 188 11 3 1 Sex and infection 190 11 3 2 Trypanosome infection rates and temperature 191 11 3 3 Age of fly at time of infective feed 193 11 3-4 Influence of species of tsetse fly 196 11 4 Mechanisms Determining Susceptibility to Trypanosome Infection 197 11 4 1 Numbers of trypanosomes extruded during feeding 199 11 4 2 Host-related factors 200 11 5 Establishment of Trypanosome Infections 200 11 5 1 Role of the peritrophic membrane 201 11 5 2 Role of lectins and rickettsia-like organisms 206 11 6 Genetics and Trypanosome Infection Rates in Tsetse 213 11 6 1 Sex - genetic exchange between trypanosomes in tsetse 214 11 7 Effects of Trypanosome Infections on Tsetse 215 11 7 1 Biochemical and physiological changes associated with trypanosome development in tsetse 215 11 7 2 Effect of trypanosome infections on feeding success and behaviour 216 11 7 3 Competition for energy metabolites 217 11 7 4 Altered feeding behaviour in other haematophagous vectors 218 Contents 11 7 5 Effect of trypanosome infections on survival of tsetse 219 11 7 6 Effects of host trypanosome infections on tsetse feeding success 221 11 8 Interactions with Vertebrate Hosts 222 11 8 1 Relationships between trypanosome infection in wild animals and in tsetse 222 11 8 2 Trypanosome infections in wild animals 224 12 Epidemiology of Human Sleeping Sickness 228 12 1 Discovery of Cause of Human Sleeping Sickness and Means of Transmission 228 12 2 Extent of the Disease: Epidemiological Questions Related to its Distribution 231 12 3 Sources of Confusion 232 12 3 1 Identity of the parasite 232 12 32 Evolutionary origins of the parasites 233 12 3 3 Geographical spread of sleeping sickness 234 12 4 Epidemiological Differences between T b rhodesiense and T b gambiense Sleeping Sickness 237 12 5 Basic Reproductive Rate for Trypanosomosis ( R^): its Epidemiological Significance 239 12 6 Tsetse-related Aspects of Epidemiology of Human Sleeping Sickness 241 12 7 Reservoir Hosts, Infections in Wild Animals and Problems of Distinguishing T b rhodesiense and T b gambiense 242 12 7 1 Reservoirs for T b rhodesiense 242 12 1 2 Reservoirs for T b gambiense 246 12 8 Human-Fly Contact 248 12 8 1 Adaptation of tsetse to peridomestic sites and the effect of changing feeding habits on disease transmission 249 12 8 2 Personal contact or impersonal contact between humans and tsetse 249 12 9 Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Sleeping Sickness 252 12 10 Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Sleeping Sickness 252 12 11 Epidemiology of Sleeping Sickness in West Africa 253 12 11 1 Coted Ivoire 254 12 11 2 Nigeria 255 12 12 Epidemiology of Sleeping Sickness in Central Africa 256 12 12 1 Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly the Belgian Congo/Zaire) 256 12 13 Epidemiology of Sleeping Sickness in Southern Africa 262 Contents xi 12 13 1 Malawi and Zambia 262 12 13 2 Botswana 263 12 14 Epidemiology of Sleeping Sickness in East Africa 264 12 14 1 Uganda 264 12 14 2 Kenya 270 12 14 3 Tanzania 273 12 14 4 Ethiopia 276 12 15 Disease Control - Chemotherapy 277 13 Epidemiology of Trypanosomosis in Domestic Livestock 279 13 1 Distribution of Cattle and their Origins in Africa 280 13 1 1 Origin of the N Dama breed 283 13 12 Hamitic Longhorn ^ 283 13 13 Shorthorns 284 13 1 4 Zebu 286 13 1 5 Sanga 286 13-2 Aspects of the Epidemiology of Bovine Trypanosomosis 287 132 1 Patterns of disease incidence - the vivax-mio 288 132 2 The influence of trypanocidal drugs on trypanosome infection type 289 132 3 Livestock management practices and trypanosomosis 290 13 3 Cattle Trypanosomosis in West Africa - Nigeria 291 13 4 Pathology of Trypanosomosis in Livestock 292 13 4 1 The chancre 292 13 4 2 Anaemia 293 13 4 3 Effect on fertility 294 13 5 Trypanotolerance and Trypanotolerant Cattle 294 13 5 I Comparisons between trypanotolerant and susceptible cattle 294 13-52 The mechanisms of trypanotolerance 296 135 3 Exploitation of trypanotolerant cattle 296 13 5 4 Tsetse challenge and trypanotolerance 298 1355 Some factors affecting the expression of trypanotolerance 300 13 6 Effects of Trypanosomosis on Livestock Production 304 13-7 Mechanical Transmission 306 13 7 1 Field evidence for or against mechanical transmission 307 137 2 Experimental evidence for or against mechanical transmission 308 13 7 3 General observations 308 xii Contents 137 4 Trypanosome transmission outside Africa 310 13-7 5 Mechanical transmission of Trypanosoma theileri 311 138 Diagnosis 312 13 8 1 Diagnosis of infections in the vertebrate host 312 13-8 2 Identification of trypanosome infections in tsetse 318 14 Estimation of Disease Risk: Models of Disease Transmission 324 14 1 The Berenil Index 324 14 2 Trypanosomosis Risk and Factors Affecting Tsetse Challenge 325 14 2 1 Components of tsetse challenge 326 14 2 2 Measurement of risk of human sleeping sickness 331 14 3 Modelling Trypanosomosis Transmission - Theoretical Considerations 332 14 3 1 Rogers model (Rogers, 1988b) 334 14 3 2 Milligan s transmission model 337 14 3-3 Other models for trypanosome transmission 337 14 4 Models for Other Vector-borne Parasitic Diseases 339 14 4 1 Malaria 339 14 4 2 Onchocercosis 340 14 5 Remote Sensing for Quantifying or Predicting Trypanosomosis Risk 341 Part El Vector Control 343 15 Insecticidal Spraying 345 15 1 Insecticides 345 15 2 Ground spraying 348 15 2 1 Knapsacks 348 15 2 2 Mistblowers 349 15 2 3 Unimogs 350 15-3 Aerial Spraying 351 15 3 1 Aerial spraying of residual insecticides with fixed-wing aircraft 351 1532 Aerial spraying of non-residual contact ultra-low-volume insecticides 352 15 3 3 Helicopter spraying 353 16 Traps and Targets 355 16 1 General Principles 355 16 2 Early Examples of the Use of Traps and Targets to Control Tsetse Populations 356 Contents Recent Developments Insecticides 16 4 1 Insecticide impregnation and re-impregnation of targets 16 4 2 Types of fabric - target-insecticide interactions 16 4 3 Persistence of insecticides on traps and targets Trap and Target Design 16 5 1 Trap/target colour 16 5-2 Response of tsetse to pattern and orientation of targets 16 53 Flanking netting Experimental Trials 16 6 1 Traps and targets^with insecticides 16 6 2 Traps without insecticides Rates of Dispersal (Reinvasion) in Relation to Rates of Population Decline Prospects for the Future xiii 17 Application of Insecticides to Livestock 371 17 1 Pour-on Insecticides 371 17 1 1 General principles of the technique 371 17 1 2 Early attempts to use the pour-on technique 372 17 1 3 Later developments resulting in revival of the technique 373 17 1 4 Recent examples of pour-on trials 374 17 1 5 Control of biting and nuisance flies 377 17 1 6 Advantages and disadvantages compared with other methods 377 17 2 Repellents 379 17 2 1 Repellency of pour-on insecticides 379 17 2 2 Early experiments using repellents 380 17 2 3 Recent experiments and experiences with insecticidal repellents 381 17 3 Impregnated Ear-tags and Tapes 382 17 3 1 Experimental use of ear-tags for control of tsetse flies 382 17 32 Control of biting and nuisance flies 383 17 4 Ivermectin 383 18 Non-insecticidal Methods of Tsetse Control 386 18 1 Bushclearing 386 18 2 Elimination of Wild Animal Hosts 388 18 2 1 Field operations 389 18 3 Biological Control - Natural Enemies 391 xiv Contents 18 31 Hymenopteran and dipteran parasites 18 32 Parasitic mites 18 33 Helminth parasites 18 3 4 Fungi 18 3-5 Bacteria 18 4 Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) 18 4 1 Technical and biological aspects of SIT 18 4 2 Methods of sterilization 18 4 3 Field trials 18 5 Chemosterilization 18 5 1 Autosterilization 18 6 Insect Growth Regulators 18 7 Juvenile-hormone Mimic (Pyriproxyfen) 18 8 Genetic Control 18 8 1 Hybrid sterility 19 General Issues Relating to the Successful Use of Tsetse Control Techniques 406 191 Problem of Reinvasion of Tsetse Flies into Cleared Areas 406 192 Resistance to Insecticides 408 193 Environmental Impact of Tsetse Control Using Insecticides 409 19 3 1 Direct effects 409 19 3-2 Indirect effects 412 19-4 Tsetse Control and Land Use 413 195 Economics of Tsetse Control 414 19-6 Losses Due to Trypanosomosis 416 197 Community Participation in Tsetse Control 416 198 Public and Private Goods and Privatization of Animal Health Care 418 199 Conclusions 419 Part IV Control of Trypanosomosis 421 20 Control of Trypanosomosis in Domestic Livestock 423 20 1 Chemotherapy 424 20 2 Chemoprophylaxis 424 20 3 Drug Resistance 425 20 31 Reports of drug resistance 427 20 3 2 Mechanisms of drug resistance 428 20 4 Effects of Anti-trypanosomal Drugs for Cattle on Tsetse Flies 428 20 5 Natural Immune Status 430 20 6 Vaccines and Immunological Strategies for Trypanosomosis Control 431 Contents xvj 20 6 1 Immunological control of vectors 432 20 6 2 Immunization of hosts to prevent development of trypanosome infections in tsetse 432 References 433 Glossary 548 Index 551
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spelling Leak, Stephen G. A. Verfasser aut
Tsetse biology and ecology their role in the epidemiology and control of trypanosomosis S. G. A. Leak
Wallingford [u.a.] CABI Publ. 1999
XXIII, 568 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
txt rdacontent
n rdamedia
nc rdacarrier
Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke
Trypanosoma cabt
Trypanosomiasis cabt
Glossina cabt
HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=019799159&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle Leak, Stephen G. A.
Tsetse biology and ecology their role in the epidemiology and control of trypanosomosis
Trypanosoma cabt
Trypanosomiasis cabt
Glossina cabt
title Tsetse biology and ecology their role in the epidemiology and control of trypanosomosis
title_auth Tsetse biology and ecology their role in the epidemiology and control of trypanosomosis
title_exact_search Tsetse biology and ecology their role in the epidemiology and control of trypanosomosis
title_full Tsetse biology and ecology their role in the epidemiology and control of trypanosomosis S. G. A. Leak
title_fullStr Tsetse biology and ecology their role in the epidemiology and control of trypanosomosis S. G. A. Leak
title_full_unstemmed Tsetse biology and ecology their role in the epidemiology and control of trypanosomosis S. G. A. Leak
title_short Tsetse biology and ecology
title_sort tsetse biology and ecology their role in the epidemiology and control of trypanosomosis
title_sub their role in the epidemiology and control of trypanosomosis
topic Trypanosoma cabt
Trypanosomiasis cabt
Glossina cabt
topic_facet Trypanosoma
Trypanosomiasis
Glossina
url http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=019799159&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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