Starea de spirit a locuitorilor din judeţele de nord-vest ale Transilvaniei (Arad, Bihor, Sălaj, Satu Mare şi Maramureş) în anul 1945
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2006
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Starea de spirit a locuitorilor din judeţele de nord-vest ale Transilvaniei (Arad, Bihor, Sălaj, Satu Mare şi Maramureş) în anul 1945 |c Antonio Faur |
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The frame of mind of the inhabitants of North-West Transylvanian districts | ||
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| adam_text | CUPRINS
Avertisment
...................................................... 7
Situaţia administrativă a unor judeţe din nord-vestul
Transilvaniei
(1944-1945).......... ..........................
9
Efectele prezenţei trupelor sovietice
........................ 22
Comerţul şi industria
........................................... 30
Starea de spirit a locuitorilor din judeţele nord-vestice
ale României în anul
(1945).................................
38
Manifestări cu caracter revizionist
.......................... 48
Realităţi de la frontiera româno-maghiară
(1945)....... 68
Bibliografie
....................................................... 81
Precizări cu privire la documentele editate
............... 89
Anexe documentare
...........................................
93
-
judeţul Arad
.............................................
93
-
judeţul Bihor
............................................ 466
-
judeţul Maramureş
.................................... 219
-
judeţul
Satu Mare
...................................... 292
-
judeţul Sălaj
............................................. 355
Rezumat în limba engleză (Ioana
Albu)
.................... 459
.„r. f
Bayerische
ąii
I
Staatsbibliothek
München
THE FRAME OF MIND OF THE INHABITANTS
OF NORTH-WEST TRANSYLVANIAN DISTRICTS
(ARAD, BIHOR, SĂLAJ,
SATU- MARE
AND
MARAMUREŞ)
The Romanian historiography after
1989
has given
priority to the problems of the XXth as this was either falsified, to
the
propagandistic
benefit of the socialist state authorities, or
intentionally avoided, because certain realities of the period of
time
1944-1989
were not agreed by the countryvs foremen. As
such, there was set in an artificial blocking for those who have
wished to research into the matter and to reconstitute important
aspects of the contemporary history. The total freedom of
expression, the access to foreign bibliography an AND to new
archive funds (although this was not done to a sufficient extent
the most criticizable fact consisting in the restricted access to the
documents of the ex-information services and to those of the
communist party) have contributed to the obvious progress of
our recent historical investigation and survey, which first has to
be investigated, seriously and rigorously and the re-written,
paying full attention to the respecting the truth. It is an absolutely
compulsory endeavor, which requires long
-
term endeavors
and certainly a proper material support. The existence of
minimum contributions to the achieving of this historic
objectives make us believe there are still difficulties, to which
one associates the urgent utility of scientific debates and
clarifications with regard to the communist period of the time in
the national history.
The course of Romania s evolution has been marked by
the dramatic realities from the months signaling the end of the
World War II. Then Romania fell under the Soviet military
occupation, fact having extremely serious consequences, among
which the forced application of the Soviet model of organization
459
Starea de spirit a locuitorilor din nord-vestul Transilvaniei
(1945).
and functioning of the Romanian
state.
The historians have the
obligation and duty to deconstruct the mechanisms of
politicizing this social science and of using it as an instrument in
the official political action.
We have proceed to investigating documentary funds
that are less accessible until nowadays to researchers, with the
aim of identifying the most poignant aspects of the lives of the
inhabitants from the North-West districts of Transylvania. This,
in order to contribute to the clarifying of circumstances in which
communism was set in Romania, as a form of organization of the
society imposed by the Soviets. In order to respond to such a
desideratum, in a proper manner, it is
-
in our opinion- highly
necessary the systematic and through skimming through of the
documentary information, in which one can find many of the
answers to some questions of contemporary history.
Such a reasoning presided to the drawing up of the
present book. That is, there have been investigated documents of
1945,
which refer to a part of the territory of the country, more
precisely the districts in the North-West of Transylvania. We
publish them entirely, accompanying them by our comments
which highlight the realities
-
significant indeed
-
from the afore
mentioned space, among which the inhabitants frame of mind.
The readers interested in contemporary spirit are revealed an
unknown chapter of the not too distant past, in which there can
be distinguished the real experiences lived by the inhabitants in
these districts of the country. The end of the war, which was
meant to bring forth peace and serenity, liberty and the country s
redress, has meant for the inhabitants we refer to, as well as to
the entire nation alike
-
a state of confusion and uncertainties,
which was finalized in the changing of its destiny, for half a
century. Recovering the truth with regard to this „epoch of „sad
remembrance cannot be achieved without knowing its
moments of genesis, which were partly consumed in the year
1945,
as well. The present book contains important testimony on
this.
460
Antonio
FAUR
The end of the World War II has also brought changes to
the borders of European states. Certain borders, among which
the ones imposed by Germany, have been raised into discussion
ever since the cessation of the conflict. Romania which was
forced in
1940
to cede parts of the national territory in favour of
the Soviet Union,
Horthy
Hungary and of Bulgaria, had as a
major objective, after existing the Axis and after turning arms
against Germany (August 24th
1944),
the recovery of what it
could out of its own territory, given the Soviet victory. The
North-Western border of Romania has been a major concern of
the Romanian state institutions.
The Northern Transylvania has been freed from the
Horthy
occupation, by the fights of September
-
October
1944,
by the Romanian and Soviets armies. As the end of October
1944
the re-instauration of the Romanian administration in
Northern Transylvania was to start, the way the Romanian
population alike with the Romanian state authorities considered
natural.
According to the Convention in the Truce, the Romanian
Administration got permission of re-setting in up to a distance of
50-100
km off the front line; the administrative bodies having
the obligation of complying with result of the High Allied
Commandment (Soviet). As a result, the Romanian government
has approved, in the meeting of the September
22ηά
1944,
the
setting up of a special institution
-
the Commissariat for
administration of the freed Transylvania
-
which shall have the
role of organizing the Romanian civil administration, as this
territory was gradually freed. The respective Commissariat
represented the authority of the Romanian government in the
territory, being headed by a High Commissioner, in the person
of Mr.
Ionel
Pop.
This Commissariat has never functioned there where it
should have, i.e. in
Cluj,
it remaining
-
for all the period of time
of its existence
-
in Bucharest out of reasons well known today,
namely the setting in of the Soviet administration ever since the
461
Starea de spirit a locuitorilor din nord-vestul Transilvaniei
(19451
fall of
1944
in Northern Transylvania. In the
11
districts of
Northern Transylvania
(Bihor/ Ciuc, Cluj, Maramureş, Mureş,
Năsăud, Odorhei,
Satu-Maré,
Sălaj, Someş, and Trei Scaune)
the
Comisariat
has brought a contribution to the instating of few
prefects. One talks about the districts Ciuc,
Mureş,
Odorhei and
Trei Scaune
where the prefectures have functioned starting with
the second half of October until November
10-14.
In the districts
of
Sălaj
and
Someş
there functioned only a few days, whereas in
other districts they were not even instated. This body ceased
existing once with the government of dr.
Petru Groza,
on March
6, 1945.
Although an institution with provisional character, the
Comisariat
was the expression of „a political and national
necessity of utmost urgency, which the respective historical
moment reclaimed . The
Comisariat
for administration of freed
Transylvania „represented the political solution which the first
Sănătescu
government has chosen in order to hasten, ease, and
achieve the administrative re-including within the Romanian
state borders of the North and East part of Transylvania, taken
away by the Dictate of
Viena .
To be noted the fact the Soviet military authorities did
not agree with the political solution adopted by the Romanian
government.
At the beginning on November
1944
all the Romanian
institutions that were assigned back to this territory were obliged
to leave it, being replaced by a Soviet military administration,
exercised by the local Soviet commandments which
-
for
administering the territory
-
used the local people who adhered
to the leftist ideology.
The Northern Transylvania was imposed an unforeseen
situation. In fact there has been created another institution
having a provisional character, which would double that of the
Romanian government
:
„in November
1944
the Soviet
Commandment has allowed the setting up at
Cluj
of a Supreme
Consultative Committee... for the Northern
Ardeal.
..of the
National Democratic Front , and has had several members. It
462
Antonio
FAUR
was
presenteei,
by the delegates of the Hungarian government at
the Paris peace conference, as the legitimate representative of
the Transylvania peoples , which suggested the intentions for the
future of this body, as well as of Budapest. We refer to the
organization of Transylvania under of autonomous form. It is
about a false authority, supported by F.N.D.
[N.F.D.]
which has
exercised its activity through the Executive Committee for
Northern
Ardeal
consisted of
4
Romanians,
6
Hungarians and
1
Jewish person, having as co-president the university professors
Ludovic
Jordaky and
Teofil
Vescan.
Thus there existed two bodies which took action in
parallel. In Bucharest, the Commissariat for administration of
freed Transylvania, a body belonging to the Romanian state,
with the clear aim of the rapid integration of this territory within
the structures of which it took part before the Second World
War.
In
Cluj
the pseudo-government of the Executive
Committee, a formula agreed upon by the Soviets, since it
immediately adhered to F.N.D.
[N.F.D.]
was created and took
action under communist command. This executive committee
has ended its existence on March
13, 1945,
after the setting in of
the
Groza
government, but the ones who have supervised the
entire administration of Northern Transylvania territory were the
Soviets commandments, fact which has had consequences on a
political level as well as in what concerns the ethnic
relationships in the region afore- mentioned, by perpetuating a
tense state with regard to the faith of this province, used as a
means of blackmail by Soviets, who have decided to condition
the return of the Romanian administration here on accepting of a
pro- communist government by the King.
Even after this, the border between Romania and
Hungary was controlled by the soviet military authorities, the
real factor of authority.
At the end of October and the beginning of November
1944,
out of the order of the High Soviet Commandment in
463
Starea de spirit a locuitorilor din nord-vestul Transilvaniei
(19451
Romania., all Romanian administrative structures, civil and
military have been withdrawn from here, under various pretexts.
After approximately two-three weeks from its part-installment,
the Romanian administration has been replaced by the Soviets,
out of reasons of „front security also in order to prevent the
outburst of interethnic conflicts triggered by various battalions of
volunteers behind the front. It was obvious that Moscow needed
a means of the Romanian authority in this area becoming soon,
a stake in the fight for power of the Communist Party in
Romania.
For the Romanians from these districts there was opened,
since November
1944
a new difficult page in their history. In a
very short time, the fate seemed to have turned against them,
due to the incertitude that lingered upon the future of this
territory, in the context of rumors launched by various ethnics
(Hungarians, Ukrainians and Jews) with regard to the fact that
parts of this territory shall be annexed to neighbouring states,
Hungary and Ukraine. Now the Soviets controlled and decided
here, by means of local instruments, such as the Executive
Committee of Northern
Ardeal.
The only political institutions
accepted were the ones lead by or of which took part the
communist and leftist forces, faithful to the new occupant.
The Hungarian government has tried, by any means,
inclusively by orders given, to perpetuate the administration
headed by Hungarians, some of them having remained ever
since the
Horthy
occupation on this territory. Right after the
moment of August
1944,
the Hungarians authorities have set out
a strategy which had to ensure the perpetuation of the
Hungarian domination upon the territory occupied on
ЗО 1
1940.
Both the government in Budapest and the government in
Debrecen, constituted Soviet support, have recommended the
Hungarians in Transylvania to set up a communist party in order
that the
soviets,
after occupying this territory, to find a core of
political and doctrinaire fidelity to the Hungarian ethnicity. The
464
Antonio
FAUR
way it shall be seen, the plan was set into application in the
Northwestern Transylvanian districts.
The withdrawal of the Romanian administration or the
fact that it was not even permitted the installing of it in the
districts of
Maramureş,
Satu
Mare, Bihor
(it was evacuated the
way we have sown above) and
Sălaj, wherefrom
we have
archive information, has seriously put an imprint upon the
existence of the Romanian population from here oppressed by
the four years of abuses of the
Horthy
administration, as well as
by the difficulties of war. Within itself a special frame of spirit
was created, particularly tense after the ceasing of conflict. The
shortcomings have marked the daily life, encouraging
speculation. The fear for tomorrow was more and more present,
moreover the disappointment of the Romanians due to the
uncertainty of the statute of the territory they lived on, many of
them withdrawing towards South, as we have seen in the case of
Bihor,
where they were under the full authority of the
Romanians state they felt secure.
The war, with its harshness and problems, the existence
of old ethnic tensions between Romanians and Hungarians,
strongly amplified by the brief, but terrible
Horthy
administration
of the years
1940-1944,
have lead to the creation of proper
conditions for the setting in of a dim and troubled period in this
North Western region, that has become the scene of serious
economic, political, social and ethnic convulsions. This reality
has continued to exist until the date of March
б 1
1945,
when
further to the setting in of the
Groza
government, Stalin has
approved of the re-introduction of the Romanian administration
in Northern Transylvania by the telegram of March
1945.
It is
necessary to add that it took a while until this administration has
been fully reinstated in the Northern Transylvanian districts. In
Bihor,
for example, based on the existing information, the setting
in of the authorities lasted until the summer of
1945,
when the
Legion of Gendarmes reached
Oradea
as well. The preparations
for transfer of the Prefecture from Beius to
Oradea
have been
465
Starea de spirit a locuitorilor din nord-vestul Transilvaniei
(19451
made during the months of March, April and May
1945
until
when there have been reinstated all the offices and the
Gendarmes Inspectorate
Oradea
has returned only at the
beginning of July. Once here, these authorities, both civil and
military, have started to inform the government in Bucharest on
the local realities by means of reports. A significant part of these
are published in the present volume.
The political-administrative conditions in the period of
time immediately after the „passing of the Soviet and
Romanians troops on the territory of the districts we have taken
into study have been decisive for the inhabitants state of spirit,
fact signaled in the documents. For instance, in a information
bulletin (for the beginning of the month of August
1945)
of the
Gendarmes Legion of
Arad,
it was asserted that the presence of
the „Russian troops in the territory constitutes an opportunity
for comments for „certain reactionary persons , who have
already launched rurnors („all sort of versions with regard to the
out shaping of an armed conflict between the USSR and the
Anglo American powers, this being „inevitable and having as a
cause „the difference of political ideas and the structure of the
states mentioned. It is surprising to hear the respective assertion
and this as a result the placing in the year
1945
of the first pro-
American manifestations, they being amplified in the following
stage, so that> around
1949-1952
they have become the main
object of blame in the trials sued at court by repressive bodies of
the popular democratic state, to all those who have opposed the
action of forced sovietization of Romania. As a result, the
Romanians have waited for the Americans ever since the
moment when there were fought victorious battles on the West
front, by the surrender of the Nazi Germany.
Sensing the danger of the North-West districts of
Romania (and not only) have looked for aid, identifying it in the
„Anglo-American armies „who in their view, could have helped
them get rid of the Soviets. The belief that the Anglo-Americans
are invincible, to which there was added the connotation of
466
Antonio
FAUR
saviours, was thus born out of those circumstances and dates
back more than
60
years ago. There might be written a work on
its influence on the Romanians.aspirations, beginning with
1945.
The inhabitants were worried by the „presence of the
Soviet troops and moreover by the „abuses committed by them.
The reports of the gendarmes contain referrals to this type of
behaviour of the „Soviet soldiers, who
-
„in isolated groups and
without any responsibility
-
land themselves to „plunders and
scandals . In
Arad
between July 25th and August 4th
1945
there
took place several „fights with the civil population that have
had as a result
„6
deaths on the side of the Soviet soldiers and
several wounded people , from among the village people. To be
noted is the fact that the inhabitants have confronted themselves
with the Soviet army, having managed to stop them from making
other abuses and troubles. A great responsibility incurred on the
Soviet commandments who should have prevent such situations
and whose task was to maintain the discipline among troops that
had occupied the territory of Romania.
The districts in the North
-
West of the country had an
agricultural economy as well as a mountain area economy,
affected by the carrying out of the military operations in this
territory (in the fall of
1944)
by the plunders practiced by the
soviet militaries, both during the offensive, and upon their return
from Germany and crossing over certain inner passages (again
exposed to the same abuses) then by the requisition of animals,
(especially the traction ones) and of food products, in the
account of the obligations deriving from the Convention of
Armistice [Truce]. In almost all the reports of the gendarmes,
there were noted aspects of the difficulties of this kind with
which the rural world confronted itself. Absolutely all
inhabitants were „worried by „the day by day price increases
of the strict usage goods, by their absence from the free market
and by the fact that the Soviets blocked the selling off some of
these; they raised the cattle and cereals which they transported
to the Soviet Union.
467
Starea de spirit a locuitorilor din nord-vestul Transilvaniei
(19451
These factors, which aggravated the local economic
situation, have given rise to feelings of fear, particularly within
those who lived in towns, on the sense that not even the „daily
bread „shall be provided to them; there looming in the horizon
the specter of „famine . There were added the great differences
of prices between the industrial products (clothing, footwear,
cigarettes, matches, etc), and the agricultural ones, the latter
ones being much cheaper; thus an alarming discrepancy was
created, which de-favoured the peasants. On the commercial
market there appeared phenomena specific to a crisis such as
maximization of prices to agricultural products and in contrast to
this, articles of every day usage that were so rare that they have
been exclusively at the discretion of punters, who did nothing
else but „mercilessly taking the money away from the
population (A.F.-underl
ine).
Thus, it is not accidental the mentioning
-
from an
informative
-
of October
10* 1945)
of the
Arad
Legion of
Gendarmes
-
with regard to the
Arad
Legion of Gendarmes
-
with regard to the general „state of unrest determined by the
„economic life of the country, as well as the local one, „both
being affected by a serious food crisis and industrial items crisis
and also by the increase of their prices by traders; the profit
being achieved by characteristic means of subterranean
economy. In another document the following reality is
described: „The population keeps to manifest a series of
dissatisfactions
...,
with regard to the evolution of the economic
situation, with tendency of exaggerate price increases to all
kinds of strictly necessary items. On the one hand the lack of
things and on the other hand the high prices observed from one
day to another, determines the rather low standard of living of
the population . The inhabitants attributed to the „actual
political government the responsibility for
„
this state of matter
out of the reason that although the war „is over , there still exists
a great lack of highly needed articles and „the speculation
468
Antonio
FAUR
haunts all throughout the country, fact that did not happen
during the war.
Noticing that life had become almost unbearable for
„certain categories of inhabitants with little sources of income
(earnings) was more and more poignant. The inhabitants in the
mountain area had the hardest life, as they could no longer
procure the wheat and corn highly required both to them and to
animals in their own house holds. The „resort authorities did
not give them support in order to provide them necessary things,
at officials prices, so they were compelled to purchase them at
„speculation prices . In exchange, they were obliged to sell their
products through the Exploitation Centers (which acquired the
cattle imperiously demanded by the Soviets, for fulfilling the
commitments in the Truce Convention)
-
at
„
half the price they
could obtain on the free market. Consequently, the rural
population was more affected by the precarious economic
situation the country was going through at the time.
In the context of a presence of the Soviet troops in the
North- West districts (as actually in all other parts of Romania)
which were the main support of parties and leftist groups (the
Communist Party, the Madosz), their representatives took action
according to their own will, in various localities, substituting
themselves to the legal administrative authorities and exercising
frequent pressures upon them. Moreover, they „commit illegalities
and privileges for the people of their political colour
.
We are of opinion that is necessary as well to make the
notification that the revisionist phenomenon in the North-West
districts of Transylvania there is consistent documentary
information, due to the interest shown by the state central
authorities as to such problems. Out of this reason, the
gendarmes have made efforts ¡n this respect, stimulated also by
the Romanians requests, those who did suffer in the years
1940-
1944
and now they saw how the
Horthy
terrorists continued
their activity, under the flag of the left, without being brought
along in front of the legal judgments for their abominable deeds.
469
Starea de spirit a locuitorilor din nord-vestul Transilvaniei
(19451
The postwar revisionism in the reference area had the origin in
the anti-Romanian behaviour during the
Horthy
occupation. It
vised the annexing of at least a part of Transylvania to Hungary,
irrespective at what cost, inclusively with the one of
transforming Transylvania into a Soviet republic, by sacrificing
its own independence.
On this background, of confusion and incertitude to
which the external Hungarian support of leftist forces
(communist) was added, there was carried out an intense
manifestation of the revisionist spirit within the Hungarian and
Ukrainian inhabitants, about which the gendarmes have
gathered a pretty convincing information, which remains to a
great extent unique. The present volume contains an impressive
quantity of testimony referring to this problem.
From the very moment they came back, after four years
of
Horthy
domination, the gendarmes have proceeded to
gathering of information about the way in which the Romanian
inhabitants in
Sălaj
district were treated, where tragic events
occurred (in
lp,
Treznea, and other Romanian localities), caused
by the
Horthy
authorities (military and administrative, as well as
by some of the Hungarian inhabitants, who have cooperated for
the annihilation or even destruction of the Romanian element.
Concomitantly, the institutions of gendarmerie have
received orders to inform themselves with regard to the
irredentist type of manifestations displayed by some Hungarian
inhabitants in the district. They have been extremely numerous,
so that they have become a special research object for the
gendarmes, who have thoroughly noted them down and as such,
we avail ourselves of several data and facts of revisionist nature,
which cannot be ignored by the historian out of reasons of the
concourse of events. We can assert that it is about a political
phenomenon attesting not only a state of spirit of a part of the
inhabitants of
Sălaj
district, but also by the tendencies and forms
of concrete expression of the revisionist movements of a rare
470
Antonio
FAUR
aggressiveness, which has permanently attempted at the
territorial integrity of our country .
From the very first contacts with the local realities, the
gendarmes have been surprised by the seriousness of things.
Thus, they note down the dissatisfactions of the Romanian
population in
Sălaj
district, determined by the fact that there
still are communal clerks, in some places, exclusively of
...
Hungarian nationality, who have worked as well in
Horthy
Hungary and who have driven away the Romanian element
(underlined by A.F.) Instead of being punished by the Romanian
authorities for their deeds, these were still maintained in their
positions and held offices, which had as an effect the reparatory
relationships of those families of Romanians who had suffered
great losses in the terrible years of the
Horthy
domination.
(1940-1944)
Seen in its whole, the revisionist danger
-
who has
known open forms, as well as hidden forms of manifestation
-
has constituted a reality of the period of time of the end of the
war, being nurtured also by the non-definite situation of the
Transylvanian status, an issue that was to be made definite wit
the peace treaties of Paris (in
1947),
obviously in favour of
Romania.
Translation into English
made by
Ioana
ALBU
471
|
| adam_txt |
CUPRINS
Avertisment
. 7
Situaţia administrativă a unor judeţe din nord-vestul
Transilvaniei
(1944-1945).'.
9
Efectele prezenţei trupelor sovietice
. 22
Comerţul şi industria
. 30
Starea de spirit a locuitorilor din judeţele nord-vestice
ale României în anul
(1945).
38
Manifestări cu caracter revizionist
. 48
Realităţi de la frontiera româno-maghiară
(1945). 68
Bibliografie
. 81
Precizări cu privire la documentele editate
. 89
Anexe documentare
.
93
-
judeţul Arad
.
93
-
judeţul Bihor
. 466
-
judeţul Maramureş
. 219
-
judeţul
Satu Mare
. 292
-
judeţul Sălaj
. 355
Rezumat în limba engleză (Ioana
Albu)
. 459
.„r. f
Bayerische
ąii
I
Staatsbibliothek
München
THE FRAME OF MIND OF THE INHABITANTS
OF NORTH-WEST TRANSYLVANIAN DISTRICTS
(ARAD, BIHOR, SĂLAJ,
SATU- MARE
AND
MARAMUREŞ)
The Romanian historiography after
1989
has given
priority to the problems of the XXth' as this was either falsified, to
the
propagandistic
benefit of the socialist state authorities, or
intentionally avoided, because certain realities of the period of
time
1944-1989
were not agreed by the countryvs foremen. As
such, there was set in an artificial blocking for those who have
wished to research into the matter and to reconstitute important
aspects of the contemporary history. The total freedom of
expression, the access to foreign bibliography an AND to new
archive funds (although this was not done to a sufficient extent
the most criticizable fact consisting in the restricted access to the
documents of the ex-information services and to those of the
communist party) have contributed to the obvious progress of
our recent historical investigation and survey, which first has to
be investigated, seriously and rigorously and the re-written,
paying full attention to the respecting the truth. It is an absolutely
compulsory endeavor, which requires long
-
term endeavors
and certainly a proper material support. The existence of
minimum contributions to the achieving of this historic
objectives make us believe there are still difficulties, to which
one associates the urgent utility of scientific debates and
clarifications with regard to the communist period of the time in
the national history.
The course of Romania's evolution has been marked by
the dramatic realities from the months signaling the end of the
World War II. Then Romania fell under the Soviet military
occupation, fact having extremely serious consequences, among
which the forced application of the Soviet model of organization
459
Starea de spirit a locuitorilor din nord-vestul Transilvaniei
(1945).
and functioning of the Romanian
state.
The historians have the
obligation and duty to deconstruct the mechanisms of
politicizing this social science and of using it as an instrument in
the official political action.
We have proceed to investigating documentary funds
that are less accessible until nowadays to researchers, with the
aim of identifying the most poignant aspects of the lives of the
inhabitants from the North-West districts of Transylvania. This,
in order to contribute to the clarifying of circumstances in which
communism was set in Romania, as a form of organization of the
society imposed by the Soviets. In order to respond to such a
desideratum, in a proper manner, it is
-
in our opinion- highly
necessary the systematic and through skimming through of the
documentary information, in which one can find many of the
answers to some questions of contemporary history.
Such a reasoning presided to the drawing up of the
present book. That is, there have been investigated documents of
1945,
which refer to a part of the territory of the country, more
precisely the districts in the North-West of Transylvania. We
publish them entirely, accompanying them by our comments
which highlight the realities
-
significant indeed
-
from the afore
mentioned space, among which the inhabitants' frame of mind.
The readers interested in contemporary spirit are revealed an
unknown chapter of the not too distant past, in which there can
be distinguished the real experiences lived by the inhabitants in
these districts of the country. The end of the war, which was
meant to bring forth peace and serenity, liberty and the country's
redress, has meant for the inhabitants we refer to, as well as to
the entire nation alike
-
a state of confusion and uncertainties,
which was finalized in the changing of its destiny, for half a
century. Recovering the truth with regard to this „epoch" of „sad
remembrance" cannot be achieved without knowing its
moments of genesis, which were partly consumed in the year
1945,
as well. The present book contains important testimony on
this.
460
Antonio
FAUR
The end of the World War II has also brought changes to
the borders of European states. Certain borders, among which
the ones imposed by Germany, have been raised into discussion
ever since the cessation of the conflict. Romania which was
forced in
1940
to cede parts of the national territory in favour of
the Soviet Union,
Horthy
Hungary and of Bulgaria, had as a
major objective, after existing the Axis and after turning arms
against Germany (August 24th
1944),
the recovery of what it
could out of its own territory, given the Soviet victory. The
North-Western border of Romania has been a major concern of
the Romanian state institutions.
The Northern Transylvania has been freed from the
Horthy
occupation, by the fights of September
-
October
1944,
by the Romanian and Soviets armies. As the end of October
1944
the re-instauration of the Romanian administration in
Northern Transylvania was to start, the way the Romanian
population alike with the Romanian state authorities considered
natural.
According to the Convention in the Truce, the Romanian
Administration got permission of re-setting in up to a distance of
50-100
km off the front line; the administrative bodies having
the obligation of complying with result of the High Allied
Commandment (Soviet). As a result, the Romanian government
has approved, in the meeting of the September
22ηά
1944,
the
setting up of a special institution
-
the Commissariat for
administration of the freed Transylvania
-
which shall have the
role of organizing the Romanian civil administration, as this
territory was gradually freed. The respective Commissariat
represented the authority of the Romanian government in the
territory, being headed by a High Commissioner, in the person
of Mr.
Ionel
Pop.
This Commissariat has never functioned there where it
should have, i.e. in
Cluj,
it remaining
-
for all the period of time
of its existence
-
in Bucharest out of reasons well known today,
namely the setting in of the Soviet administration ever since the
461
Starea de spirit a locuitorilor din nord-vestul Transilvaniei
(19451
fall of
1944
in Northern Transylvania. In the
11
districts of
Northern Transylvania
(Bihor/ Ciuc, Cluj, Maramureş, Mureş,
Năsăud, Odorhei,
Satu-Maré,
Sălaj, Someş, and Trei Scaune)
the
Comisariat
has brought a contribution to the instating of few
prefects. One talks about the districts Ciuc,
Mureş,
Odorhei and
Trei Scaune
where the prefectures have functioned starting with
the second half of October until November
10-14.
In the districts
of
Sălaj
and
Someş
there functioned only a few days, whereas in
other districts they were not even instated. This body ceased
existing once with the government of dr.
Petru Groza,
on March
6, 1945.
Although an institution with provisional character, the
Comisariat
was the expression of „a political and national
necessity of utmost urgency, which the respective historical
moment reclaimed". The
Comisariat
for administration of freed
Transylvania „represented the political solution which the first
Sănătescu
government has chosen in order to hasten, ease, and
achieve the administrative re-including within the Romanian
state borders of the North and East part of Transylvania, taken
away by the Dictate of
Viena".
To be noted the fact the Soviet military authorities did
not agree with the political solution adopted by the Romanian
government.
At the beginning on November
1944
all the Romanian
institutions that were assigned back to this territory were obliged
to leave it, being replaced by a Soviet military administration,
exercised by the local Soviet commandments which
-
for
administering the territory
-
used the local people who adhered
to the leftist ideology.
The Northern Transylvania was imposed an unforeseen
situation. In fact there has been created another institution
having a provisional character, which would double that of the
Romanian government
:
„in November
1944
the Soviet
Commandment has allowed the setting up at
Cluj
of a Supreme
Consultative Committee. for the Northern
Ardeal.
.of the
National Democratic Front", and has had several members. It
462
Antonio
FAUR
was
presenteei,
by the delegates of the Hungarian government at
the Paris peace conference, as "the legitimate representative of
the Transylvania peoples", which suggested the intentions for the
future of this body, as well as of Budapest. We refer to the
organization of Transylvania under of autonomous form. It is
about a false authority, supported by F.N.D.
[N.F.D.]
which has
exercised its activity through the Executive Committee for
Northern
Ardeal
consisted of
4
Romanians,
6
Hungarians and
1
Jewish person, having as co-president the university professors
Ludovic
Jordaky and
Teofil
Vescan.
Thus there existed two bodies which took action in
parallel. In Bucharest, the Commissariat for administration of
freed Transylvania, a body belonging to the Romanian state,
with the clear aim of the rapid integration of this territory within
the structures of which it took part before the Second World
War.
In
Cluj
the pseudo-government of the Executive
Committee, a formula agreed upon by the Soviets, since it
immediately adhered to F.N.D.
[N.F.D.]
was created and took
action under communist command. This executive committee
has ended its existence on March
13, 1945,
after the setting in of
the
Groza
government, but the ones who have supervised the
entire administration of Northern Transylvania territory were the
Soviets commandments, fact which has had consequences on a
political level as well as in what concerns the ethnic
relationships in the region afore- mentioned, by perpetuating a
tense state with regard to the faith of this province, used as a
means of blackmail by Soviets, who have decided to condition
the return of the Romanian administration here on accepting of a
pro- communist government by the King.
Even after this, the border between Romania and
Hungary was controlled by the soviet military authorities, the
real factor of authority.
At the end of October and the beginning of November
1944,
out of the order of the High Soviet Commandment in
463
Starea de spirit a locuitorilor din nord-vestul Transilvaniei
(19451
Romania., all Romanian administrative structures, civil and
military have been withdrawn from here, under various pretexts.
After approximately two-three weeks from its part-installment,
the Romanian administration has been replaced by the Soviets,
out of reasons of „front security" also in order to prevent the
outburst of interethnic conflicts triggered by various battalions of
volunteers behind the front. It was obvious that Moscow needed
a means of the Romanian authority in this area becoming soon,
a stake in the fight for power of the Communist Party in
Romania.
For the Romanians from these districts there was opened,
since November
1944
a new difficult page in their history. In a
very short time, the fate "seemed to have turned against them,
due to the incertitude that lingered upon the future of this
territory, in the context of rumors launched by various ethnics
(Hungarians, Ukrainians and Jews) with regard to the fact that
parts of this territory shall be annexed to neighbouring states,
Hungary and Ukraine. Now the Soviets controlled and decided
here, by means of local instruments, such as the Executive
Committee of Northern
Ardeal.
The only political institutions
accepted were the ones lead by or of which took part the
communist and leftist forces, faithful to the new occupant.
The Hungarian government has tried, by any means,
inclusively by orders given, to perpetuate the administration
headed by Hungarians, some of them having remained ever
since the
Horthy
occupation on this territory. Right after the
moment of August
1944,
the Hungarians authorities have set out
a strategy which had to ensure the perpetuation of the
Hungarian domination upon the territory occupied on
ЗО"1
1940.
Both the government in Budapest and the government in
Debrecen, constituted Soviet support, have recommended the
Hungarians in Transylvania to set up a communist party in order
that the
soviets,
after occupying this territory, to find a core of
political and doctrinaire fidelity to the Hungarian ethnicity. The
464
Antonio
FAUR
way it shall be seen, the plan was set into application in the
Northwestern Transylvanian districts.
The withdrawal of the Romanian administration or the
fact that it was not even permitted the installing of it in the
districts of
Maramureş,
Satu
Mare, Bihor
(it was evacuated the
way we have sown above) and
Sălaj, wherefrom
we have
archive information, has seriously put an imprint upon the
existence of the Romanian population from here oppressed by
the four years of abuses of the
Horthy
administration, as well as
by the difficulties of war. Within itself a special frame of spirit
was created, particularly tense after the ceasing of conflict. The
shortcomings have marked the daily life, encouraging
speculation. The fear for tomorrow was more and more present,
moreover the disappointment of the Romanians due to the
uncertainty of the statute of the territory they lived on, many of
them withdrawing towards South, as we have seen in the case of
Bihor,
where they were under the full authority of the
Romanians state they felt secure.
The war, with its harshness and problems, the existence
of old ethnic tensions between Romanians and Hungarians,
strongly amplified by the brief, but terrible
Horthy
administration
of the years
1940-1944,
have lead to the creation of proper
conditions for the setting in of a dim and troubled period in this
North Western region, that has become the scene of serious
economic, political, social and ethnic convulsions. This reality
has continued to exist until the date of March
б"1
1945,
when
further to the setting in of the
Groza
government, Stalin has
approved of the re-introduction of the Romanian administration
in Northern Transylvania by the telegram of March
1945.
It is
necessary to add that it took a while until this administration has
been fully reinstated in the Northern Transylvanian districts. In
Bihor,
for example, based on the existing information, the setting
in of the authorities lasted until the summer of
1945,
when the
Legion of Gendarmes reached
Oradea
as well. The preparations
for transfer of the Prefecture from Beius to
Oradea
have been
465
Starea de spirit a locuitorilor din nord-vestul Transilvaniei
(19451
made during the months of March, April and May
1945
until
when there have been reinstated all the offices and the
Gendarmes Inspectorate
Oradea
has returned only at the
beginning of July. Once here, these authorities, both civil and
military, have started to inform the government in Bucharest on
the local realities by means of reports. A significant part of these
are published in the present volume.
The political-administrative conditions in the period of
time immediately after the „passing" of the Soviet and
Romanians troops on the territory of the districts we have taken
into study have been decisive for the inhabitants' state of spirit,
fact signaled in the documents. For instance, in a information
bulletin (for the beginning of the month of August
1945)
of the
Gendarmes Legion of
Arad,
it was asserted that the presence of
the „Russian troops" in the territory constitutes an opportunity
for comments for „certain reactionary persons", who have
already launched rurnors („all sort of versions" with regard to the
out shaping of an armed conflict between the USSR and the
Anglo American powers, this being „inevitable" and having as a
cause „the difference of political ideas and the structure of the
states" mentioned. It is surprising to hear the respective assertion
and this as a result the placing in the year
1945
of the first pro-
American manifestations, they being amplified in the following
stage, so that> around
1949-1952
they have become the main
object of blame in the trials sued at court by repressive bodies of
the popular democratic state, to all those who have opposed the
action of forced sovietization of Romania. As a result, the
Romanians have waited for the Americans ever since the
moment when there were fought victorious battles on the West
front, by the surrender of the Nazi Germany.
Sensing the danger of the North-West districts of
Romania (and not only) have looked for aid, identifying it in the
„Anglo-American" armies „who in their view, could have helped
them get rid of the Soviets. The belief that the Anglo-Americans
are invincible, to which there was added the connotation of
466
Antonio
FAUR
saviours, was thus born out of those circumstances and dates
back more than
60
years ago. There might be written a work on
its influence on the Romanians.aspirations, beginning with
1945.
The inhabitants were worried by the „presence" of the
Soviet troops and moreover by the „abuses" committed by them.
The reports of the gendarmes contain referrals to this type of
behaviour of the „Soviet" soldiers, who
-
„in isolated groups and
without any responsibility"
-
land themselves to „plunders and
scandals". In
Arad
between July 25th and August 4th
1945
there
took place several „fights with the civil population" that have
had as a result
„6
deaths on the side of the Soviet soldiers and
several wounded people", from among the village people. To be
noted is the fact that the inhabitants have confronted themselves
with the Soviet army, having managed to stop them from making
other abuses and troubles. A great responsibility incurred on the
Soviet commandments who should have prevent such situations
and whose task was to maintain the discipline among troops that
had occupied the territory of Romania.
The districts in the North
-
West of the country had an
agricultural economy as well as a mountain area economy,
affected by the carrying out of the military operations in this
territory (in the fall of
1944)
by the plunders practiced by the
soviet militaries, both during the offensive, and upon their return
from Germany and crossing over certain inner passages (again
exposed to the same abuses) then by the requisition of animals,
(especially the traction ones) and of food products, in the
account of the obligations deriving from the Convention of
Armistice [Truce]. In almost all the reports of the gendarmes,
there were noted aspects of the difficulties of this kind with
which the rural world confronted itself. Absolutely all
inhabitants were „worried" by „the day by day price increases"
of the strict usage goods, by their absence from the free market
and by the fact that the Soviets blocked the selling off some of
these; they raised the cattle and cereals which they transported
to the Soviet Union.
467
Starea de spirit a locuitorilor din nord-vestul Transilvaniei
(19451
These factors, which aggravated the local economic
situation, have given rise to feelings of fear, particularly within
those who lived in towns, on the sense that not even the „daily
bread" „shall be provided" to them; there looming in the horizon
the specter of „famine". There were added the great differences
of prices between the industrial products (clothing, footwear,
cigarettes, matches, etc), and the agricultural ones, the latter
ones being much cheaper; thus an alarming discrepancy was
created, which de-favoured the peasants. On the commercial
market there appeared phenomena specific to a crisis such as
maximization of prices to agricultural products and in contrast to
this, articles of every day usage that were so rare that they have
been exclusively at the discretion of punters, who did nothing
else but „mercilessly taking the money away from the
population" (A.F.-underl
ine).
Thus, it is not accidental the mentioning
-
from an
informative
-
of October
10* 1945)
of the
Arad
Legion of
Gendarmes
-
with regard to the
Arad
Legion of Gendarmes
-
with regard to the general „state of unrest" determined by the
„economic life" of the country, as well as the local one, „both
being affected by a serious food crisis and industrial items crisis
and also by the increase of their prices by traders; the profit
being achieved by characteristic means of subterranean
economy. In another document the following reality is
described: „The population keeps to manifest a series of
dissatisfactions
.,
with regard to the evolution of the economic
situation, with tendency of exaggerate price increases to all
kinds of strictly necessary items. On the one hand the lack of
things and on the other hand the high prices observed from one
day to another, determines the rather low standard of living of
the population". The inhabitants attributed to the „actual
political government" the responsibility for
„
this state of matter"
out of the reason that although the war „is over", there still exists
a great lack of highly needed articles and „the speculation
468
Antonio
FAUR
haunts" all throughout the country, fact that did not happen
during the war.
Noticing that life had become almost unbearable for
„certain categories of inhabitants with little sources of income
(earnings)" was more and more poignant. The inhabitants in the
mountain area had the hardest life, as they could no longer
procure the wheat and corn highly required both to them and to
animals in their own house holds. The „resort" authorities did
not give them support in order to provide them necessary things,
at officials prices, so they were compelled to purchase them at
„speculation prices". In exchange, they were obliged to sell their
products through the Exploitation Centers (which acquired the
cattle imperiously demanded by the Soviets, for fulfilling the
commitments in the Truce Convention)
-
at
„
half' the price they
could obtain on the free market. Consequently, the rural
population was more affected by the precarious economic
situation the country was going through at the time.
In the context of a presence of the Soviet troops in the
North- West districts (as actually in all other parts of Romania)
which were the main support of parties and leftist groups (the
Communist Party, the Madosz), their representatives took action
according to their own will, in various localities, substituting
themselves to the legal administrative authorities and exercising
frequent pressures upon them. Moreover, they „commit illegalities
and privileges for the people of their political colour
".
We are of opinion that is necessary as well to make the
notification that the revisionist phenomenon in the North-West
districts of Transylvania there is consistent documentary
information, due to the interest shown by the state central
authorities as to such problems. Out of this reason, the
gendarmes have made efforts ¡n this respect, stimulated also by
the Romanians' requests, those who did suffer in the years
1940-
1944
and now they saw how the
Horthy
terrorists continued
their activity, under the flag of the left, without being brought
along in front of the legal judgments for their abominable deeds.
469
Starea de spirit a locuitorilor din nord-vestul Transilvaniei
(19451
The postwar revisionism in the reference area had the origin in
the anti-Romanian behaviour during the
Horthy
occupation. It
vised the annexing of at least a part of Transylvania to Hungary,
irrespective at what cost, inclusively with the one of
transforming Transylvania into a Soviet republic, by sacrificing
its own independence.
On this background, of confusion and incertitude to
which the external Hungarian support of leftist forces
(communist) was added, there was carried out an intense
manifestation of the revisionist spirit within the Hungarian and
Ukrainian inhabitants, about which the gendarmes have
gathered a pretty convincing information, which remains to a
great extent unique. The present volume contains an impressive
quantity of testimony referring to this problem.
From the very moment they came back, after four years
of
Horthy
domination, the gendarmes have proceeded to
gathering of information about the way in which the Romanian
inhabitants in
Sălaj
district were treated, where tragic events
occurred (in
lp,
Treznea, and other Romanian localities), caused
by the
Horthy
authorities (military and administrative, as well as
by some of the Hungarian inhabitants, who have cooperated for
the annihilation or even destruction of the Romanian element.
Concomitantly, the institutions of gendarmerie have
received orders to inform themselves with regard to the
"irredentist" type of manifestations displayed by some Hungarian
inhabitants in the district. They have been extremely numerous,
so that they have become a special research object for the
gendarmes, who have thoroughly noted them down and as such,
we avail ourselves of several data and facts of revisionist nature,
which cannot be ignored by the historian out of reasons of the
concourse of events. We can assert that it is about a political
phenomenon attesting not only a state of spirit of a part of the
inhabitants of
Sălaj
district, but also by the tendencies and forms
of concrete expression of the revisionist movements of a rare
470
Antonio
FAUR
aggressiveness, which has "permanently attempted at the
territorial integrity of our country".
From the very first contacts with the local realities, the
gendarmes have been surprised by the seriousness of things.
Thus, they note down the dissatisfactions of the Romanian
population in
Sălaj
district, determined by the fact that "there
still are communal clerks, in some places, exclusively of
.
Hungarian nationality, who have worked as well in
Horthy
Hungary and who have driven away the Romanian element'
(underlined by A.F.) Instead of being punished by the Romanian
authorities for their deeds, these were still maintained in their
positions and held offices, which had as an effect the reparatory
relationships of those families of Romanians who had suffered
great losses in the terrible years of the
Horthy
domination.
(1940-1944)
Seen in its whole, the revisionist danger
-
who has
known open forms, as well as hidden forms of manifestation
-
has constituted a reality of the period of time of the end of the
war, being nurtured also by the non-definite situation of the
Transylvanian status, an issue that was to be made definite wit
the peace treaties of Paris (in
1947),
obviously in favour of
Romania.
Translation into English
made by
Ioana
ALBU
471 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Faur, Antonio |
| author_facet | Faur, Antonio |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Faur, Antonio |
| author_variant | a f af |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023076964 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)220317710 (DE-599)BVBBV023076964 |
| era | Geschichte 1945 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1945 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Rumänien Nordwest (DE-588)4460903-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Rumänien Nordwest |
| id | DE-604.BV023076964 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:35:30Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:10:28Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9737590287 9789737590282 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016280042 |
| oclc_num | 220317710 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 473 S. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Ed. Univ. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Faur, Antonio Verfasser aut Starea de spirit a locuitorilor din judeţele de nord-vest ale Transilvaniei (Arad, Bihor, Sălaj, Satu Mare şi Maramureş) în anul 1945 Antonio Faur Oradea Ed. Univ. 2006 473 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The frame of mind of the inhabitants of North-West Transylvanian districts Geschichte 1945 gnd rswk-swf Politisches Denken (DE-588)4115590-7 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien Nordwest (DE-588)4460903-6 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien Nordwest (DE-588)4460903-6 g Politisches Denken (DE-588)4115590-7 s Geschichte 1945 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016280042&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016280042&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Faur, Antonio Starea de spirit a locuitorilor din judeţele de nord-vest ale Transilvaniei (Arad, Bihor, Sălaj, Satu Mare şi Maramureş) în anul 1945 Politisches Denken (DE-588)4115590-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4115590-7 (DE-588)4460903-6 |
| title | Starea de spirit a locuitorilor din judeţele de nord-vest ale Transilvaniei (Arad, Bihor, Sălaj, Satu Mare şi Maramureş) în anul 1945 |
| title_auth | Starea de spirit a locuitorilor din judeţele de nord-vest ale Transilvaniei (Arad, Bihor, Sălaj, Satu Mare şi Maramureş) în anul 1945 |
| title_exact_search | Starea de spirit a locuitorilor din judeţele de nord-vest ale Transilvaniei (Arad, Bihor, Sălaj, Satu Mare şi Maramureş) în anul 1945 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Starea de spirit a locuitorilor din judeţele de nord-vest ale Transilvaniei (Arad, Bihor, Sălaj, Satu Mare şi Maramureş) în anul 1945 |
| title_full | Starea de spirit a locuitorilor din judeţele de nord-vest ale Transilvaniei (Arad, Bihor, Sălaj, Satu Mare şi Maramureş) în anul 1945 Antonio Faur |
| title_fullStr | Starea de spirit a locuitorilor din judeţele de nord-vest ale Transilvaniei (Arad, Bihor, Sălaj, Satu Mare şi Maramureş) în anul 1945 Antonio Faur |
| title_full_unstemmed | Starea de spirit a locuitorilor din judeţele de nord-vest ale Transilvaniei (Arad, Bihor, Sălaj, Satu Mare şi Maramureş) în anul 1945 Antonio Faur |
| title_short | Starea de spirit a locuitorilor din judeţele de nord-vest ale Transilvaniei (Arad, Bihor, Sălaj, Satu Mare şi Maramureş) în anul 1945 |
| title_sort | starea de spirit a locuitorilor din judetele de nord vest ale transilvaniei arad bihor salaj satu mare si maramures in anul 1945 |
| topic | Politisches Denken (DE-588)4115590-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Politisches Denken Rumänien Nordwest |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016280042&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016280042&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT faurantonio stareadespiritalocuitorilordinjudeteledenordvestaletransilvanieiaradbihorsalajsatumaresimaramuresinanul1945 |