Potato biology and biotechnology advances and perspectives
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Potato biology and biotechnology |b advances and perspectives |c ed. by Dick Vreugdenhil ... |
| 250 | |a 1. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Amsterdam [u.a.] |b Elsevier |c 2007 | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Potatoes |x Biotechnology | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS PREFACE V ACKNOWLEDGEMENT VII LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS XXVII PART I
THE MARKETS 1 1 THE FRESH POTATO MARKET 3 IAIN MCGREGOR 1.1 INTRODUCTION
AND OVERVIEW 3 1.2 PRODUCTION 3 1.3 SUPP1Y 7 1.4 DEMAND 7 1.5
EXPENDITURE AND CONSUMPTION 12 1.6 THE CONSUMERS VIEWS 14 1.6.1 WHEN
POTATOES ARE CONSUMED 15 1.7 PRICES PAID TO PRODUCERS 18 1.8 POTATOES
AND THE HEALTH ISSUE 20 1.8.1 G1YCAEMIC INDICES 22 1.9 SUMMARY,
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS 24 1.9.1 KEY POINTS 25 2 GLOBAL MARKETS
FOR PROCESSED POTATO PRODUCTS 27 MICHAEL A. KIRKMAN 2.1 INTRODUCTION 27
2.2 PROCESSED POTATO PRODUCTS 27 2.3 HISTORY OF POTATO PROCESSING 28 2.4
CURRENT DIMENSIONS 29 2.4.1 GLOBAL PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION 29 2.4.2
TRENDS 30 2.4.3 DRIVERS 30 2.5 POTATO-PROCESSING COMPANIES AND LOCATIONS
32 2.6 POTATO SUPP1Y 33 2.6.1 SUPP1Y CHAIN 33 2.6.2 VARIETY REQUIREMENTS
34 X CONTENTS 2.7 POTATO COST 2.7.1 THEORY AND PRAETIEE 2.7.2 CONTRAETS
2.8 POTATO QUALITY 2.8.1 INTRODUCTION 2.8.2 TUBER SHAPE, SIZE AND DRY
MATTER EOMPOSITION 2.8.3 BLEMISHING DISEASES AND DISORDERS 2.8.4 SUGARS
AND FRY EOLOURS 2.9 CURRENT ISSUES AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT 2.9.1
ACRYLAMIDE 2.9.2 OBESITY 2.9.3 NUTRITIONAL VALUE 37 37 38 39 39 39 40 41
41 41 42 43 3 THE SEED POTATO MARKET KEES D. VAN LOON 3.1 SEED TUBERS
3.2 SEED MARKET 3.2.1 CONVENTIONAL SEED TUBERS 3.2.2 MINI-TUBERS 3.2.3
TRUE POTATO SEED 3.3 BARRIERS TO MARKETS IN SEED POTATOES 3.3.1
QUARANTINE DISEASES AND PESTS 3.3.2 NON-QUARANTINE DISEASES AND PESTS
3.3.3 BREEDER S RIGHTS PART 11 GENETICS AND GENETIC RESOURCES 45 45 46
46 49 50 50 50 51 51 53 55 4 MOLECULAR TAXONOMY RONALD G. VAN DEN BERG
AND MIRJAM M.J. JACOBS 4.1 INTRODUCTION 55 4.2 TAXONOMIE BACKGROUND 55
4.2.1 WILD AND EULTIVATED POTATOES 55 4.2.2 THE EVOLUTIONARY FRAMEWORK
57 4.2.3 REMAINING TAXONOMIE PROBLEMS 58 4.3 MO1EEULAR DATA 58 4.3.1
MOLEEULAR MARKERS APPLIED TO TUBER-BEARING SOLANUM SPP. 58 4.3.2 METHODS
OF ANALYSIS OF MOLEEULAR DATA SETS - PHENETIE VERSUS CLADISTIE
APPROAEHES 59 4.3.3 APPLIEATION OF MOLEEULAR DATA TO THE TAXONOMY OF THE
TUBER-BEARING SOLANUM SPP. 59 4.4 CONCLUSION 74 CONTENTS 5 MOLECULAR
MARKERS, MAPS AND POPULATION GENETICS CHRISTIANE GEBHARDT 5.1
INTRODUCTION 5.2 DNA MARKER TYPES USEFUL FOR POTATO GENETICS 5.2.1
RESTRIETION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM 5.2.2 AMPLIFIED FRAGMENT LENGTH
POLYMORPHISM 5.2.3 SIMPLE SEQUENCE REPEAT OR MICROSATELLITE 5.2.4
CLEAVED AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIE SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE CHARACTERIZED AMPLIFIED
REGION AND ALLELE-SPECIFIC AMPLIFICATION 5.2.5 SING1E-NUCLEOTIDE
POLYMORPHISM 5.3 PRINCIP1ES OF LINKAGE MAP CONSTRUCTION 5.4 MOLECULAR
MAPS OF POTATO 5.5 COMPARING THE POTATO WITH OTHER PLANT GENOMES 5.6
POPULATION GENETICS 6 GENETICS OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND TUBER TRAITS HERMAN
1. VAN ECK XI 77 77 78 78 80 80 81 81 82 83 85 86 91 6.1 INTRODUCTION 91
6.1.1 THE BREEDER S PERSPECTIVE 91 6.1.2 WHAT IS HERITABLE VARIATION? 91
6.1.3 MORPHOLOGICA1 AND TUBER TRAITS DISCUSSED IN THIS CHAPTER 92 6.2
CLASSICAL POTATO GENETICS WITH MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES 92 6.2.1 THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF CLASSICA1 GENETIC ANALYSIS 92 6.2.2 THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF MO1ECULAR GENETIC ANALYSIS 94 6.2.3 QUANTITATIVE AND
QUALITATIVE GENETIC APPROACHES 95 6.3 THE GENETICS OF MORPHO1OGICA1
TRAITS 96 6.3.1 TUBER FLESH COLOUR 96 6.3.2 TUBER SKIN AND FLOWER CO1OUR
99 6.3.3 TUBER SHAPE 100 6.3.4 EYE DEPTH 101 6.3.5 TUBER SKIN CHARACTERS
102 6.4 GENETICS OF TUBER PHYSIO1OGY 103 6.4.1 TUBERIZATION 103 6.4.2
DORMANCY, SPROUTING 104 6.5 TUBER QUALITY TRAITS 104 6.5.1 STARCH
CONTENT 104 6.5.2 DISCO1OURATION 105 6.5.3 TEXTURE 109 6.5.4
GLYCOA1KALOIDS 110 6.5.5 GROWING DEFECTS (HOLLOW HEARTS, GROWTH CRACKS,
SECOND GROWTH, INTERNAL HEAT NECROSIS) 111 6.5.6 TUBER SIZE UNIFORMITY
111 XII CONTENTS 7 GENETICS OF RESISTANCE TO PESTS AND DISEASE 117 IVAN
SIMKO, SHELLEY LANSKY, SARAH STEPHENSON AND DAVID SPOONER 7.1 RESISTANCE
SCREENING I 17 7.1.1 FIELD SCREENING 117 7.1.2 GREENHOUSE SCREENING 119
7.1.3 LABORATORY SCREENING 120 7.2 RESISTANCE GENETICS IN POTATO 121
7.2.1 RESISTANCE BREEDING 121 7.2.2 RESISTANCE GENETICS BASED ON DISEASE
PHENOTYPE 127 7.3 MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF POTATO RESISTANCE 130 7.3.1
EXPERIMENTAL STRATEGIES FOR GENE MAPPING AND CLONING 130 7.3.2
RESISTANCE FACTORS MAPPED IN POTATO 132 7.3.3 RESISTANCE GENES CLONED
AND CHARACTERIZED 141 7.3.4 SYNTENY OF RESISTANCE LOCI IN SOLANACEAE 145
7.3.5 MARKER-ASSISTED RESISTANCE BREEDING 147 8 POTATO-BREEDING STRATEGY
157 LOHN E. BRADSHAW 8.1 INTRODUCTION 157 8.2 EVOLUTION OF THE MODERN
POTATO CROP 157 8.3 POTATO BREEDINGAND THE NEED FUER NEW CULTIVARS 158
8.3.1 POTATO BREEDING 158 8.3.2 NEED FOR NEW CULTIVARS 159 8.3.3 TRUE
POTATO SEED 160 8.4 ADAPTATION TO ENVIRONMENTS AND END USES 160 8.4.1
GENOTYPE BY ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS 160 8.4.2 IDEOTYPES 161 8.5
GERMPLASM AVAILABLE 161 8.5.1 WILD SPECIES 162 8.5.2 CULTIVATED SPECIES
164 8.6 INTROGRESSION OF GENES FROM WILD SPECIES 165 8.6.1 SEXUAL AND
SOMATIC HYBRIDIZATION OF S. TUBEROSUM WITH WILD SPECIES 165 8.6.2
MOLECU1AR-MARKER-ASSISTED INTROGRESSION AND GENE CLONING 166 8.6.3 BASE
BROADENING VERSUS INTROGRESSION 166 8.7 BREEDINGCULTIVARS AT THE
TETRAPLOID LEVEL FUER C1ONA1 PROPAGATION 167 8.7.1 PARENTS 167 8.7.2
EARLY GENERATIONS 168 8.7.3 INTERMEDIATE AND 1ATER GENERATIONS 169 8.7.4
GENETIC KNOWLEDGE AND MO1ECU1AR-MARKER-ASSISTED SELECTION 169 8.8
BREEDING CU1TIVARS FOR TPS 170 8.9 GENETICALLY MODIFIED POTATOES 171
CONTENTS XLII 8.10 AEHIEVING DURABLE DISEASE AND PEST RESISTANEE 173
8.11 CONCLUSIONS 174 9 GENOMICS 179 GLENN 1. BRYAN 9.1 INTRODUETION 179
9.2 CHARAETERISTIES OF THE POTATO GENOME 180 9.3 GENE ISOLATION 180
9.3.1 EARLY GENE CLONING AND EXPRESSION STUDIES 180 9.3.2 MAP-BASED GENE
ISOLATION 182 9.3.3 USE OF EANDIDATE GENE APPROAEHES FOR GENE ISOLATION
182 9.4 STRUETURAL GENOMIE RESOURCES 184 9.4.1 LARGE-INSERT GENOMIE
LIBRARIES 184 9.4.2 EXPRESSED SEQUENEE TAG RESOUREES 184 9.5 ANALYSIS OF
POTATO GENE EXPRESSION 187 9.6 MIEROARRAYS 189 9.7 FUNETIONAL GENOMIE
RESOUREES 192 9.7.1 THE PHENOTYPE GAP 192 9.7.2 TRANSGENIE APPROAEHES
FOR THE STUDY OF GENE FUNETION 193 9.7.3 TRANSPOSON TAGGING 194 9.7.4
VIRUS-INDUEED GENE SILENEING 194 9.7.5 AETIVATION TAGGING 196 9.8
TOWARDS A GENOME-WIDE PHYSIEAL MAP AND A POTATO GENOME SEQUENEE 197 9.9
PROTEOMIES AND METABOLOMIES 197 9.10 GENOMIE DATABASES 199 9.11 SUMMARY
199 10 POTATO CYTOGENETICS 203 TATJANA GAVRILENKO 10.1 INTRODUETION 203
10.2 BASIE CHROMOSOME NUMBER AND POLYPLOID COMPLEXES 203 10.3 GENOME AND
SPEEIES RELATIONSHIPS 204 10.3.1 GENOMIE DESIGNATION AND RELATIONSHIPS
OF DIPLOID POTATO SPEEIES 204 10.3.2 GENOMIE NATURE AND RELATIONSHIPS IN
POLYPLOID POTATO SPEEIES 205 10.3.3 GENOMIE DESIGNATION AND
RELATIONSHIPS OF POTATO AND NON-TUBER-BEARING SPEEIES FROM CLOSELY
RELATED SEETIONS ETUBEROSUM, JUGLANDIFOLIUM AND LYCOPERSICUM 208 10.4
KARYOTYPING OF POTATO SPEEIES 209 10.4.1 FLUORESEENT IN SITU
HYBRIDIZATION-BASED EYTOGENETIE MAPPING 209 10.5 CYTOGENETIES IN POTATO
IMPROVEMENT 212 XIV CONTENTS PART III PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 11
ABOVE-GROUND AND BELOW-GROUND PLANT DEVELOPMENT PALI! C. STRUIK 217 219
11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 11.10 INTRODUCTION GENERAL
MORPHOLOGY SPROUT DEVELOPMENT THE SHOOT SYSTEM THE LEAVES THE STOLON
SYSTEM THE TUBERS ORGANS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ROOT SYSTEM ASSOCIATION
BETWEEN DEVELOPMENT OF ABOVE-GROUND AND BELOW-GROUND PLANT PARTS 219 219
220 221 222 229 231 232 233 233 12 SIGNALLING THE INDUCTION OF TUBER
FORMATION DAVID 1. HANNAPEL 237 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 INTRODUCTION
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 12.2. I PHOTOREGULATION THE ROLE OF GROWTH
REGULATORS IN CONTROLLING TUBERIZATION 12.3.1 GIBBERELLINS 12.3.2
CYTOKININS 12.3.3 LIPOXYGENASE ACTIVITY AND THE ROLE OF JASMONATES GENE
ACTIVITY DURING EARLY TUBER FORMATION THE ROLE OF SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTION
FACTORS IN TUBER DEVELOPMENT 12.5.1 A MADS BOX PROTEIN THAT REGULATES
AXILIARY BRANCHING AND AFFECTS TUBER FORMATION 12.5.2 TRANSCRIPTION
FACTORS FROM THE TALE SUPERCIASS 12.5.3 OVEREXPRESSION OF POTHI
NEGATIVELY REGULATES GA LEVELS 12.5.4 POTH I PROTEIN INTERACTS WITH
SEVEN UNIQUE POTATO BEL TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS 12.5.5 OVER-EXPRESSION OF
POTHI AND STBEL5 PRODUCES AN ENHANCED CAPACITY TO FORM TUBERS 12.5.6
MECHANISM FOR TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN REGULATING TUBERIZATION 237 238
240 242 242 243 245 245 249 249 250 250 250 251 251 CONTENTS XV 13
PHOTOSYNTHESIS, CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM AND SOURCE-SINK RELATIONS 257
DANIEL HOFIUS AND FREDERIK A..!. BOERNKE 13.1 INTRODUCTION 257 13.2
PHOTOSYNTHETIC CARBON METABOLISM 258 13.2.1 CO 2 FIXATION 258 13.2.2
CARBON PARTITIONING IN MESOPHYLL CELLS 260 13.2.3 SUCROSE BIOSYNTHESIS
IN SOURCE LEAVES 261 13.3 STARCH METABOLISM IN SOURCE LEAVES 265 13.3.1
STARCH SYNTHESIS WITHIN THE CHLOROPLAST 265 13.3.2 STAREH BREAKDOWN IN
LEAVES 266 13.4 CARBON EXPORT AND LONG-DISTANEE TRANSPORT 268 13.4.1
PATHWAY FROM THE MESOPHYLL TO THE PHLOEM 268 13.4.2 PHLOEM LOADING 269
13.4.3 LONG-DISTANCE TRANSPORT IN THE PHLOEM 272 13.5 CARBON UNLOADING
INTO SINK ORGANS 273 13.5.1 SYMPLASTIC AND APOPLASTIE ROUTES OF
UNLOADING 273 13.5.2 PHLOEM UNLOADING IN THE TUBER 275 13.6 SUEROSE TO
STARCH CONVERSION IN THE TUBER 276 13.6.1 PRODUETION OF HEXOSE
PHOSPHATES IN THE EYTOSOL 276 13.6.2 UPTAKE OF EARBON INTO THE
AMYLOPLAST 277 13.6.3 STARCH SYNTHESIS IN POTATO TUBERS 277 13.7
SOURCE-SINK REGULATION BY SUGARS 279 14 DORMANCY AND SPROUTING 287
LEFFREY C. SUTTLE 14.1 INTRODUCTION 287 14.2 TUBER DORMANCY
CHARACTERISTICS 288 14.3 CELL BIOLOGY OF DORMANCY 290 14.4 GENE
EXPRESSION DURING DORMANCY TRANSITION 293 14.5 HORMONAL REGULATION OF
TUBER DORMANCY 294 14.5.1 AUXINS 294 14.5.2 ABSCISIE ACID 295 14.5.3
ETHYLENE 299 14.5.4 GIBBERELLINS 300 14.5.5 CYTOKININS 301 14.5.6 OTHER
ENDOGENOUS GROWTH SUBSTANCES 303 14.5.7 HORMONAL REGULATION OF TUBER
DORMANCY: AN OVERVIEW 304 14.6 SPROUT GROWTH AND PHYSIOLOGICAL AGING 304
14.7 CONCLUSIONS 305 XVI CONTENTS 15 MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MINERAL
NUTRITION OF THE POTATO MARCEL BUCHER AND JENS KOSSMANN 311 15.1
INTRODUCTION 31 1 15.2 NITROGEN 313 15.2.1 NITROGEN UPTAKE 313 15.2.2
NITROGEN ASSIMILATION 314 15.2.3 TRANSPORT OF ORGANIC N BETWEEN SOURCE
AND SINK 318 15.3 PHOSPHORUS 319 15.3.1 PHOSPHATE UPTAKE 320 15.3.2
MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF PI TRANSPORT SYSTEMS 321 15.3.3 P,
TRANSLOCATION ON THE WHOLE PLANT LEVEL: LONG-DISTANCE TRM~M 3~ 15.4
CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK 326 PART IV RESPONSE TO THE ENVIRONMENT 331 16
WATER AVAILABILITY AND POTATO CROP PERFORMANCE L. VOS AND A.J. HAVERKORT
16.1 INTRODUCTION 16.2 DETERMINANTS AND CONTROLS OF WATER MOVEMENT
16.2.1 THE TRANSPORT OF WATER IN THE SOI1-PLANT-ATMOSPHERE CONTINUUM
16.2.2 PLANT WATER RELATIONS 16.3 ASSESSING PLANT WATER STATUS 16.4
POTATO PLANT RESPONSES TO DROUGHT AND BIOTIC STRESS 16.4.1 LEAF
EXPANSION 16.4.2 EFFECT OF DROUGHT ON PLANT CALCIUM AND BC
CONCENTRATIONS 16.5 WATER USE, LEAF DYNAMICS AND POTATO PRODUCTIVITY
16.5.1 WATER-USE EFFICIENCY IN DIFFERENT CLIMATES 16.5.2 RELATIVE
TRANSPIRATION AND LEAF DYNAMICS 16.5.3 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN DROUGHT AND
BIOTIC STRESSES 16.6 VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN DROUGHT TOLERANCE 16.7
EFFECTS OF WATER AVAILABILITY ON QUALITY 17 POTATO CROP RESPONSE TO
RADIATION AND DAYLENGTH A.L. HAVERKORT 17.1 RADIATION 17.1.1 DEVELOPMENT
OF RADIATION INTERCEPTION 17.1.2 MEASUREMENT OF RADIATION INTERCEPTION
17.1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON INTERCEPTION OF SOLAR RADIATION 17.1.4
RADIATION USE EFFICIENCY 333 333 334 334 336 338 339 339 340 342 342 343
345 347 348 353 353 353 356 357 358 CONTENTS 17.2 DAYLENGTH 17.2.1
MORPHOLOGY 17.2.2 TUBER INITIATION 17.2.3 SHORT DAY SENSITIVITY 17.2.4
EARLINESS 18 RESPONSES OF THE POTATO PLANT TO TEMPERATURE PAUL C. STRUIK
XVII 360 360 360 363 363 367 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8
18.9 18.10 18.11 18.12 18.13 INTRODUCTION 18.1.1 BACKGROUND AND WARNINGS
18.1.2 READER S GUIDE SPROUT GROWTH, EMERGENCE AND CROP ESTABLISHMENT
THE SHOOT SYSTEM 18.3.1 LEAF APPEARANCE 18.3.2 FINAL IEAF NUMBER 18.3.3
LEAF GROWTH AND LEAF SIZE 18.3.4 LIFE SPAN OF LEAVES AND SPECIFIC LEAF
AREA 18.3.5 NUMBER OF STERNS 18.3.6 STERN MORPHOLOGY 18.3.7 STERN
BRANCHING STOLONS TUBERS 18.5.1 TUBER INDUCTION AND TUBER INITIATION
18.5.2 TUBER SET 18.5.3 TUBER BULKING 18.5.4 DRY MATTER PARTITIONING TO
TUBERS AND HARVEST INDEX 18.5.5 TUBER YIELD 18.5.6 TUBER NUMBER 18.5.7
TUBER SIZE DISTRIBUTION 18.5.8 TUBER QUALITY 18.5.9 TUBER ENZYME
ACTIVITY INFLORESCENCES AND FLOWERS ROOT SYSTEM PHOTOSYNTHESIS, DRY
MATTER PRODUCTION AND DRY MATTER PARTITIONING PARTIAL EXPOSURE EFFECTS
OF SHORT PERIODS OF CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE DIURNAL TEMPERATURE
FLUCTUATIONS PHYSIOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR OF SEED TUBERS SUMMARY 367 367 368
368 369 370 370 372 373 374 374 375 375 377 377 378 379 379 380 380 381
381 381 382 384 384 385 386 388 388 391 19 RESPONSE TO THE ENVIRONMENT:
CARBON DIOXIDE 395 LUDWIG DE TEMMERMAN, KARINE VANDERMEIREN UND MARCEL
VAN OIJEN 19.1 INTRODUCTION 19.2 EFFECTS OF INCREASED CO 2 ON CROP
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 395 396 XVIII CONTENTS 19.3 EFFECTS OF INCREASED
CO 2 ON POTATO PHYSIOLOGY 19.4 EFFECTS OF INCREASED CO 2 ON YIELD AND
QUALITY 19.5 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN YIELD AND STRESSES AT ELEVATED CO 2
19.6 MODELLING FUTURE POTATO PRODUCTIVITY 19.6.1 SOURCE-DRIVEN POTATO
GROWTH MODELS 19.6.2 SOURCE-SINK-BASED POTATO GROWTH MODELS 19.6.3
APPLICATIONS OF POTATO MODELS TO CO2-RELATED ISSUES: TOWARDS INTEGRATED
ASSESSMENT 19.7 CONCIUSIONS 397 400 405 406 407 408 409 409 415 20
TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF SALT- TOLERANT POTATO D.J. DONNELLY, S.O.
PRASHER AND R.M. PATEL 20.1 INTRODUCTION 415 20.2 SALT-AFFECTED
AGRICULTURAL LANDS - WHERE ARE THEY? 416 20.2.1 IS POTATO GROWN IN
SALT-AFFECTED AREAS? 416 20.3 LNTEGRATED APPROACH TO CROPPING SALINE
SOILS 419 20.4 MECHANISMS OF SALINITY TOLERANCE IN PLANTS 420 20.4.1
WHAT IS KNOWN OF SALINITY TOLERANCE MECHANISMS IN POTATO? 420 20.5
CLASSIFICATION OF SALINITY TOLERANCE IN POTATO 421 20.6 EVALUATIONS OF
SALINITY TOLERANCE IN POTATO 422 20.6.1 FIELD AND GREENHOUSE EVALUATIONS
OF SALINITY TOLERANCE IN POTATO 422 20.6.2 IN VITRO EVALUATIONS OF
SALINITY TOLERANCE IN POTATO 423 20.7 ENGINEERING AND CULTURAL
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR MODULATION OF SALINITYSTRESS 425 20.7.1 WATER
MANAGEMENT FOR POTATO CROPS UNDER SALINITY STRESS 425 20.7.2 FERTILISER
MANAGEMENT FOR POTATO CROPS UNDER SALINITY STRESS 427 20.7.3 CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS MODULATE SALINITY EFFECTS ON POTATO 428 20.8 PRODUCING
SALINITY TOLERANT POTATO 429 20.8.1 SALINITY-TOLERANT WILD AND/OR
PRIMITIVE POTATO SPECIES 429 20.8.2 DOMESTICATION OF WILD SALT-TOLERANT
POTATO 429 20.8.3 BREEDING FOR INCREASED VIGOUR AND YIELD 430 20.8.4
OBTAINING SALINITY TOLERANCE THROUGH CELL AND TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
431 20.8.5 OBTAINING SALINITY TOLERANT POTATO THROUGH GENETIC
ENGINEERING 433 20.9 SUMMARY 434 PART V TUBERQUALITY 439 21 THE
HARVESTED CROP MICHAEL STOREY 21.1 INTRODUCTION 21.2 NUTRITIONAL VALUE
441 441 442 CONTENTS 21.3 DRY MATTER 21.3.1 CARBOHYDRATES 21.3.2 PROTEIN
21.3.3 VITAMINS 21.3.4 ALLERGENS AND ANTI-NUTRITIONALS 21.3.5
GLYCOALKALOIDS 21.3.6 OTHER TUBER METABOLITES 21.3.7 MINERALS 21.4 FLESH
AND SKIN COLOUR 21.4.1 CAROTENOIDS 21.4.2 ANTHOCYANINS 21.5 GREENING
21.6 MECHANICAL DAMAGE AND BRUISING 21.6.1 ENZYMIC BROWNING 21.6.2
STRUCTURAL AND CELLULAR CHANGES 21.6.3 FIELD FACTORS AND TUBER WATER
STATUS 21.7 CONCLUDING COMMENTS 22 SKIN-SET, WOUND HEALING, AND RELATED
DEFECTS EDWARD C. LULAI XIX 444 444 448 451 452 453 454 454 455 455 456
458 459 460 461 462 466 471 22.1 INTRODUCTION 471 22.2 NATIVE PERIDERM
AND SKIN-SET 472 22.2.1 NATIVE PERIDERM FORMATION 472 22.2.2 SKIN-SET:
APART OF NATIVE PERIDERM MATURATION 473 22.2.3 SKIN-SET AND NATIVE
PERIDERM PHYSIOLOGY 474 22.2.4 PERIDERM ARCHITECTURE AND SKINNING INJURY
476 22.2.5 CELLULAR CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH SKIN-SET 477 22.3 WOUND
HEALING 479 22.3.1 THE PROCESS OF TUBER WOUND HEALING 479 22.3.2
INDUCTION OF SUBERIZATION 480 22.3.3 REGULATION OF SUBERIZATION 481
22.3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON SUBERIZATION 483 22.3.5 CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE BIOPOLYMERS THAT FORM SUBERIN 483 22.3.6 SUBERIZATION: CLOSING
LAYER AND WOUND PERIDERM FORMATION 484 22.3.7 SUBERIN BIOSYNTHESIS AND
STRUCTURE 485 22.3.8 SUBERIZATION AND RESISTANCE TO INFECTION 492 22.4
RELATED DEFECTS 492 22.4.1 WOUND-RELATED TUBER DEFECTS 492 22.4.2
SHATTER BRUISING AND TUBER CRACKING 493 22.4.3 BLACKSPOT AND
PRESSURELCRUSH BRUISING 493 22.4.4 GROWTH CRACKS 495 22.4.5 SKINNING 495
22.5 SUMMARY 496 XX CONTENTS 23 INTERNAL PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS AND
NUTRITIONAL AND COMPOSITIONAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT MARKET QUALITY 501
JOSEPH R. SOWOKINOS 23.1 INTRODUCTION 23.2 GENERAL NATURE, INEIDENEE AND
SEVERITY OF INTERNAL PHYSIOLOGIEAL DISORDERS 23.2.1 CALCIUM NUTRITION
AND TUBER QUALITY 23.2.2 BROWN EENTRE AND INTERNAL BROWN SPOT 23.2.3
HOLLOW HEART 23.2.4 INTERNA1 HEAT NEEROSIS 23.2.5 STERN-END
DISEOLOURATION 23.2.6 TRANSLUEENCY 23.2.7 MOTTLING 23.3 SUMMARY OF
INTERNAL PHYSIOLOGIE AL DISORDERS 23.4 COMPOSITIONAL AND NUTRITIONAL
CHANGES AFFEETING END-USE QUALITY 23.4.1 CARBOHYDRATES - STARCH 23.4.2
CARBOHYDRATES - SUGARS 23.4.3 FAETORS AFFEETING RS EONEENTRATION IN
STORED POTATOES 23.4.4 CHERNIEAL MATURITY MONITORING 501 502 502 504 507
509 510 512 513 515 515 516 516 517 518 525 24 POTATO FLAVOUR AND
TEXTURE MARK A. TAYLOR, GORDON J. MCDOUGALL AND DEREK STEWART 24.1
INTRODUCTION 525 24.2 POTATO FLAVOUR 525 24.2.1 NON-VOLATILE EOMPONENTS
525 24.2.2 GLYCOALKALOIDS AND F1AVOUR 527 24.2.3 VOLATILE EOMPOUNDS 527
24.2.4 MOLECULAR AND GENETIC APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF POTATO FLAVOUR
530 24.2.5 MOLEEULAR APPROACHES TO DISSEETING KEY EONSTITUENTS OF TUBER
FLAVOUR 531 24.3 POTATO TUBER TEXTURE 532 PART VI PESTS AND DISEASES 541
25 INSECT PESTS IN POTATO EDWARD B. RADCLIFFE AND ABDELAZIZ LAGNAOUI
25.1 YIELD AND QUALITY EFFEETS 25.1.1 DEFOLIATORS 25.1.2 SAP FEEDERS 543
543 543 544 569 CONTENTS XXI 25.1.3 PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION 544 25.1.4
ROOT AND TUBER FEEDING 545 25.2 INSECT PESTS OF WORLDWIDE IMPORTANCE 545
25.2.1 APHIDS 545 25.2.2 COLORADO POTATO BEETLE 550 25.2.3 POTATO TUBER
MOTHS 552 25.2.4 LEAFMINERS 554 25.3 REGIONAL PESTS 556 25.3.1
LEAFHOPPERS 556 25.3.2 POTATO PSYLLID 557 25.3.3 THRIPS 557 25.3.4 WHITE
GRUBS 558 25.3.5 WIREWORMS 558 25.3.6 LADYBIRD BEETLES 558 25.3.7 FLEA
BEETLES 559 25.3.8 ANDEAN POTATO WEEVILS 559 25.3.9 CUTWORMS 560 25.4
INSECT CONTROL TACTICS 560 25.4.1 INSECTICIDES 561 25.4.2 HOST PLANT
RESISTANCE 561 25.4.3 BIO1OGICA1 CONTRO1 562 25.5 CONCLUSIONS 562 26 THE
NEMATODE PARASITES OF POTATO DIDIER MUGNIERY AND MARK S. PHILLIPS 26.1
POTATO CYST NEMATODES (GLOBODERA ROSTOCHIENSIS AND GLOBODERA PALLIDA)
569 26.1.1 HOST RANGE 570 26.1.2 DISEASES 572 26.1.3 BIOLOGY 573 26.1.4
DORMANT STAGE 574 26.2 ROOT-KNOT NEMATODES (MELOIDOGYNE SPP.) 575 26.2.1
DISEASE 576 26.2.2 BIO1OGY 576 26.2.3 SPREAD 578 26.3 THE FALSE
ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE NACOBBUS ABERRANS 578 26.3.1 HOST RANGE 578 26.3.2
DISEASE 579 26.3.3 BIO1OGY 579 26.3.4 SPREAD 579 26.4 VIRUS VECTOR
NEMATODES (TRICHODORUS SPP.) 580 26.4.1 DISEASE 581 26.4.2 BIO1OGY 581
XXII CONTENTS 26.5 THE ROOT LESION NEMATODES (PRATYLENCHUS SPP.) 582
26.5.1 DISEASE 582 26.5.2 BIOLOGY 582 26.6 DITYLENCHUS DESTRUCTOR AND
DITYLENCHUS DIPSACI 582 26.6.1 HAST RANGE 583 26.6.2 DISEASE 583 26.6.3
BIOLOGY 584 26.7 CONTROL 584 26.7.1 PROPHYLAXIS 584 26.7.2 CULTURAL
METHODS 585 26.7.3 PHYSIEAL METHODS 586 26.7.4 CHEMIEAL TREATMENTS 586
26.7.5 BIOLOGIEAL METHODS 587 26.7.6 RESISTANT VARIETIES 588 26.8
CONCLUSIONS 591 27 BACTERIAL PATHOGENS OF POTATO 595 JAN M. VAN DER WOLF
AND SOLKE H. DE BOER 27.1 INTRODUETION 595 27.2 PATHOGEN BIOLOGY 595
27.2.1 RALSTONIA SOLANACEARUM 595 27.2.2 CLAVIBACTER MICHIGANENSIS SSP.
SEPEDONICUS 597 27.2.3 PEETOLYTIE ERWINIAS 597 27.2.4 STREPTOMYCES
SCABIES 599 27.3 PATHOLOGY 600 27.3.1 SYMPTOMS AND FAETORS FAVAURING
SYMPTOM EXPRESSION 600 27.3.2 ECONOMIC IMPORTANEE 604 27.3.3 GEOGRAPHIE
DISTRIBUTION 605 27.4 EEOLAGY 606 27.4.1 PLANT EOLONIZATION 606 27.4.2
SURVIVAL 607 27.4.3 DISSEMINATION 608 27.5 CONTRAL 610 27.5.1 USE OF
CLEAN SEED 610 27.5.2 INOEULUM REDUETION 612 27.5.3 AGRONOMIE PRAETIEES
613 27.6 PERSPEETIVES 614 28 VIRUSES: ECONOMICAI LOSSES AND
BIOTECHNOLOGICAI POTENTIAL 619 JARI P.T. VALKONEN 28.1 INTRODUETION 619
28.2 VIRUSES INFEETING POTATO 619 CONTENTS XXIII 28.3 NEW AND EMERGING
VIRUSES AND THEIR DETECTION 622 28.3.1 MOLECULAR DETECTION AND
IDENTIFICATION 622 28.3.2 NEW VIRUSES 623 28.3.3 EMERGING VIRUSES 624
28.4 ECONOMIC IMPACT OF PVY 626 28.4.1 MIXED INFECTIONS 628 28.4.2
IMPACT OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY INFECTION 628 28.4.3 COSTS TO SEED
PRODUCTION 629 28.4.4 YIELD LOSS DEPENDING ON CULTIVAR RESISTANCE AND
PVY STRAIN 630 28.4.5 AETIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVES 631 28.5
INFECTIOUS CDNA CLONES OF POTATO VIRUSES AND THEIR USE AS
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL TOOLS 632 28.5.1 USE OF POTATO VIRUSES AS GENE VECTORS
632 28.5.2 STUDIES ON VIRAL INFECTION CYCLE USING INFECTIOUS CDNAS OF
POTATO VIRUSES 633 29 FUNGAL AND FUNGUS-LIKE PATHOGENS OF POTATO AAD 1.
TERMORSHUIZEN PART VII BIOTECHNOLOGY 643 667 30 DEVELOPMENTS IN
TRANSGENIE BIOLOGY AND THE GENETIC ENGINEERING OF USEFUL TRAITS 669
STEVE MILLAM 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 INTRODUCTION GENETIC
TRANSFORMATION OF POTATO DEVELOPMENTS IN TRANSGENIE BIOLOGY 30.3.1
PROTOCOL REFINEMENTS 30.3.2 ENHANCED OR ALTERNATIVE TRANSFORMATION
STRATEGIES THE GENETIC ENGINEERING OF USEFUI TRAITS 30.4.1 RESISTANCE TO
MAJOR PESTS AND DISEASES 30.4.2 TUBER QUALITY TRAITS 30.4.3 NUTRITIONAI
VALUE SUMMARY AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 669 670 674 674 675 678 679 681
681 683 31 FIELD-TESTING OF TRANSGENIE POTATOES A.J. CONNER 687 31.1
31.2 INTRODUCTION TRANSGENIE POTATOES IN THE CONTEXT OF POTATO BREEDING
687 689 CONTENTS XXIV 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.6 31.7 THE IMPORTANCE OF
FIE1D-TESTING TRANSGENIE POTATOES 31.3.1 FIELD CONFIRMATION OF
TRANSGENIE PHENOTYPE 31.3.2 OCCURRENCE OF OFF-TYPES THE DESIGN OF A
FIELD-TESTING PROGRAMME STRATEGIES TO REDUCE THE FREQUENCY OF OFF-TYPES
ASSESSMENT OF BIOSAFETY ISSUES CONCLUSIONS 691 691 692 695 697 699 701
32 SOIL-FREE TEEHNIQUES STEVE MILLAM AND SANJEEV K. SHARMA 32.1
INTRADUCTION 32.2 MINI-TUBER PRODUCTION 32.3 IN VITRA MULTIPLICATION
TECHNIQUES 32.3.1 AXILLARY-BUD PROLIFERATION 32.3.2 MIERE-TUBER
PRODUCTION 32.3.3 SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS 32.4 HYDRAPONIES AND AERAPONICS
32.5 FUTURE PROSPECTS PART VIII CROP MANAGEMENT 33 AGRONOMIE PRACTICES
D.M. FIRMAN AND E.J. ALLEN 33.1 INTRODUCTION 33.2 PLANNING AND
PREPARATION 33.2.1 MARKET 33.2.2 CALENDAR 33.2.3 SEED 33.2.4 SITE
SE1ECTION 33.2.5 SOIL ANALYSIS 33.2.6 FERTILISER 33.3 SOI1 MANAGEMENT
33.3.1 CULTIVATION 33.3.2 CONTRA I OF SOI1-BOME PESTS AND DISEASES
33.3.3 WEED CONTROL 33.3.4 IRRIGATION 33.4 CROP ESTABLISHMENT AND
MANAAERNENT = 33.4.1 PLANTING 33.4.2 CROP PROTECTION 33.4.3 COVERS,
MULCHES, SOI1 AMENDMENTS AND INTERCRAPPING 33.4.4 DEFO1IATION 33.4.5
HARVESTING 705 705 708 709 709 710 712 714 715 717 719 719 719 720 721
722 727 727 728 729 729 730 730 731 732 732 733 734 734 735 CONTENTS
33.5 POST-HARVEST HANDLING AND STORAGE 33.5.1 CROP MONITORING XXV 735
736 34 MINERALS, SOILS AND ROOTS 739 PHILIP 1. WHITE, RON E. WHEATLEY,
LOHN P. HAMMOND AND KEFENG ZHANG 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 INTRODUCTION
OPTIMIZING THE APPLICATION OF FERTILISERS 34.2.1 NITROGEN 34.2.2
POTASSIUM 34.2.3 PHOSPHORUS OPTIMIZING PLANT PHYSIOLOGY FOR MINERAL
ACQUISITION AND UTILIZATION 34.3.1 NITROGEN 34.3.2 POTASSIUM 34.3.3
PHOSPHORUS SOIL CONDITIONS AND POTATO GROWTH SUMMARY 739 742 742 743 744
745 746 747 748 749 750 35 MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF PLANT GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT D.K.L. MACKERRON 753 35.1 INTRODUCTION 753 35.2 AIMS AND
APPROACHES 754 35.2.1 TOP-DOWN/BOTTORN-UP 755 35.2.2
SOURCE-DRIVEN/SINK-BASED 756 35.3 APPLICATIONS 757 35.3.1 POTENTIAL
YIELDS 757 35.3.2 ACTUA1 YIE1DS 759 35.3.3 OUTSTANDING DIFFICU1TIES AND
INADEQUACIES - ROOT GROWTH 763 35.3.4 IDEOTYPING 765 35.3.5 FORECASTING
766 35.4 CALIBRATIONIVA1IDATION AND OTHER DIFFICULTIES 769 35.4.1
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 769 35.4.2 CA1IBRATION AND VALIDATION 770 35.4.3
MODELLERS TEND TO BELIEVE THEIR MODELS 772 35.5 FUTURE WORK 772 36
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN POTATO PRODUCTION B. MARSHALL 36.1
DEFINITION 36.2 OPPORTUNITY 777 777 777 XXVI 36.3 CURRENT AVAILABI1ITY
36.3.1 LATE BLIGHT 36.3.2 FERTILISER 36.3.3 IRRIGATION 36.3.4 TUBER SIZE
DISTRIBUTION 36.4 TAKE-UP IN GENERAL 36.5 THE WAY FORWARD 36.5.1
BARRIERS TO UPTAKE 36.5.2 THE CUSTOMER 36.6 CONCLUSION INDEX CONTENTS
778 781 784 787 790 792 792 792 794 796 801
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CONTENTS PREFACE V ACKNOWLEDGEMENT VII LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS XXVII PART I
THE MARKETS 1 1 THE FRESH POTATO MARKET 3 IAIN MCGREGOR 1.1 INTRODUCTION
AND OVERVIEW 3 1.2 PRODUCTION 3 1.3 SUPP1Y 7 1.4 DEMAND 7 1.5
EXPENDITURE AND CONSUMPTION 12 1.6 THE CONSUMERS' VIEWS 14 1.6.1 WHEN
POTATOES ARE CONSUMED 15 1.7 PRICES PAID TO PRODUCERS 18 1.8 POTATOES
AND THE HEALTH ISSUE 20 1.8.1 G1YCAEMIC INDICES 22 1.9 SUMMARY,
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS 24 1.9.1 KEY POINTS 25 2 GLOBAL MARKETS
FOR PROCESSED POTATO PRODUCTS 27 MICHAEL A. KIRKMAN 2.1 INTRODUCTION 27
2.2 PROCESSED POTATO PRODUCTS 27 2.3 HISTORY OF POTATO PROCESSING 28 2.4
CURRENT DIMENSIONS 29 2.4.1 GLOBAL PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION 29 2.4.2
TRENDS 30 2.4.3 DRIVERS 30 2.5 POTATO-PROCESSING COMPANIES AND LOCATIONS
32 2.6 POTATO SUPP1Y 33 2.6.1 SUPP1Y CHAIN 33 2.6.2 VARIETY REQUIREMENTS
34 X CONTENTS 2.7 POTATO COST 2.7.1 THEORY AND PRAETIEE 2.7.2 CONTRAETS
2.8 POTATO QUALITY 2.8.1 INTRODUCTION 2.8.2 TUBER SHAPE, SIZE AND DRY
MATTER EOMPOSITION 2.8.3 BLEMISHING DISEASES AND DISORDERS 2.8.4 SUGARS
AND FRY EOLOURS 2.9 CURRENT ISSUES AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT 2.9.1
ACRYLAMIDE 2.9.2 OBESITY 2.9.3 NUTRITIONAL VALUE 37 37 38 39 39 39 40 41
41 41 42 43 3 THE SEED POTATO MARKET KEES D. VAN LOON 3.1 SEED TUBERS
3.2 SEED MARKET 3.2.1 'CONVENTIONAL' SEED TUBERS 3.2.2 MINI-TUBERS 3.2.3
TRUE POTATO SEED 3.3 BARRIERS TO MARKETS IN SEED POTATOES 3.3.1
QUARANTINE DISEASES AND PESTS 3.3.2 NON-QUARANTINE DISEASES AND PESTS
3.3.3 BREEDER'S RIGHTS PART 11 GENETICS AND GENETIC RESOURCES 45 45 46
46 49 50 50 50 51 51 53 55 4 MOLECULAR TAXONOMY RONALD G. VAN DEN BERG
AND MIRJAM M.J. JACOBS 4.1 INTRODUCTION 55 4.2 TAXONOMIE BACKGROUND 55
4.2.1 WILD AND EULTIVATED POTATOES 55 4.2.2 THE EVOLUTIONARY FRAMEWORK
57 4.2.3 REMAINING TAXONOMIE PROBLEMS 58 4.3 MO1EEULAR DATA 58 4.3.1
MOLEEULAR MARKERS APPLIED TO TUBER-BEARING SOLANUM SPP. 58 4.3.2 METHODS
OF ANALYSIS OF MOLEEULAR DATA SETS - PHENETIE VERSUS CLADISTIE
APPROAEHES 59 4.3.3 APPLIEATION OF MOLEEULAR DATA TO THE TAXONOMY OF THE
TUBER-BEARING SOLANUM SPP. 59 4.4 CONCLUSION 74 CONTENTS 5 MOLECULAR
MARKERS, MAPS AND POPULATION GENETICS CHRISTIANE GEBHARDT 5.1
INTRODUCTION 5.2 DNA MARKER TYPES USEFUL FOR POTATO GENETICS 5.2.1
RESTRIETION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM 5.2.2 AMPLIFIED FRAGMENT LENGTH
POLYMORPHISM 5.2.3 SIMPLE SEQUENCE REPEAT OR MICROSATELLITE 5.2.4
CLEAVED AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIE SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE CHARACTERIZED AMPLIFIED
REGION AND ALLELE-SPECIFIC AMPLIFICATION 5.2.5 SING1E-NUCLEOTIDE
POLYMORPHISM 5.3 PRINCIP1ES OF LINKAGE MAP CONSTRUCTION 5.4 MOLECULAR
MAPS OF POTATO 5.5 COMPARING THE POTATO WITH OTHER PLANT GENOMES 5.6
POPULATION GENETICS 6 GENETICS OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND TUBER TRAITS HERMAN
1. VAN ECK XI 77 77 78 78 80 80 81 81 82 83 85 86 91 6.1 INTRODUCTION 91
6.1.1 THE BREEDER'S PERSPECTIVE 91 6.1.2 WHAT IS HERITABLE VARIATION? 91
6.1.3 MORPHOLOGICA1 AND TUBER TRAITS DISCUSSED IN THIS CHAPTER 92 6.2
CLASSICAL POTATO GENETICS WITH MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES 92 6.2.1 THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF CLASSICA1 GENETIC ANALYSIS 92 6.2.2 THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF MO1ECULAR GENETIC ANALYSIS 94 6.2.3 QUANTITATIVE AND
QUALITATIVE GENETIC APPROACHES 95 6.3 THE GENETICS OF MORPHO1OGICA1
TRAITS 96 6.3.1 TUBER FLESH COLOUR 96 6.3.2 TUBER SKIN AND FLOWER CO1OUR
99 6.3.3 TUBER SHAPE 100 6.3.4 EYE DEPTH 101 6.3.5 TUBER SKIN CHARACTERS
102 6.4 GENETICS OF TUBER PHYSIO1OGY 103 6.4.1 TUBERIZATION 103 6.4.2
DORMANCY, SPROUTING 104 6.5 TUBER QUALITY TRAITS 104 6.5.1 STARCH
CONTENT 104 6.5.2 DISCO1OURATION 105 6.5.3 TEXTURE 109 6.5.4
GLYCOA1KALOIDS 110 6.5.5 GROWING DEFECTS (HOLLOW HEARTS, GROWTH CRACKS,
SECOND GROWTH, INTERNAL HEAT NECROSIS) 111 6.5.6 TUBER SIZE UNIFORMITY
111 XII CONTENTS 7 GENETICS OF RESISTANCE TO PESTS AND DISEASE 117 IVAN
SIMKO, SHELLEY LANSKY, SARAH STEPHENSON AND DAVID SPOONER 7.1 RESISTANCE
SCREENING I 17 7.1.1 FIELD SCREENING 117 7.1.2 GREENHOUSE SCREENING 119
7.1.3 LABORATORY SCREENING 120 7.2 RESISTANCE GENETICS IN POTATO 121
7.2.1 RESISTANCE BREEDING 121 7.2.2 RESISTANCE GENETICS BASED ON DISEASE
PHENOTYPE 127 7.3 MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF POTATO RESISTANCE 130 7.3.1
EXPERIMENTAL STRATEGIES FOR GENE MAPPING AND CLONING 130 7.3.2
RESISTANCE FACTORS MAPPED IN POTATO 132 7.3.3 RESISTANCE GENES CLONED
AND CHARACTERIZED 141 7.3.4 SYNTENY OF RESISTANCE LOCI IN SOLANACEAE 145
7.3.5 MARKER-ASSISTED RESISTANCE BREEDING 147 8 POTATO-BREEDING STRATEGY
157 LOHN E. BRADSHAW 8.1 INTRODUCTION 157 8.2 EVOLUTION OF THE MODERN
POTATO CROP 157 8.3 POTATO BREEDINGAND THE NEED FUER NEW CULTIVARS 158
8.3.1 POTATO BREEDING 158 8.3.2 NEED FOR NEW CULTIVARS 159 8.3.3 TRUE
POTATO SEED 160 8.4 ADAPTATION TO ENVIRONMENTS AND END USES 160 8.4.1
GENOTYPE BY ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS 160 8.4.2 IDEOTYPES 161 8.5
GERMPLASM AVAILABLE 161 8.5.1 WILD SPECIES 162 8.5.2 CULTIVATED SPECIES
164 8.6 INTROGRESSION OF GENES FROM WILD SPECIES 165 8.6.1 SEXUAL AND
SOMATIC HYBRIDIZATION OF S. TUBEROSUM WITH WILD SPECIES 165 8.6.2
MOLECU1AR-MARKER-ASSISTED INTROGRESSION AND GENE CLONING 166 8.6.3 BASE
BROADENING VERSUS INTROGRESSION 166 8.7 BREEDINGCULTIVARS AT THE
TETRAPLOID LEVEL FUER C1ONA1 PROPAGATION 167 8.7.1 PARENTS 167 8.7.2
EARLY GENERATIONS 168 8.7.3 INTERMEDIATE AND 1ATER GENERATIONS 169 8.7.4
GENETIC KNOWLEDGE AND MO1ECU1AR-MARKER-ASSISTED SELECTION 169 8.8
BREEDING CU1TIVARS FOR TPS 170 8.9 GENETICALLY MODIFIED POTATOES 171
CONTENTS XLII 8.10 AEHIEVING DURABLE DISEASE AND PEST RESISTANEE 173
8.11 CONCLUSIONS 174 9 GENOMICS 179 GLENN 1. BRYAN 9.1 INTRODUETION 179
9.2 CHARAETERISTIES OF THE POTATO GENOME 180 9.3 GENE ISOLATION 180
9.3.1 EARLY GENE CLONING AND EXPRESSION STUDIES 180 9.3.2 MAP-BASED GENE
ISOLATION 182 9.3.3 USE OF EANDIDATE GENE APPROAEHES FOR GENE ISOLATION
182 9.4 STRUETURAL GENOMIE RESOURCES 184 9.4.1 LARGE-INSERT GENOMIE
LIBRARIES 184 9.4.2 EXPRESSED SEQUENEE TAG RESOUREES 184 9.5 ANALYSIS OF
POTATO GENE EXPRESSION 187 9.6 MIEROARRAYS 189 9.7 FUNETIONAL GENOMIE
RESOUREES 192 9.7.1 THE PHENOTYPE GAP 192 9.7.2 TRANSGENIE APPROAEHES
FOR THE STUDY OF GENE FUNETION 193 9.7.3 TRANSPOSON TAGGING 194 9.7.4
VIRUS-INDUEED GENE SILENEING 194 9.7.5 AETIVATION TAGGING 196 9.8
TOWARDS A GENOME-WIDE PHYSIEAL MAP AND A POTATO GENOME SEQUENEE 197 9.9
PROTEOMIES AND METABOLOMIES 197 9.10 GENOMIE DATABASES 199 9.11 SUMMARY
199 10 POTATO CYTOGENETICS 203 TATJANA GAVRILENKO 10.1 INTRODUETION 203
10.2 BASIE CHROMOSOME NUMBER AND POLYPLOID COMPLEXES 203 10.3 GENOME AND
SPEEIES RELATIONSHIPS 204 10.3.1 GENOMIE DESIGNATION AND RELATIONSHIPS
OF DIPLOID POTATO SPEEIES 204 10.3.2 GENOMIE NATURE AND RELATIONSHIPS IN
POLYPLOID POTATO SPEEIES 205 10.3.3 GENOMIE DESIGNATION AND
RELATIONSHIPS OF POTATO AND NON-TUBER-BEARING SPEEIES FROM CLOSELY
RELATED SEETIONS ETUBEROSUM, JUGLANDIFOLIUM AND LYCOPERSICUM 208 10.4
KARYOTYPING OF POTATO SPEEIES 209 10.4.1 FLUORESEENT IN SITU
HYBRIDIZATION-BASED EYTOGENETIE MAPPING 209 10.5 CYTOGENETIES IN POTATO
IMPROVEMENT 212 XIV CONTENTS PART III PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 11
ABOVE-GROUND AND BELOW-GROUND PLANT DEVELOPMENT PALI! C. STRUIK 217 219
11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 11.10 INTRODUCTION GENERAL
MORPHOLOGY SPROUT DEVELOPMENT THE SHOOT SYSTEM THE LEAVES THE STOLON
SYSTEM THE TUBERS ORGANS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ROOT SYSTEM ASSOCIATION
BETWEEN DEVELOPMENT OF ABOVE-GROUND AND BELOW-GROUND PLANT PARTS 219 219
220 221 222 229 231 232 233 233 12 SIGNALLING THE INDUCTION OF TUBER
FORMATION DAVID 1. HANNAPEL 237 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 INTRODUCTION
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 12.2. I PHOTOREGULATION THE ROLE OF GROWTH
REGULATORS IN CONTROLLING TUBERIZATION 12.3.1 GIBBERELLINS 12.3.2
CYTOKININS 12.3.3 LIPOXYGENASE ACTIVITY AND THE ROLE OF JASMONATES GENE
ACTIVITY DURING EARLY TUBER FORMATION THE ROLE OF SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTION
FACTORS IN TUBER DEVELOPMENT 12.5.1 A MADS BOX PROTEIN THAT REGULATES
AXILIARY BRANCHING AND AFFECTS TUBER FORMATION 12.5.2 TRANSCRIPTION
FACTORS FROM THE TALE SUPERCIASS 12.5.3 OVEREXPRESSION OF POTHI
NEGATIVELY REGULATES GA LEVELS 12.5.4 POTH I PROTEIN INTERACTS WITH
SEVEN UNIQUE POTATO BEL TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS 12.5.5 OVER-EXPRESSION OF
POTHI AND STBEL5 PRODUCES AN ENHANCED CAPACITY TO FORM TUBERS 12.5.6
MECHANISM FOR TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN REGULATING TUBERIZATION 237 238
240 242 242 243 245 245 249 249 250 250 250 251 251 CONTENTS XV 13
PHOTOSYNTHESIS, CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM AND SOURCE-SINK RELATIONS 257
DANIEL HOFIUS AND FREDERIK A.!. BOERNKE 13.1 INTRODUCTION 257 13.2
PHOTOSYNTHETIC CARBON METABOLISM 258 13.2.1 CO 2 FIXATION 258 13.2.2
CARBON PARTITIONING IN MESOPHYLL CELLS 260 13.2.3 SUCROSE BIOSYNTHESIS
IN SOURCE LEAVES 261 13.3 STARCH METABOLISM IN SOURCE LEAVES 265 13.3.1
STARCH SYNTHESIS WITHIN THE CHLOROPLAST 265 13.3.2 STAREH BREAKDOWN IN
LEAVES 266 13.4 CARBON EXPORT AND LONG-DISTANEE TRANSPORT 268 13.4.1
PATHWAY FROM THE MESOPHYLL TO THE PHLOEM 268 13.4.2 PHLOEM LOADING 269
13.4.3 LONG-DISTANCE TRANSPORT IN THE PHLOEM 272 13.5 CARBON UNLOADING
INTO SINK ORGANS 273 13.5.1 SYMPLASTIC AND APOPLASTIE ROUTES OF
UNLOADING 273 13.5.2 PHLOEM UNLOADING IN THE TUBER 275 13.6 SUEROSE TO
STARCH CONVERSION IN THE TUBER 276 13.6.1 PRODUETION OF HEXOSE
PHOSPHATES IN THE EYTOSOL 276 13.6.2 UPTAKE OF EARBON INTO THE
AMYLOPLAST 277 13.6.3 STARCH SYNTHESIS IN POTATO TUBERS 277 13.7
SOURCE-SINK REGULATION BY SUGARS 279 14 DORMANCY AND SPROUTING 287
LEFFREY C. SUTTLE 14.1 INTRODUCTION 287 14.2 TUBER DORMANCY
CHARACTERISTICS 288 14.3 CELL BIOLOGY OF DORMANCY 290 14.4 GENE
EXPRESSION DURING DORMANCY TRANSITION 293 14.5 HORMONAL REGULATION OF
TUBER DORMANCY 294 14.5.1 AUXINS 294 14.5.2 ABSCISIE ACID 295 14.5.3
ETHYLENE 299 14.5.4 GIBBERELLINS 300 14.5.5 CYTOKININS 301 14.5.6 OTHER
ENDOGENOUS GROWTH SUBSTANCES 303 14.5.7 HORMONAL REGULATION OF TUBER
DORMANCY: AN OVERVIEW 304 14.6 SPROUT GROWTH AND PHYSIOLOGICAL AGING 304
14.7 CONCLUSIONS 305 XVI CONTENTS 15 MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MINERAL
NUTRITION OF THE POTATO MARCEL BUCHER AND JENS KOSSMANN 311 15.1
INTRODUCTION 31 1 15.2 NITROGEN 313 15.2.1 NITROGEN UPTAKE 313 15.2.2
NITROGEN ASSIMILATION 314 15.2.3 TRANSPORT OF ORGANIC N BETWEEN SOURCE
AND SINK 318 15.3 PHOSPHORUS 319 15.3.1 PHOSPHATE UPTAKE 320 15.3.2
MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF PI TRANSPORT SYSTEMS 321 15.3.3 P,
TRANSLOCATION ON THE WHOLE PLANT LEVEL: LONG-DISTANCE TRM~M 3~ 15.4
CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK 326 PART IV RESPONSE TO THE ENVIRONMENT 331 16
WATER AVAILABILITY AND POTATO CROP PERFORMANCE L. VOS AND A.J. HAVERKORT
16.1 INTRODUCTION 16.2 DETERMINANTS AND CONTROLS OF WATER MOVEMENT
16.2.1 THE TRANSPORT OF WATER IN THE SOI1-PLANT-ATMOSPHERE CONTINUUM
16.2.2 PLANT WATER RELATIONS 16.3 ASSESSING PLANT WATER STATUS 16.4
POTATO PLANT RESPONSES TO DROUGHT AND BIOTIC STRESS 16.4.1 LEAF
EXPANSION 16.4.2 EFFECT OF DROUGHT ON PLANT CALCIUM AND BC
CONCENTRATIONS 16.5 WATER USE, LEAF DYNAMICS AND POTATO PRODUCTIVITY
16.5.1 WATER-USE EFFICIENCY IN DIFFERENT CLIMATES 16.5.2 RELATIVE
TRANSPIRATION AND LEAF DYNAMICS 16.5.3 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN DROUGHT AND
BIOTIC STRESSES 16.6 VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN DROUGHT TOLERANCE 16.7
EFFECTS OF WATER AVAILABILITY ON QUALITY 17 POTATO CROP RESPONSE TO
RADIATION AND DAYLENGTH A.L. HAVERKORT 17.1 RADIATION 17.1.1 DEVELOPMENT
OF RADIATION INTERCEPTION 17.1.2 MEASUREMENT OF RADIATION INTERCEPTION
17.1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON INTERCEPTION OF SOLAR RADIATION 17.1.4
RADIATION USE EFFICIENCY 333 333 334 334 336 338 339 339 340 342 342 343
345 347 348 353 353 353 356 357 358 CONTENTS 17.2 DAYLENGTH 17.2.1
MORPHOLOGY 17.2.2 TUBER INITIATION 17.2.3 SHORT DAY SENSITIVITY 17.2.4
EARLINESS 18 RESPONSES OF THE POTATO PLANT TO TEMPERATURE PAUL C. STRUIK
XVII 360 360 360 363 363 367 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8
18.9 18.10 18.11 18.12 18.13 INTRODUCTION 18.1.1 BACKGROUND AND WARNINGS
18.1.2 READER'S GUIDE SPROUT GROWTH, EMERGENCE AND CROP ESTABLISHMENT
THE SHOOT SYSTEM 18.3.1 LEAF APPEARANCE 18.3.2 FINAL IEAF NUMBER 18.3.3
LEAF GROWTH AND LEAF SIZE 18.3.4 LIFE SPAN OF LEAVES AND SPECIFIC LEAF
AREA 18.3.5 NUMBER OF STERNS 18.3.6 STERN MORPHOLOGY 18.3.7 STERN
BRANCHING STOLONS TUBERS 18.5.1 TUBER INDUCTION AND TUBER INITIATION
18.5.2 TUBER SET 18.5.3 TUBER BULKING 18.5.4 DRY MATTER PARTITIONING TO
TUBERS AND HARVEST INDEX 18.5.5 TUBER YIELD 18.5.6 TUBER NUMBER 18.5.7
TUBER SIZE DISTRIBUTION 18.5.8 TUBER QUALITY 18.5.9 TUBER ENZYME
ACTIVITY INFLORESCENCES AND FLOWERS ROOT SYSTEM PHOTOSYNTHESIS, DRY
MATTER PRODUCTION AND DRY MATTER PARTITIONING PARTIAL EXPOSURE EFFECTS
OF SHORT PERIODS OF CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE DIURNAL TEMPERATURE
FLUCTUATIONS PHYSIOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR OF SEED TUBERS SUMMARY 367 367 368
368 369 370 370 372 373 374 374 375 375 377 377 378 379 379 380 380 381
381 381 382 384 384 385 386 388 388 391 19 RESPONSE TO THE ENVIRONMENT:
CARBON DIOXIDE 395 LUDWIG DE TEMMERMAN, KARINE VANDERMEIREN UND MARCEL
VAN OIJEN 19.1 INTRODUCTION 19.2 EFFECTS OF INCREASED CO 2 ON CROP
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 395 396 XVIII CONTENTS 19.3 EFFECTS OF INCREASED
CO 2 ON POTATO PHYSIOLOGY 19.4 EFFECTS OF INCREASED CO 2 ON YIELD AND
QUALITY 19.5 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN YIELD AND STRESSES AT ELEVATED CO 2
19.6 MODELLING FUTURE POTATO PRODUCTIVITY 19.6.1 SOURCE-DRIVEN POTATO
GROWTH MODELS 19.6.2 SOURCE-SINK-BASED POTATO GROWTH MODELS 19.6.3
APPLICATIONS OF POTATO MODELS TO CO2-RELATED ISSUES: TOWARDS INTEGRATED
ASSESSMENT 19.7 CONCIUSIONS 397 400 405 406 407 408 409 409 415 20
TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF SALT- TOLERANT POTATO D.J. DONNELLY, S.O.
PRASHER AND R.M. PATEL 20.1 INTRODUCTION 415 20.2 SALT-AFFECTED
AGRICULTURAL LANDS - WHERE ARE THEY? 416 20.2.1 IS POTATO GROWN IN
SALT-AFFECTED AREAS? 416 20.3 LNTEGRATED APPROACH TO CROPPING SALINE
SOILS 419 20.4 MECHANISMS OF SALINITY TOLERANCE IN PLANTS 420 20.4.1
WHAT IS KNOWN OF SALINITY TOLERANCE MECHANISMS IN POTATO? 420 20.5
CLASSIFICATION OF SALINITY TOLERANCE IN POTATO 421 20.6 EVALUATIONS OF
SALINITY TOLERANCE IN POTATO 422 20.6.1 FIELD AND GREENHOUSE EVALUATIONS
OF SALINITY TOLERANCE IN POTATO 422 20.6.2 IN VITRO EVALUATIONS OF
SALINITY TOLERANCE IN POTATO 423 20.7 ENGINEERING AND CULTURAL
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR MODULATION OF SALINITYSTRESS 425 20.7.1 WATER
MANAGEMENT FOR POTATO CROPS UNDER SALINITY STRESS 425 20.7.2 FERTILISER
MANAGEMENT FOR POTATO CROPS UNDER SALINITY STRESS 427 20.7.3 CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS MODULATE SALINITY EFFECTS ON POTATO 428 20.8 PRODUCING
SALINITY TOLERANT POTATO 429 20.8.1 SALINITY-TOLERANT WILD AND/OR
PRIMITIVE POTATO SPECIES 429 20.8.2 DOMESTICATION OF WILD SALT-TOLERANT
POTATO 429 20.8.3 BREEDING FOR INCREASED VIGOUR AND YIELD 430 20.8.4
OBTAINING SALINITY TOLERANCE THROUGH CELL AND TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
431 20.8.5 OBTAINING SALINITY TOLERANT POTATO THROUGH GENETIC
ENGINEERING 433 20.9 SUMMARY 434 PART V TUBERQUALITY 439 21 THE
HARVESTED CROP MICHAEL STOREY 21.1 INTRODUCTION 21.2 NUTRITIONAL VALUE
441 441 442 CONTENTS 21.3 DRY MATTER 21.3.1 CARBOHYDRATES 21.3.2 PROTEIN
21.3.3 VITAMINS 21.3.4 ALLERGENS AND ANTI-NUTRITIONALS 21.3.5
GLYCOALKALOIDS 21.3.6 OTHER TUBER METABOLITES 21.3.7 MINERALS 21.4 FLESH
AND SKIN COLOUR 21.4.1 CAROTENOIDS 21.4.2 ANTHOCYANINS 21.5 GREENING
21.6 MECHANICAL DAMAGE AND BRUISING 21.6.1 ENZYMIC BROWNING 21.6.2
STRUCTURAL AND CELLULAR CHANGES 21.6.3 FIELD FACTORS AND TUBER WATER
STATUS 21.7 CONCLUDING COMMENTS 22 SKIN-SET, WOUND HEALING, AND RELATED
DEFECTS EDWARD C. LULAI XIX 444 444 448 451 452 453 454 454 455 455 456
458 459 460 461 462 466 471 22.1 INTRODUCTION 471 22.2 NATIVE PERIDERM
AND SKIN-SET 472 22.2.1 NATIVE PERIDERM FORMATION 472 22.2.2 SKIN-SET:
APART OF NATIVE PERIDERM MATURATION 473 22.2.3 SKIN-SET AND NATIVE
PERIDERM PHYSIOLOGY 474 22.2.4 PERIDERM ARCHITECTURE AND SKINNING INJURY
476 22.2.5 CELLULAR CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH SKIN-SET 477 22.3 WOUND
HEALING 479 22.3.1 THE PROCESS OF TUBER WOUND HEALING 479 22.3.2
INDUCTION OF SUBERIZATION 480 22.3.3 REGULATION OF SUBERIZATION 481
22.3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON SUBERIZATION 483 22.3.5 CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE BIOPOLYMERS THAT FORM SUBERIN 483 22.3.6 SUBERIZATION: CLOSING
LAYER AND WOUND PERIDERM FORMATION 484 22.3.7 SUBERIN BIOSYNTHESIS AND
STRUCTURE 485 22.3.8 SUBERIZATION AND RESISTANCE TO INFECTION 492 22.4
RELATED DEFECTS 492 22.4.1 WOUND-RELATED TUBER DEFECTS 492 22.4.2
SHATTER BRUISING AND TUBER CRACKING 493 22.4.3 BLACKSPOT AND
PRESSURELCRUSH BRUISING 493 22.4.4 GROWTH CRACKS 495 22.4.5 SKINNING 495
22.5 SUMMARY 496 XX CONTENTS 23 INTERNAL PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS AND
NUTRITIONAL AND COMPOSITIONAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT MARKET QUALITY 501
JOSEPH R. SOWOKINOS 23.1 INTRODUCTION 23.2 GENERAL NATURE, INEIDENEE AND
SEVERITY OF INTERNAL PHYSIOLOGIEAL DISORDERS 23.2.1 CALCIUM NUTRITION
AND TUBER QUALITY 23.2.2 BROWN EENTRE AND INTERNAL BROWN SPOT 23.2.3
HOLLOW HEART 23.2.4 INTERNA1 HEAT NEEROSIS 23.2.5 STERN-END
DISEOLOURATION 23.2.6 TRANSLUEENCY 23.2.7 MOTTLING 23.3 SUMMARY OF
INTERNAL PHYSIOLOGIE AL DISORDERS 23.4 COMPOSITIONAL AND NUTRITIONAL
CHANGES AFFEETING END-USE QUALITY 23.4.1 CARBOHYDRATES - STARCH 23.4.2
CARBOHYDRATES - SUGARS 23.4.3 FAETORS AFFEETING RS EONEENTRATION IN
STORED POTATOES 23.4.4 CHERNIEAL MATURITY MONITORING 501 502 502 504 507
509 510 512 513 515 515 516 516 517 518 525 24 POTATO FLAVOUR AND
TEXTURE MARK A. TAYLOR, GORDON J. MCDOUGALL AND DEREK STEWART 24.1
INTRODUCTION 525 24.2 POTATO FLAVOUR 525 24.2.1 NON-VOLATILE EOMPONENTS
525 24.2.2 GLYCOALKALOIDS AND F1AVOUR 527 24.2.3 VOLATILE EOMPOUNDS 527
24.2.4 MOLECULAR AND GENETIC APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF POTATO FLAVOUR
530 24.2.5 MOLEEULAR APPROACHES TO DISSEETING KEY EONSTITUENTS OF TUBER
FLAVOUR 531 24.3 POTATO TUBER TEXTURE 532 PART VI PESTS AND DISEASES 541
25 INSECT PESTS IN POTATO EDWARD B. RADCLIFFE AND ABDELAZIZ LAGNAOUI
25.1 YIELD AND QUALITY EFFEETS 25.1.1 DEFOLIATORS 25.1.2 SAP FEEDERS 543
543 543 544 569 CONTENTS XXI 25.1.3 PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION 544 25.1.4
ROOT AND TUBER FEEDING 545 25.2 INSECT PESTS OF WORLDWIDE IMPORTANCE 545
25.2.1 APHIDS 545 25.2.2 COLORADO POTATO BEETLE 550 25.2.3 POTATO TUBER
MOTHS 552 25.2.4 LEAFMINERS 554 25.3 REGIONAL PESTS 556 25.3.1
LEAFHOPPERS 556 25.3.2 POTATO PSYLLID 557 25.3.3 THRIPS 557 25.3.4 WHITE
GRUBS 558 25.3.5 WIREWORMS 558 25.3.6 LADYBIRD BEETLES 558 25.3.7 FLEA
BEETLES 559 25.3.8 ANDEAN POTATO WEEVILS 559 25.3.9 CUTWORMS 560 25.4
INSECT CONTROL TACTICS 560 25.4.1 INSECTICIDES 561 25.4.2 HOST PLANT
RESISTANCE 561 25.4.3 BIO1OGICA1 CONTRO1 562 25.5 CONCLUSIONS 562 26 THE
NEMATODE PARASITES OF POTATO DIDIER MUGNIERY AND MARK S. PHILLIPS 26.1
POTATO CYST NEMATODES (GLOBODERA ROSTOCHIENSIS AND GLOBODERA PALLIDA)
569 26.1.1 HOST RANGE 570 26.1.2 DISEASES 572 26.1.3 BIOLOGY 573 26.1.4
DORMANT STAGE 574 26.2 ROOT-KNOT NEMATODES (MELOIDOGYNE SPP.) 575 26.2.1
DISEASE 576 26.2.2 BIO1OGY 576 26.2.3 SPREAD 578 26.3 THE FALSE
ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE NACOBBUS ABERRANS 578 26.3.1 HOST RANGE 578 26.3.2
DISEASE 579 26.3.3 BIO1OGY 579 26.3.4 SPREAD 579 26.4 VIRUS VECTOR
NEMATODES (TRICHODORUS SPP.) 580 26.4.1 DISEASE 581 26.4.2 BIO1OGY 581
XXII CONTENTS 26.5 THE ROOT LESION NEMATODES (PRATYLENCHUS SPP.) 582
26.5.1 DISEASE 582 26.5.2 BIOLOGY 582 26.6 DITYLENCHUS DESTRUCTOR AND
DITYLENCHUS DIPSACI 582 26.6.1 HAST RANGE 583 26.6.2 DISEASE 583 26.6.3
BIOLOGY 584 26.7 CONTROL 584 26.7.1 PROPHYLAXIS 584 26.7.2 CULTURAL
METHODS 585 26.7.3 PHYSIEAL METHODS 586 26.7.4 CHEMIEAL TREATMENTS 586
26.7.5 BIOLOGIEAL METHODS 587 26.7.6 RESISTANT VARIETIES 588 26.8
CONCLUSIONS 591 27 BACTERIAL PATHOGENS OF POTATO 595 JAN M. VAN DER WOLF
AND SOLKE H. DE BOER 27.1 INTRODUETION 595 27.2 PATHOGEN BIOLOGY 595
27.2.1 RALSTONIA SOLANACEARUM 595 27.2.2 CLAVIBACTER MICHIGANENSIS SSP.
SEPEDONICUS 597 27.2.3 PEETOLYTIE ERWINIAS 597 27.2.4 STREPTOMYCES
SCABIES 599 27.3 PATHOLOGY 600 27.3.1 SYMPTOMS AND FAETORS FAVAURING
SYMPTOM EXPRESSION 600 27.3.2 ECONOMIC IMPORTANEE 604 27.3.3 GEOGRAPHIE
DISTRIBUTION 605 27.4 EEOLAGY 606 27.4.1 PLANT EOLONIZATION 606 27.4.2
SURVIVAL 607 27.4.3 DISSEMINATION 608 27.5 CONTRAL 610 27.5.1 USE OF
CLEAN SEED 610 27.5.2 INOEULUM REDUETION 612 27.5.3 AGRONOMIE PRAETIEES
613 27.6 PERSPEETIVES 614 28 VIRUSES: ECONOMICAI LOSSES AND
BIOTECHNOLOGICAI POTENTIAL 619 JARI P.T. VALKONEN 28.1 INTRODUETION 619
28.2 VIRUSES INFEETING POTATO 619 CONTENTS XXIII 28.3 NEW AND EMERGING
VIRUSES AND THEIR DETECTION 622 28.3.1 MOLECULAR DETECTION AND
IDENTIFICATION 622 28.3.2 NEW VIRUSES 623 28.3.3 EMERGING VIRUSES 624
28.4 ECONOMIC IMPACT OF PVY 626 28.4.1 MIXED INFECTIONS 628 28.4.2
IMPACT OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY INFECTION 628 28.4.3 COSTS TO SEED
PRODUCTION 629 28.4.4 YIELD LOSS DEPENDING ON CULTIVAR RESISTANCE AND
PVY STRAIN 630 28.4.5 AETIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVES 631 28.5
INFECTIOUS CDNA CLONES OF POTATO VIRUSES AND THEIR USE AS
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL TOOLS 632 28.5.1 USE OF POTATO VIRUSES AS GENE VECTORS
632 28.5.2 STUDIES ON VIRAL INFECTION CYCLE USING INFECTIOUS CDNAS OF
POTATO VIRUSES 633 29 FUNGAL AND FUNGUS-LIKE PATHOGENS OF POTATO AAD 1.
TERMORSHUIZEN PART VII BIOTECHNOLOGY 643 667 30 DEVELOPMENTS IN
TRANSGENIE BIOLOGY AND THE GENETIC ENGINEERING OF USEFUL TRAITS 669
STEVE MILLAM 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 INTRODUCTION GENETIC
TRANSFORMATION OF POTATO DEVELOPMENTS IN TRANSGENIE BIOLOGY 30.3.1
PROTOCOL REFINEMENTS 30.3.2 ENHANCED OR ALTERNATIVE TRANSFORMATION
STRATEGIES THE GENETIC ENGINEERING OF USEFUI TRAITS 30.4.1 RESISTANCE TO
MAJOR PESTS AND DISEASES 30.4.2 TUBER QUALITY TRAITS 30.4.3 NUTRITIONAI
VALUE SUMMARY AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 669 670 674 674 675 678 679 681
681 683 31 FIELD-TESTING OF TRANSGENIE POTATOES A.J. CONNER 687 31.1
31.2 INTRODUCTION TRANSGENIE POTATOES IN THE CONTEXT OF POTATO BREEDING
687 689 CONTENTS XXIV 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.6 31.7 THE IMPORTANCE OF
FIE1D-TESTING TRANSGENIE POTATOES 31.3.1 FIELD CONFIRMATION OF
TRANSGENIE PHENOTYPE 31.3.2 OCCURRENCE OF OFF-TYPES THE DESIGN OF A
FIELD-TESTING PROGRAMME STRATEGIES TO REDUCE THE FREQUENCY OF OFF-TYPES
ASSESSMENT OF BIOSAFETY ISSUES CONCLUSIONS 691 691 692 695 697 699 701
32 SOIL-FREE TEEHNIQUES STEVE MILLAM AND SANJEEV K. SHARMA 32.1
INTRADUCTION 32.2 MINI-TUBER PRODUCTION 32.3 IN VITRA MULTIPLICATION
TECHNIQUES 32.3.1 AXILLARY-BUD PROLIFERATION 32.3.2 MIERE-TUBER
PRODUCTION 32.3.3 SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS 32.4 HYDRAPONIES AND AERAPONICS
32.5 FUTURE PROSPECTS PART VIII CROP MANAGEMENT 33 AGRONOMIE PRACTICES
D.M. FIRMAN AND E.J. ALLEN 33.1 INTRODUCTION 33.2 PLANNING AND
PREPARATION 33.2.1 MARKET 33.2.2 CALENDAR 33.2.3 SEED 33.2.4 SITE
SE1ECTION 33.2.5 SOIL ANALYSIS 33.2.6 FERTILISER 33.3 SOI1 MANAGEMENT
33.3.1 CULTIVATION 33.3.2 CONTRA I OF SOI1-BOME PESTS AND DISEASES
33.3.3 WEED CONTROL 33.3.4 IRRIGATION 33.4 CROP ESTABLISHMENT AND
MANAAERNENT '=' 33.4.1 PLANTING 33.4.2 CROP PROTECTION 33.4.3 COVERS,
MULCHES, SOI1 AMENDMENTS AND INTERCRAPPING 33.4.4 DEFO1IATION 33.4.5
HARVESTING 705 705 708 709 709 710 712 714 715 717 719 719 719 720 721
722 727 727 728 729 729 730 730 731 732 732 733 734 734 735 CONTENTS
33.5 POST-HARVEST HANDLING AND STORAGE 33.5.1 CROP MONITORING XXV 735
736 34 MINERALS, SOILS AND ROOTS 739 PHILIP 1. WHITE, RON E. WHEATLEY,
LOHN P. HAMMOND AND KEFENG ZHANG 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 INTRODUCTION
OPTIMIZING THE APPLICATION OF FERTILISERS 34.2.1 NITROGEN 34.2.2
POTASSIUM 34.2.3 PHOSPHORUS OPTIMIZING PLANT PHYSIOLOGY FOR MINERAL
ACQUISITION AND UTILIZATION 34.3.1 NITROGEN 34.3.2 POTASSIUM 34.3.3
PHOSPHORUS SOIL CONDITIONS AND POTATO GROWTH SUMMARY 739 742 742 743 744
745 746 747 748 749 750 35 MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF PLANT GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT D.K.L. MACKERRON 753 35.1 INTRODUCTION 753 35.2 AIMS AND
APPROACHES 754 35.2.1 TOP-DOWN/BOTTORN-UP 755 35.2.2
SOURCE-DRIVEN/SINK-BASED 756 35.3 APPLICATIONS 757 35.3.1 POTENTIAL
YIELDS 757 35.3.2 ACTUA1 YIE1DS 759 35.3.3 OUTSTANDING DIFFICU1TIES AND
INADEQUACIES - ROOT GROWTH 763 35.3.4 IDEOTYPING 765 35.3.5 FORECASTING
766 35.4 CALIBRATIONIVA1IDATION AND OTHER DIFFICULTIES 769 35.4.1
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 769 35.4.2 CA1IBRATION AND VALIDATION 770 35.4.3
MODELLERS TEND TO BELIEVE THEIR MODELS 772 35.5 FUTURE WORK 772 36
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN POTATO PRODUCTION B. MARSHALL 36.1
DEFINITION 36.2 OPPORTUNITY 777 777 777 XXVI 36.3 CURRENT AVAILABI1ITY
36.3.1 LATE BLIGHT 36.3.2 FERTILISER 36.3.3 IRRIGATION 36.3.4 TUBER SIZE
DISTRIBUTION 36.4 TAKE-UP IN GENERAL 36.5 THE WAY FORWARD 36.5.1
BARRIERS TO UPTAKE 36.5.2 THE CUSTOMER 36.6 CONCLUSION INDEX CONTENTS
778 781 784 787 790 792 792 792 794 796 801 |
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| author2 | Vreugdenhil, Dick |
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| bvnumber | BV023227856 |
| callnumber-first | S - Agriculture |
| callnumber-label | SB211 |
| callnumber-raw | SB211.P8 |
| callnumber-search | SB211.P8 |
| callnumber-sort | SB 3211 P8 |
| callnumber-subject | SB - Plant Culture |
| classification_tum | LAN 220f LAN 350f LAN 051f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)76939899 (DE-599)HBZHT015134138 |
| dewey-full | 635/.21 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 635 - Garden crops (Horticulture) |
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| dewey-search | 635/.21 |
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| dewey-tens | 630 - Agriculture and related technologies |
| discipline | Agrarwissenschaft Agrar-/Forst-/Ernährungs-/Haushaltswissenschaft / Gartenbau Pflanzenbau |
| discipline_str_mv | Agrarwissenschaft Agrar-/Forst-/Ernährungs-/Haushaltswissenschaft / Gartenbau Pflanzenbau |
| edition | 1. ed. |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV023227856 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T20:18:45Z |
| indexdate | 2024-11-25T17:26:05Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0444510184 9780444510181 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016413624 |
| oclc_num | 76939899 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-11 |
| physical | XXXI, 823 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Potato biology and biotechnology advances and perspectives Potatoes Potatoes Biotechnology Kartoffelbau (DE-588)4163376-3 gnd Kartoffelzüchtung (DE-588)4029818-8 gnd Kartoffelmarkt (DE-588)4139196-2 gnd Genetik (DE-588)4071711-2 gnd Genetische Ressourcen (DE-588)4156623-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4163376-3 (DE-588)4029818-8 (DE-588)4139196-2 (DE-588)4071711-2 (DE-588)4156623-3 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Potato biology and biotechnology advances and perspectives |
| title_auth | Potato biology and biotechnology advances and perspectives |
| title_exact_search | Potato biology and biotechnology advances and perspectives |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Potato biology and biotechnology advances and perspectives |
| title_full | Potato biology and biotechnology advances and perspectives ed. by Dick Vreugdenhil ... |
| title_fullStr | Potato biology and biotechnology advances and perspectives ed. by Dick Vreugdenhil ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Potato biology and biotechnology advances and perspectives ed. by Dick Vreugdenhil ... |
| title_short | Potato biology and biotechnology |
| title_sort | potato biology and biotechnology advances and perspectives |
| title_sub | advances and perspectives |
| topic | Potatoes Potatoes Biotechnology Kartoffelbau (DE-588)4163376-3 gnd Kartoffelzüchtung (DE-588)4029818-8 gnd Kartoffelmarkt (DE-588)4139196-2 gnd Genetik (DE-588)4071711-2 gnd Genetische Ressourcen (DE-588)4156623-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Potatoes Potatoes Biotechnology Kartoffelbau Kartoffelzüchtung Kartoffelmarkt Genetik Genetische Ressourcen Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016413624&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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