Thinking and reasoning
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford <<[u.a.]>>
Blackwell
1995
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| Ausgabe: | Reprint. |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819594985535700992 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Thinking and reasoning
Autor: Garnham, Alan
Jahr: 1995
Contents
Preface xii
Acknowledgements xiv
1 Historical Background 1
1.1 Introspectionism 1
1.2 Behaviourism, Associationism, Neo-Behaviourism 2
1.3 Gestalt Psychology 8
1.4 Psychometrics 10
1.5 The Information Processing Approach 12
1.6 Methods of Studying Thinking 15
Summary and Outline of the Book 16
Further Reading 18
2 The Building Blocks of Thought 19
2.1 Concepts and Categorization 19
2.1.1 Philosophical problems about categorization 20
2.1.2 Psychological theories of categorization 23
2.1.2.a Network and feature models 23
2.1.2.b Prototype theories 25
2.1.2.C Theory-based theories 27
2.1.3 Conceptual combination 27
2.1.4 Basic level categories 30
2.2 Images 31
2.3 Building Thoughts and Trains of Thought 39
Summary 40
Further Reading 41
vi Contents
3 Language and Thought 42
3.1 The Traditional View 43
3.2 Vygotsky 44
3.3 The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 46
3.3.1 Theoretical problems with the Sapir-Whorf
hypothesis 48
3.3.2 Empirical investigations of the Sapir-Whorf
hypothesis 49
3.3.2.a Experiments on colour 49
3.3.2.b Language and thought in bilinguals 52
3.3.2.C Social and ethnic groups 53
3.3.3 The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: conclusions 55
Summary 56
Further Reading 56
4 Logic 57
4.1 Deduction 58
4.2 The Propositional Calculus 60
4.2.1 Well-formed formulas 60
4.2.2 Proof-theoretic formalizations of the
propositional calculus 61
4.2.2.a The axiomatic method 62
4.2.2.b Natural deduction systems 64
4.2.3 Model-theoretic formalizations of the
propositional calculus 66
4.3 Predicate Calculus 69
4.4 Why is Deduction Important? 71
4.5 Why might Deduction not be so Important? 72
Summary 73
Appendix: Analysis of the Everyday Arguments 74
Further Reading 75
5 Deductive Reasoning 76
5.1 The Idea of a Mental Logic 76
5.2 Psychological Studies of Deductive Reasoning 80
5.2.1 What aspects of deduction do psychologists study? 81
5.2.2 Negation 83
5.2.3 Conditionals 84
5.2.4 Three-term series problems 88
5.2.5 Quantifiers 90
Summary 92
Further Reading 93
Contents vii
6 Syllogistic Reasoning 94
6.1 What are Syllogisms? 94
6.2 Models of Syllogistic Reasoning 100
6.2.1 The atmosphere hypothesis 101
6.2.2 Conversion 102
6.2.3 Model-based theories 102
6.2.3.a Euler circles 103
6.2.3.b Venn diagrams 105
6.2.3.C The mental models theory of syllogistic
reasoning 106
6.2.3.d The effect of content 111
Summary 116
Further Reading 117
7 Induction 118
7.1 Types of Induction 119
7.1.1 Abduction 120
7.1.2 General inductions 121
7.2 Some Philosophical Considerations about Induction 122
7.3 Empirical Studies of Induction 125
Summary 128
Further Reading 129
8 Hypothesis Testing 130
8.1 Wason s Three Tasks 130
8.1.1 The selection task 131
8.1.2 The THOG problem 143
8.1.3 The 2-4-6 problem 146
8.2 Artificial Science Studies 149
Summary 151
Further Reading 152
9 Statistical Reasoning 153
9.1 Probability Theory 154
9.2 Judgements of Probability 157
9.2.1 Simple estimates of probability 157
9.2.2 Overconfidence 158
9.2.3 Hindsight bias 160
9.2.4 Kahneman and Tversky s heuristics 160
9.2.4.a Representativeness 161
9.2.4.b Availability 162
9.2.4.C Anchoring and adjustment 163
viii Contents
9.3 Some Difficult Statistical Concepts 164
9.3.1 Regression to the mean 164
9.3.2 Bayes theorem 166
9.3.3 Diagnosticity 168
9.3.4 Sample size — the law of large numbers 170
9.3.5 Correlation 172
Summary 174
Further Reading 175
10 Decision Making 176
10.1 Maximizing Subjective Expected Utility 177
10.1.1 Multi-attribute utility theory 182
10.2 Psychological Research on Decision Making 183
10.2.1 Transitivity of preferences 184
10.2.1.a Non-compensatory models 184
10.2.1.b Bounded rationality and satisficing 186
10.2.2 Violations of invariance 186
10.2.2.a Framing: violations of descriptive
invariance 187
10.2.2.b Response mode effects 188
10.2.3 The independence principle and the sure thing
principle 189
10.2.3.a The Allais paradox 189
10.2.3.b The Ellsberg paradox - preference for risk
over uncertainty 190
10.2.3.C The sure thing principle 191
10.2.3.d Regularity 192
10.2.4 Descriptive theories of decision making 192
10.2.4.a Prospect theory 192
10.2.4.b Regret theory 194
10.2.5 Decisions by two or more people 194
10.3 Predicting Decisions by Multiple Regression 196
Summary 198
Further Reading 199
11 Problem Solving 200
11.1 Problem Solving and Other Kinds of Thinking 201
11.2 Puzzles and Other Knowledge-Lean Non-Adversary
Problems 206
11.2.1 State-action representations 207
11.2.2 Goal-reduction representations 212
11.2.3 AND/OR trees 214
Contents ix
11.3 Analogical Problem Solving 215
Summary 217
Further Reading 218
12 Game Playing and Expertise 219
12.1 Game Playing as Problem Solving 219
12.2 Expertise 223
12.2.1 Psychological research on knowledge-based
problem solving 224
12.2.2 Expert systems 227
12.2.3 Becoming an expert 231
12.2.4 Idiots savants 232
Summary 234
Further Reading 234
13 Creativity 236
13.1 Approaches to the Study of Creativity 237
13.1.1 The psychometric approach 238
13.1.2 Biographical and autobiographical approaches 241
13.1.3 Environments for creativity 247
13.1.4 Creative processes 248
13.1.4.a Johnson-Laird s working definition of
creativity 249
13.1.4.b Boden s impossibility theory 252
Summary 253
Further Reading 253
14 Everyday Reasoning 255
14.1 Everyday Reasoning and Formal Reasoning 255
14.2 The Study of Informal Arguments 260
14.3 Theoretical Perspectives on Everyday Reasoning 264
14.3.1 Everyday reasoning and everyday errors 264
14.3.2 Perkins s theory of shortcomings in everyday
reasoning 266
14.3.3 A mental models theory of everyday reasoning 267
14.4 Solving Practical Problems in Everyday Life 268
Summary 272
Further Reading 273
x Contents
15 Teaching Thinking Skills 274
15.1 How Should Thinking Be Taught? 274
15.1.1 Transfer 277
15.1.2 Can general thinking skills be taught? 278
15.1.3 Intelligent tutoring systems 279
15.2 Thinking Skills Programmes 280
15.2.1 Feuerstein s Instrumental Enrichment 282
15.2.2 The Venezuela project 284
15.2.3 De Bono s CoRT 284
15.3 Can Thinking Be Taught? 286
15.4 Increasing the Flow of Creative Ideas 287
Summary 289
Further Reading 290
16 The Development of Thinking:
Piagetian and Information-Processing Approaches 291
16.1 Two Major Perspectives on the Development of
Thinking 291
16.2 Piagetian Theory 292
16.2.1 The development of thinking within Piaget s
stages 295
16.2.2 Problems with Piaget s theory 296
16.3 Information-Processing Theories of Development 297
16.3.1 The neo-Piagetian approach 303
16.3.2 Deductive reasoning within the information-
processing framework 307
16.4 The Development of Problem Solving 311
16.4.1 Planning in problem solving 313
16.4.2 Children s use of analogy in problem solving 315
Summary 315
Further Reading 316
17 The Development of Thinking:
Scientific and Conceptual Thought 317
17.1 Hypothesis Testing and Induction 317
17.1.1 The nature of children s scientific reasoning 319
17.1.2 Why is children s scientific reasoning so limited? 322
17.2 Mathematical Reasoning 325
17.2.1 Conservation of number 325
17.2.2 The development of counting 326
Contents xi
17.3 Conceptual Development 331
17.3.1 Developmental constraints on concept learning 332
17.3.2 How do children s concepts change over time? 333
17.4 Theory of Mind 336
Summary 338
Further Reading 339
18 A Framework for the Study of Thinking 340
18.1 Introduction 340
18.2 The Mental Models Theory 341
18.3 Are People Irrational? 343
Further Reading 343
References 345
Name Index 372
Subject Index 380
|
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| genre | (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Einführung |
| id | DE-604.BV024414096 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-23T22:35:15Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0631170022 0631170030 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018391997 |
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| owner | DE-83 |
| owner_facet | DE-83 |
| physical | XIII, 389 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1995 |
| publishDateSearch | 1995 |
| publishDateSort | 1995 |
| publisher | Blackwell |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Garnham, Alan 1954- Thinking and reasoning Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd Denkpsychologie (DE-588)4123048-6 gnd Denken (DE-588)4011450-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4047704-6 (DE-588)4123048-6 (DE-588)4011450-8 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
| title | Thinking and reasoning |
| title_auth | Thinking and reasoning |
| title_exact_search | Thinking and reasoning |
| title_full | Thinking and reasoning Alan Garnham ; Jane Oakhill |
| title_fullStr | Thinking and reasoning Alan Garnham ; Jane Oakhill |
| title_full_unstemmed | Thinking and reasoning Alan Garnham ; Jane Oakhill |
| title_short | Thinking and reasoning |
| title_sort | thinking and reasoning |
| topic | Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd Denkpsychologie (DE-588)4123048-6 gnd Denken (DE-588)4011450-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Psychologie Denkpsychologie Denken Einführung |
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