Osteoporosis 1

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Veröffentlicht: San Diego [u.a.] Acad. Press 2008
Ausgabe:3. ed.
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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text Contents VOLUME I Contributors Preface xix xxv Part I Introduction Chapter 1 The Bone Organ System: Form and Function Elise F. Morgan, George L. Barnes, and Thomas A. Einhorn I. Introduction 3 П. Composition and Organization of Bone 3 III. Cellular Components of Bone 11 IV. Bone Homeostasis 14 V. Bone Mechanics 17 VI. Summary 22 Chapter 2 The Nature of Osteoporosis Robert Marcus and Mary L. Bouxsein I. Defining Osteoporosis 27 II. Material and Structural Basis of Skeletal Fragility 28 III. Conclusions 33 Chapter 3 The Economics of Osteoporosis Anna N.A. Tosteson and David J. Vanness I. Introduction 37 II. Cost of Illness Studies: Characterizing the Magnitude of the Health Problem 37 Ш. Cost-Effectiveness Analyses: Identifying Efficient Osteoporosis Care Strategies 40 IV. Future Research Directions 43 Chapter 4 Reflections on Osteoporosis B. E. Christopher Nordin I. Introduction 47 II. Definition 47 III. Diagnosis 49 IV. Fragility Fractures 50 V. Bone Density and Fracture Risk 50 VI. Pathogenesis 51 VII. Prevention 63 VIII. Treatment 64 IX. Conclusions 65 Chapter 5 Skeletal Heterogeneity and the Purposes of Bone Remodeling: Implications for the Understanding of Osteoporosis A. M. Pariti i I. Introduction 71 II. Skeletal Heterogeneity 72 III. The Purposes of Bone Remodeling IV. Implications for Understanding Osteoporosis 79 74 Part II Basic Science of Bone Biology Chapter 6 Osteoblast Biology Jane B. Lian and Gary S. Stein I. Overview 93 II. Embryonic Development of the Osteoblast Phenotype: Lessons for Bone Formation in the Postnatal Skeleton 93 III. Development Sequence of Osteoblast Phenotype Development 100 IV. Phenotype Properties of Osteogenic Lineage Cells 106 Vi CONTKNTS V. Molecular Mechanisms Mediating Progression of Osteoblast Growth and Differentiation 116 VI. Conclusion 128 Chapter 7 Osteoclast Biology Harry с Blair. Scott Simonét, David L. Lacey, and Mone Zaidi I. Introduction 151 II. Key Osteoclast Differentiation Pathways 151 III. The Fully Differentiated Osteoclast: Mechanisms of Bone Degradation 154 IV. Bone Resorption Coordinated by Intermediate Proteins 157 V. Osteoclast Death 158 VI. Mechanistic Approaches to Modification of Osteoclastic Activity In Vivo 158 VII. Regulation of Osteoclastic Differentiation and Activity In Vivo 160 VIII. Interaction of Hormonal and Local Signals with Osteoclast Activity 161 IX. Diseases with Altered Bone Resorption 162 Chapter 8 Osteocytes Lynda F. Bonewald I. Introduction 169 II. Osteocyte Ontogeny 169 III. Osteoid-Osteocytes 170 IV. Osteocyte Selective Genes/Proteins and their Potential Functions 171 V. Morphology of Osteocytes: Lacunocanalicular System and Dendrite Formation 172 VI. Osteocyte Cell Models 174 VII. Mechanisms and Response of Osteocytes to Mechanical Forces 174 VIII. Osteocyte Signals for Bone Formation 177 IX. Osteocyte Signals for Bone Resorption 178 X. Osteocyte Apoptosis 179 XI. Osteocyte Modification of their Microenvironment 179 XII. Osteocyte Density 180 XIII. Role of Gap Junctions and Hemichannels in Osteocyte Communication 180 XIV. Osteocytes in the Embryonic and the Adult Skeleton 181 XV. The Implications of Osteocyte Biology for Bone Disease 182 XVI. Conclusions 183 Chapter 9 The Regulatory Role of Matrix Proteins in Mineralization of Bone Wei Zhu. Pamela Gehron Robky, and Adele L. Boskey I. Introduction 191 II. Collageneous Proteins 193 III. Intermediate Cartilage Matrix 195 IV. Bone-Enriched Matrix Proteins 201 V. The Mineralization of Bone Matrix 219 Chapter 10 Development of the Skeleton Sylvain Provot, Ernestina Schipani, Joy Wu, and Henry Kronenberg I. Introduction 241 II. Patterning the Skeleton 241 III. Endochondral Bone Formation 250 IV. Intramembranous Bone Formation 261 Chapter 11 Mouse Genetics as a Tool to Study Bone Development and Physiology Clifford J. Rosen and Wesley G. Beamer I. Introduction: Historical Perspective and Significance 271 II. Introduction To Mouse Skeletal Physiology 272 III. Inbred Strains of Mice 273 IV. Recombinant Inbred strains 275 V. Congenie Strains 276 VI. Recombinant Congenie Strains 279 VII. Summary 280 Chapter 12 Parathyroid Hormone and Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Robert A. Nissenson I. Introduction 283 II. Secretion of Parathyroid Hormone 283 III. Metabolism of Parathyroid Hormone 284 IV. Bone Resorbing Action of Parathyroid Hormone 285 Contents Vil V. Effects of Parathyroid Hormone on Bone Formation 286 VI. Renal Actions of Parathyroid Hormone 288 VII. Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein as a Mediator of Malignancy-Associated Hypercalcemia 289 VIII. Physiological Roles of Parathyroid Hormone- Related Protein 289 IX. Mechanism of Action of Parathyroid Hormone and Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein 294 Chapter 13 Vitamin D: Biology, Action, and Clinical Implications David Feldman, Peter S. Malloy, Aruna V. Krishnan, and Eva Bálint I. Introduction 317 II. Vitamin D Synthesis and Metabolism 318 III. Pathways of Activation and Inactivation of Vitamin D 326 IV. Mechanism of 1,25(OH)2D Action 331 V. Nongenomic Actions of Vitamin D 341 VI. Physiology: Regulation of Serum Calcium 342 VII. Genetic Disorders 344 VIII. 1,25(OH)2D3 Analogs with Decreased Calcemic Activity 346 IX. Actions of Vitamin D in Classical Target Organs to Regulate Mineral Homeostasis 348 X. Actions of 1,25(OH)2D in Nonclassical Target Organs 354 XI. Vitamin D and Osteoporosis 360 Chapter 14 Regulation of Bone Cell Function by Estrogens Barry S. Komm, Boris Cheskis, and Peter V.N. Bodine I. Introduction 383 II. What is an Estrogen? 383 III. Estrogen Receptors 383 IV. ERoc and ERß Knockout Mice (ERKO and ßERKO) 392 V. Estrogens and Bone 392 VI. Estrogen Receptors in Bone Cells 393 VII. Estrogenie Responses in Bone Cells 398 VII. Estrogen-Related Receptor -α and Osteopontin Gene Expression 410 IX. Nongenomic Actions of Estrogens in Bone Cells 410 X. Conclusion 411 Chapter 15 Androgens and Skeletal Biology: Basic Mechanisms Kristine M. Wiren I. Introduction 425 II. Androgens and the Role of Androgen Metabolism 425 III. Cellular Biology of the Androgen Receptor in the Skeleton 428 IV. The Consequences of Androgen Action in Bone Cells 433 V. The Skeletal Effects of Androgen: Animal Studies 437 VI. Animal Models of Altered Androgen Responsiveness 440 VII. Effects on the Periosteum: The Role of Androgen Receptor versus Aromatization of Testosterone 441 VIII. Summary 442 Chapter 16 Phosphatonins Peter J. Tebben, Theresa J. Berndt, and Rajiv Kumar I. Introduction 451 II. Phosphorus Homeostasis 451 III. Phosphatonins 454 IV. Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 454 V. Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 4 460 VI. Matrix Extracellular Phospho- glycoprotein 460 VII. Fibroblast Growth Factor 7 461 VIII. Summary 462 Chapter 17 Wnt Signaling in Bone Mark L. Johnson nd Robert R. Recker I. Wnts 467 II. The Wnt/ß-Catenin Signaling Pathway 468 III. Other Wnt Pathways 473 IV. Mutations in Wnt Pathway Components and Altered Bone Mass 475 V. Wnt Signaling and Bone Cell Function 477 VIU Contents VI. Wnt Signaling and the Bone Response to Mechanical Loading 480 VII. Conclusions and Future Directions 481 Chapter 18 Cytokines and Bone Remodeling Gregory R. Mundy. Babatunde Oyajobi, Gloria Gutierrez, Julie Sterling. Susan Padalecki, Florent Elefteriou, and Ming Zhao I. Introduction 491 II. Evidence for a Role of Cytokines in Osteoclastic Bone Resorption 492 III. The Osteoclast as a Cell Source of Cytokines Involved in Osteoclastic Resorption 493 IV. The Osteoblast as a Cell Source of Cytokines Involved in Osteoclastic Resorption 493 V. Rank Ligand and Its Signaling Receptor, RANK 494 VI. Osteoprotegerin 497 VII. Macrophage-Colony-Stimulating Factor and Its Receptor, C-fms 498 VIII. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor 500 IX. Tumor Necrosis Factor 500 X. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) 501 XL Interleukin-15 (IL-15), Interleukin-17 (IL- 17), and Interleukin- 18 (IL- 18) 502 XII. Bone Morphogenetic Proteins 503 XIII. Hedgehog (Hh) Signaling Molecules 509 XIV. Sclerostin 511 XV. Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide (Pthrp) 511 XVI. Neuronal Regulation of Bone Remodeling 512 XVII. Conclusion 515 Chapter 19 Skeletal Growth Factors Ernesto Canalis I. Introduction 529 II. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor 529 III. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor 531 IV. Fibroblast Growth Factor 532 V. Transforming Growth Factor Beta 533 VI. Bone Morphogenetic Protein 534 VII. Insulin-Like Growth Factor 535 VIII. Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins 537 IX. Hepatocyte Growth Factor 538 Chapter 20 Intercellular Communication during Bone Remodeling T. John Martin and Gideon A. Rodan I. Introduction 547 II. Sequence of Cellular Events in Bone Remodeling 548 III. Cell Interactions Early in Remodeling 548 IV. Interaction of Osteoblast Lineage Cells with Osteoclasts 549 V. Factors Proposed to Mediate the Coupling of Bone Formation to Resorption 550 VI. Osteoclast Products in the Coupling Process 552 VII. Similarities between Bone Remodeling and Inflammation 553 VIII. Bone Mass Homeostasis 554 IX. The Role of Mechanical Function (Strain) in the Coupling of Bone Resorption to Bone Formation 554 X. Integrated View of the Coupling of Bone Resorption and Bone Formation 555 Part III Structure and Biomechanics Chapter 21 Skeletal Development: Mechanical Consequences of Growth, Aging, and Disease Marjolein C.H. van der Meulen, Dennis R. Carter, and Gary S. Beaupré I. Developmental Mechanics in Skeletogenesis 563 П. Mechanical Regulation of Bone Biology 564 III. Mechanobiologic Self-Design of Bones 566 IV. Adaptational Mechanics in Aging and Disease 577 Chapter 22 Inhibition of Osteoporosis by Biophysical Intervention Clinton Rubin, Stefan Judex, Janet Rubín, and Yi-Xian Qin I. Introduction 581 II. Bone's Sensitivity to Mechanical Signals 582 Contents ЇХ III. Structural Demands on the Skeleton 582 IV. Regulation of Bone Morphology by Biophysical Stimuli 585 V. Osteogenic Potential of Low-Magnitude, High-Frequency Signals 589 VI. Regulating the Bone Cell Response to Mechanical Signals 591 VII. Biophysical Stimuli in the Clinic 593 VIII. Summary 596 Chapter 23 Biomechanics of Age-Related Fractures Mary L. Boiixsein I. Introduction 601 II. Biomechanics of Bone: Basic Concepts and Age-Related Changes 602 III. Biomechanics of Hip Fractures 609 IV. Biomechanics of Vertebral Fractures 614 V. Summary and Clinical Implications 616 Chapter 24 Bone Quality J. Christopher Friiton and Mitchell В. Sciiaffikr I. Introduction 625 II. Chapter Objective 627 III. The Brooklyn Bridge: A Paradigm for Understanding Bone Quality 627 IV. Factors Impacting Bone Quality 629 V. Conclusions 635 Part IV Epidemiology and Risk Factors Chapter 25 Epidemiologie Methods in Studies of Osteoporosis MaryFran Sowers and Carrie A. Karvqnfn-Gui ierrez I. Introduction 645 II. Descriptive and Analytic Studies 645 III. Study Designs 646 IV. Some Useful Epidemiologie Concepts 654 V. Some Frequently Used Statistics 655 VI. Criteria for Deciding Whether an Association is Causal 656 VII. Sample Size Considerations 657 VIII. Measurement Error 658 IX. Conclusions 663 Chapter 26 Race, Ethnicity and Osteoporosis Dorothy A. Nelson, John M. Pettifor, and Shane A. Norris I. Introduction 667 II. Background and Definitions 667 III. Ethnoepidemiology of Osteoporosis 668 IV. Ethnic Influences on Risk for Osteoporosis 672 V. Summary 680 Chapter 27 The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures: Major Findings and Contributions Jani; A. Cauley. Kristine E. Ensrud, Teresa A. Hillier, Marc4 HocHBERG. Katie L. Stone, Steven R. Cummings I. Overview 689 II. Summary of Key Findings 689 III. What is a Vertebral Fracture? 695 IV. Ethnic Differences in Osteoporosis 697 V. Sleep Disturbance and Risk of Falls and Fractures 697 VI. Consequences of Fracture: Mortality 698 VII. Breast Cancer 699 VIII. Hip Osteoarthritis 699 IX. SOF Online 700 X. Summary 700 Chapter 28 Bone Mineral Acquisition In Utero and during Infancy and Childhood Jon M. Burnham and Mary B. Leonard I. Introduction 705 II. Quantitative Assessment of Bone Health in Infants and Children 705 HI. Bone Acquisition In Utero 710 IV. Bone Acquisition in the Preterm Infant 722 V. Bone Acquisition in Term Infants and Children 723 Chapter 29 Bone Acquisition in Adolescence Moira А. Регіт, Heather M. MacDonald. Hf.ather A. McKay, and Tom Li.oyd I. Introduction 743 II. Bone Development 743 III. Mechanical Factors 748 Contents IV. Nonmechanical Factors V. Summary 754 751 Chapter 30 Genetic Determinants of Osteoporosis André G. Uitterlinden, Fernando Rivadeneira, Hans P. T. M. van Leeuwen, Joyce B. J. van Meurs, and Huibert A. P. Pols I. Introduction 759 II. Finding Risk Gene Variants for Complex Traits 765 III. Osteoporosis Risk Gene Variants 781 IV. Applications and Prospects 791 Chapter 31 Nutrition and Risk for Osteoporosis Robert P. Heaimey I. Introduction 799 II. Problems in the Investigation of Nutritional Effects on Bone 802 Ш. The Notion of a Nutrient Requirement IV. The Natural Intake of Calcium and 805 Vitamin D 805 V. Calcium 807 VI. Vitamin D 821 VII. Protein 823 VIII. Vitamin К 824 IX. Other Essential Nutrients X. Conclusion 828 825 Chapter 32 Physical Activity in Prevention of Osteoporosis and Associated Fractures Kirsti Uusi-Rasi, Pekka Kannus, Harri Sievänen I. Introduction 837 II. Bone Adaptation to Physical Loading 837 III. Physical Activity and Bone 843 IV. Prevention of Falls and Fall-Related Fractures by Physical Activity 850 V. Conclusions and Recommendations 852 Chapter 33 Premenopausal Reproductive and Hormonal Characteristics and the Risk for Osteoporosis MaryFran Sowers I. Introduction 861 II, Pregnancy 861 III. Age at First Pregnancy IV. Parity and Nulliparity 864 864 V. Lactation 865 VI. Ovarian Activity or Menstrual Cycle Characteristics and Bone Mass VII. Dysfunctional Ovulation 870 VIII. Oral Contraceptive Use 872 IX. Progestin-Injectable Contraceptives X. Oophorectomy 876 XI. Summary and Implications 877 868 873 Chapter 34 Nonskeletal Risk Factors for Osteoporosis and Fractures Jeri W. Nieves 887 I. Physical Characteristics II. Anthropométrie Variables III. Lifestyle Factors 892 Chapter 35 Falls as Risk Factors for Fracture Sarah D. Berry and Douglas P. Kiel I. Introduction 911 II. Risk Factors for Falls 911 III. Risk Factors for Injurious Falls IV. Falls Prevention Strategies 916 V. Summary and Implications 917 913 Chapter 36 Assessment of Fracture Risk Nguyen Dinh Nguybn and Tuan V. Nguyen I. Introduction 923 II. Definition of Osteoporotic Fracture 923 Ш. Epidemiology of Osteoporotic Fracture 925 IV. Synthesis of Risk Factors and Risk Assessment Models 944 V. Summary and Future Directions 948 Chapter 37 Outcomes of Osteoporotic Fractures Gail A. Greendale and Elizabeth Barrett-Connor I. Introduction 959 II. Definitions of Functional Outcomes Related to Fracture 959 III. Osteoporosis-Relevant Quality of Life Assessments 959 IV. Outcomes of Wrist Fractures 960 V. Outcomes of Vertebral Fractures 961 VI. Outcomes of Hip Fractures 968 VII. Conclusions 970
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title_short Osteoporosis
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