Muslims as actors Islamic meanings and Muslim interpretations in the perspective of the study of religions
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Contents
Preface . V
Introduction . 1
1. Some Biographical Notes . 1
2. The Present Book . 17
3. Some Perspectives . 20
Selected Literature. 21
Part One: Two Questions
Chapter 1
Can the Science of Religion Render Service to the Study of Islam? . 25
1. Islamic Studies in Context. 25
2. Studying Islam as a Religion . 27
3. The Science of Religion Contributing to the Study of Islam . 29
3.1. The Term "Islam" . 29
3.2. Objective and Subjective Meanings. 30
3.3. Statements on Islam Studied as Interpretations of Islam . 31
3.4. Ways of Interpreting and Constructing Islam. 32
3.5. Islam Viewed as the Order of Creation. 33
3.6. Islam Studied as an Interpretative System that is itself
Continuously Interpreted . 34
4. Studying Constructions of Islam. 34
4.1. Variety of Constructions . 35
4.2. Claims of Universality . 35
4.3. Cultural Heyday of Islam . 36
5. Islam under Construction . 36
Selected Literature: The Study of Religions. 37
Chapter 2
Can We Study Islam as a Signification System? . 40
1. Introduction . 40
2. The Concept of a Signification System . 41
3. Subjective Meanings. 42
Contents
4. Interest in Meanings . 45
5. Islam Studied as a Signification System . 46
6. The Proposed Approach Summarized. 48
Selected Literature: Islamic Studies . 50
Part Two: Issues in Islamic Studies
Chapter 3
Islamic Studies and the Study of Religions and Cultures. 55
1. Introduction . 55
2. Islamic Studies and the Historical Study of Religions . 58
3. Islamic Studies and the Comparative Study of Religious Data . 62
4. Islamic Studies and Discussions on Method and Theory in
the Study of Religions . 66
5. Studying Religious Aspects of Islam . 70
6. Some Basic Distinctions. 72
7. The Study of "Religion" in Islamic Studies . 74
8. The Role of Religion in Muslim Societies. 79
9. The Role of Religion in Inspiring Muslim Spirituality . 80
10. Conclusion . 81
Selected Literature . 82
Chapter 4
Some Social Scientific Orientations in Islamic Studies . 86
1. Introduction . 86
2. The Humanities. 88
3. The Social Sciences . 90
4. Social Scientific Research on Muslim Societies since
World War II . 92
4.1. Anthropology . 93
4.2. Sociology . 95
4.3. Political Science . 97
5. A Plea for Impartial Research on Religion and Politics . 97
6. Contributions of the Social Sciences to Islamic Studies . 99
6.1. Theoretical Contributions . 99
6.2. Empirical Contributions . 101
7. Representing Islam as a Religion . 103
8. Conclusion . 104
Selected Literature . 106
Contents XI
Chapter 5
Islamic Studies and Intercultural Relations . 108
1. Introduction . 108
2. Some Contexts of Islamic Studies Before 1950 . 109
2.1. Rapid Survey of Historical Contexts . 110
2.2. Politics . 112
2.3. Religion . 113
2.4. Education . 115
3. Islamic Studies in Context. 116
3.1. Islamic Studies. 116
3.2. Modern Trends in Islam. 117
3.3. Muslim Apologetics and Criticism of Islamic Studies_ 119
4. Muslims in the West . 122
4.1. Islam in the West. 122
4.2. Muslims in Colonial Societies . 123
4.3. Muslims in Western Societies. 124
5. Differentiation in Islamic Studies . 125
5.1. Academic Islamic Studies . 125
5.2. Muslim "Study of Islam". 128
6. Conclusion . 131
Appendix: Personal Reflections on an Anti-Cultural World . 134
Selected Literature. 136
1. Intercultural Relations and Islam . 136
2. Muslim Discovery of Europe . 137
3. Muslims in Europe and North America . 137
4. The Muslim World and the Western World . 139
Chapter 6
Presuppositions and Assumptions in Islamic Studies . 141
1. Introduction . 141
2. Presuppositions and Assumptions . 141
2.1. Presuppositions. 143
2.2. Assumptions. 145
3. Islamic Studies. 147
4. Presuppositions and Assumptions in Islamic Studies . 148
Selected Literature. 151
1. General Approaches and Methods . 151
2. Interpretative Approaches . 153
XII Contents
Part Three: The Practice of Islamic Studies in History
Chapter 7
Massignon as a Student of Islam (1883-1962) . 157
1. Louis Massignon. Life and Work . 158
1.1. Spirituality . 159
1.2. Research . 159
1.3. Politics . 161
1.4. Legacy . 163
2. Research on Islam as a Religion . 163
2.1. Al-Hallaj . 164
2.2. Islam. 165
2.3. Dedication . 166
3. Impact on Islamic Studies. 168
3.1. Immediate Influences . 168
3.2. Impact on Islamic Studies. 171
4. Three Groups of Followers . 171
4.1. Catholic Orientalists . 171
4.2. Muslim Intellectuals . 174
4.3. Arab Christians . 175
5. A Scholar's Mind . 176
6. Conclusion . 179
Selected Literature . 182
1. Bio-bibliography . 182
2. Scholarly Publications . 183
3. More Personal Writings . 185
4. Main Publications about Louis Massignon . 185
Chapter 8
Some Developments and Trends in Islamic Studies Since 1950 _ 189
1. Looking Back on Islamic Studies . 189
2. The Study of Early Islamic History . 193
2.1. Studying Muhammad in his Society . 193
2.2. The Qur'an Studied as Text . 194
2.3. Hadlth Studies . 197
2.4. The Medinan Period . 198
3. Islamic Thought and Spirituality. 198
4. Historical Encounters between Islam and Other Civilizations
and Religions . 200
5. Observing Islamic Studies. 202
5.1. Studying Muslim Societies . 202
5.2. Scholarly Procedures. 204
Contents XIII
6. Islamic Studies: Changes . 206
6.1. Changes in Perspective and New Orientations of Study . 206
6.2. Looking Forward in Islamic Studies . 208
6.3. Scholars of Islamic Studies . 210
7. Contexts of Islamic Studies. 211
Selected Literature: Some Subjects of Research Since 1950. 213
1. History of Islamic Studies as a Field . 213
2. Early Islamic History . 214
2.1. The Rise of Islam. 214
2.2. Muhammad . 215
2.3. Qur'anic Studies . 215
2.4. Hadlth Studies . 216
2.5. Early History and Historiography. 216
3. Islamic Thought and Spirituality . 217
3.1. Medieval and Later . 217
3.2. Contemporary. 218
4. Encounters with Other Civilizations. 218
4.1. Encounters with the West and Christianity . 218
4.2. Encounters with Other Cultures and Religions than the
Western Ones . 219
Chapter 9
Recent Scholarly Presentations of Islam . 221
1. Introduction . 221
2. Wilfred Cantwell Smith: Conceptualization in Islam and in
Islamic Studies. 223
3. Gustave E. von Grunebaum: Islam as Medieval Culture . 229
4. Annemarie Schimmel: Islam as Deciphering the Signs . 231
5. Seyyed Hossein Nasr: Islam as "Traditional" Islam . 235
6. Mohammed Arkoun: Rethinking Islam. 243
7. Conclusion . 249
Selected Literature: Bibliography, Books on Islam, Articles,
Discussion and Research . 251
1. Arkoun, Mohammed . 251
2. Grunebaum, Gustave E. von . 253
3. Nasr, Seyyed Hossein . 256
4. Schimmel, Annemarie . 257
5. Smith, Wilfred Cantwell . 259
XIV Contents
Chapter 10
Islamic and Religious Studies under the Conditions
of the Cold War . 262
1. Conflicts and Ideological Distortions . 262
2. Two Opposing Views of Islam. 263
2.1. The USSR. 264
2.2. The West . 266
2.3. Islamic Studies . 267
3. Some Corrections Imposed on Distorted Views of Islam. 268
4. A Visit to the USSR . 271
5. The Study of Religions in East and West . 275
6. Conclusion . 279
Selected Literature . 280
Part Four: Studying Religions
Chapter 11
Religions as a Subject of Empirical Research . 285
1. Issues of Research at the Beginning. 285
2. The Attraction of a Science of Religion. 287
3. Some Western Views and Constructs of the Study
of Religion. 288
4. Empirical Research into Religion . 289
5. Schemes of Interpretation of Religion. 290
6. Religion as an (Un)known Subject of Study . 291
7. Development of Theoretical Thinking . 292
8. Explanatory Theory . 293
9. Hermeneutic Orientations . 294
10. Conclusion . 295
Selected Literature . 297
1. History of the Field . 297
2. Some Questions of Method and Theory . 300
Chapter 12
Classical Phenomenology of Religion in the Netherlands
1920-1950 . 302
1. The Problem . 303
2. Image Formation of Religions Before the Phenomenological
Movement . 305
3. Image Formation in Classical Phenomenology of Religion. 307
Contents XV
4. Image Formation of Particular Religions Among Dutch
Phenomenologists . 309
5. The Presentation of Religion in Dutch Classical
Phenomenology of Religion . 312
5.1. Classical Phenomenology of Religion and the
Emancipation of 'Religionswissenschaff . 314
5.2. Classical Phenomenology of Religion: Aims and Results 316
5.3. The Context of the Phenomenology of Religion in
the Netherlands 1918-1939 . 321
6. G. van der Leeuw's Conceptualization of Religion . 323
7. Conclusion . 324
Selected Literature. 325
Chapter 13
Eliade as a Student of Religion (1907-1986) . 331
1. Mircea Eliade. Life and Work . 331
1.1. Biographical data. 331
1.2. Eliade Studying Religion . 335
2. The Study of Religions. Construct and Reality . 338
2.1. The Study of Religions up to Eliade. 339
2.2. Some Critical Remarks on Eliade's Approach . 341
3. Conceptualizing Religion after Eliade . 342
4. Eliade's Time and Ours . 345
Selected Literature. 349
1. Bio-bibliography. 349
2. Main Publications in English, with Years of their First
Appearance. 350
3. Some Monographs about Eliade . 352
4. Some Collective Works about Eliade . 353
5. Some Articles about Eliade . 354
6. Some Contexts of Eliade's Work . 355
Part Five: Muslims and Their Islam
Chapter 14
Believers in Focus. Exploring Muslim Life . 359
1. Believers as Potential Actors. 359
2. A Philosophical Intermezzo. Meaning and Significance. 362
3. Significance and Subjective Meanings . 365
4. Research on Subjective Meanings . 368
XVI Contents
5. Toward Understanding Subjective Meanings. Intentions . 370
6. Conclusion . 372
Selected Literature . 373
1. Muslim Life . 373
2. Islam in Literature . 374
3. Ethics, Justice, and Human Rights in Islam. 374
4. Encounters Between Believers . 375
5. Believers' Identities . 376
6. Religion in the World. 376
Chapter 15
Islamic Reform and Renewal. Recourse to Scripture. 377
1. Introduction . 377
2. Kinds of Reform and Forces Opposing It. 378
2.1. The Term "Reform": Three Meanings . 378
2.2. Three Kinds of Movements of Reform . 379
2.3. Religions Developed from Reform Movements . 381
2.4. Social Reforms and Religion. 383
2.5. Forces Opposing Reform . 384
3. Islamic Reform and the Shan 'a . 386
4. Studying Reformers and Reform. 388
5. Reflecting on the Notion of Reform . 390
Appendix: A Note on Reading Scriptures. 392
1. Religious Readings . 392
2. Literary and Historical Interpretations. 393
3. Common Structures of the Scriptural Religions. 395
4. Common Structures Around the Scriptures . 396
5. Reform Movements and their Reading of Scripture . 397
Selected Literature . 398
1. Initiatives to Reform and Renewal in Islam Before 1970 . 398
2. Present-Day Thinking on Renewal of Islam . 399
3. Reinterpretations of Islam in Terms of Reform . 401
4. Islamic Resurgence and Politics . 402
5. Islam in/and the West . 403
6. Worldwide Islam . 404
7. Ideas and Developments in Contemporary Islam . 405
8. Situation and Future of Women . 406
9. Situation and Role of Religious Authorities . 407
10. Some Subjects of Current debate . 407
Contents XVII
Appendix: A Note on Reading Scriptures . 408
1. Scripture in general. 408
2. Scriptures in Judaism, Christianity and Islam . 408
3. Scripture in Islam. 409
4. New Kinds of Muslim Qur'an Exegesis, Reading, and
Interpretation. 409
5. Some Studies about New Kinds of Muslim Qur'an
Interpretation. 410
Part Six: Further Reading (Bibliography)
1. Middle Eastern Responses to Islamic Studies. The Orientalism
Debate . 413
2. Religion(s) and the Study of Religion(s) . 421
2.1. The Concept of Religion . 421
2.2. Discussions around a Science of Religion.
Method and Explanatory Theory . 422
2.3. Anthropology of Religion . 431
2.4. Comparative-Historical Research. 433
2.5. Sociology and Psychology of Religion . 436
3. Interpretative Studies of Religion . 436
3.1. The Phenomenology Debate. 436
3.2. Scholarly Hermeneutic Orientations . 441
3.3. Some Comprehensive Reflections. 446
4. Gender and the Study of Religion . 447
4.1. Gender and Religion in General . 447
4.2. Gender and Islam . 449
5. The Study of Religion(s) in Various Countries . 451
6. Islamic Studies in Various Countries . 456
Indexes
1. Index of Persons. 460
2. Index of Subjects . 463
3. Index of Concepts (Problem-Oriented) . 468 |
| adam_txt |
Contents
Preface . V
Introduction . 1
1. Some Biographical Notes . 1
2. The Present Book . 17
3. Some Perspectives . 20
Selected Literature. 21
Part One: Two Questions
Chapter 1
Can the Science of Religion Render Service to the Study of Islam? . 25
1. Islamic Studies in Context. 25
2. Studying Islam as a Religion . 27
3. The Science of Religion Contributing to the Study of Islam . 29
3.1. The Term "Islam" . 29
3.2. Objective and Subjective Meanings. 30
3.3. Statements on Islam Studied as Interpretations of Islam . 31
3.4. Ways of Interpreting and Constructing Islam. 32
3.5. Islam Viewed as the Order of Creation. 33
3.6. Islam Studied as an Interpretative System that is itself
Continuously Interpreted . 34
4. Studying Constructions of Islam. 34
4.1. Variety of Constructions . 35
4.2. Claims of Universality . 35
4.3. Cultural Heyday of Islam . 36
5. Islam under Construction . 36
Selected Literature: The Study of Religions. 37
Chapter 2
Can We Study Islam as a Signification System? . 40
1. Introduction . 40
2. The Concept of a Signification System . 41
3. Subjective Meanings. 42
Contents
4. Interest in Meanings . 45
5. Islam Studied as a Signification System . 46
6. The Proposed Approach Summarized. 48
Selected Literature: Islamic Studies . 50
Part Two: Issues in Islamic Studies
Chapter 3
Islamic Studies and the Study of Religions and Cultures. 55
1. Introduction . 55
2. Islamic Studies and the Historical Study of Religions . 58
3. Islamic Studies and the Comparative Study of Religious Data . 62
4. Islamic Studies and Discussions on Method and Theory in
the Study of Religions . 66
5. Studying Religious Aspects of Islam . 70
6. Some Basic Distinctions. 72
7. The Study of "Religion" in Islamic Studies . 74
8. The Role of Religion in Muslim Societies. 79
9. The Role of Religion in Inspiring Muslim Spirituality . 80
10. Conclusion . 81
Selected Literature . 82
Chapter 4
Some Social Scientific Orientations in Islamic Studies . 86
1. Introduction . 86
2. The Humanities. 88
3. The Social Sciences . 90
4. Social Scientific Research on Muslim Societies since
World War II . 92
4.1. Anthropology . 93
4.2. Sociology . 95
4.3. Political Science . 97
5. A Plea for Impartial Research on Religion and Politics . 97
6. Contributions of the Social Sciences to Islamic Studies . 99
6.1. Theoretical Contributions . 99
6.2. Empirical Contributions . 101
7. Representing Islam as a Religion . 103
8. Conclusion . 104
Selected Literature . 106
Contents XI
Chapter 5
Islamic Studies and Intercultural Relations . 108
1. Introduction . 108
2. Some Contexts of Islamic Studies Before 1950 . 109
2.1. Rapid Survey of Historical Contexts . 110
2.2. Politics . 112
2.3. Religion . 113
2.4. Education . 115
3. Islamic Studies in Context. 116
3.1. Islamic Studies. 116
3.2. Modern Trends in Islam. 117
3.3. Muslim Apologetics and Criticism of Islamic Studies_ 119
4. Muslims in the West . 122
4.1. Islam in the West. 122
4.2. Muslims in Colonial Societies . 123
4.3. Muslims in Western Societies. 124
5. Differentiation in Islamic Studies . 125
5.1. Academic Islamic Studies . 125
5.2. Muslim "Study of Islam". 128
6. Conclusion . 131
Appendix: Personal Reflections on an Anti-Cultural World . 134
Selected Literature. 136
1. Intercultural Relations and Islam . 136
2. Muslim Discovery of Europe . 137
3. Muslims in Europe and North America . 137
4. The Muslim World and the Western World . 139
Chapter 6
Presuppositions and Assumptions in Islamic Studies . 141
1. Introduction . 141
2. Presuppositions and Assumptions . 141
2.1. Presuppositions. 143
2.2. Assumptions. 145
3. Islamic Studies. 147
4. Presuppositions and Assumptions in Islamic Studies . 148
Selected Literature. 151
1. General Approaches and Methods . 151
2. Interpretative Approaches . 153
XII Contents
Part Three: The Practice of Islamic Studies in History
Chapter 7
Massignon as a Student of Islam (1883-1962) . 157
1. Louis Massignon. Life and Work . 158
1.1. Spirituality . 159
1.2. Research . 159
1.3. Politics . 161
1.4. Legacy . 163
2. Research on Islam as a Religion . 163
2.1. Al-Hallaj . 164
2.2. Islam. 165
2.3. Dedication . 166
3. Impact on Islamic Studies. 168
3.1. Immediate Influences . 168
3.2. Impact on Islamic Studies. 171
4. Three Groups of Followers . 171
4.1. Catholic Orientalists . 171
4.2. Muslim Intellectuals . 174
4.3. Arab Christians . 175
5. A Scholar's Mind . 176
6. Conclusion . 179
Selected Literature . 182
1. Bio-bibliography . 182
2. Scholarly Publications . 183
3. More Personal Writings . 185
4. Main Publications about Louis Massignon . 185
Chapter 8
Some Developments and Trends in Islamic Studies Since 1950 _ 189
1. Looking Back on Islamic Studies . 189
2. The Study of Early Islamic History . 193
2.1. Studying Muhammad in his Society . 193
2.2. The Qur'an Studied as Text . 194
2.3. Hadlth Studies . 197
2.4. The Medinan Period . 198
3. Islamic Thought and Spirituality. 198
4. Historical Encounters between Islam and Other Civilizations
and Religions . 200
5. Observing Islamic Studies. 202
5.1. Studying Muslim Societies . 202
5.2. Scholarly Procedures. 204
Contents XIII
6. Islamic Studies: Changes . 206
6.1. Changes in Perspective and New Orientations of Study . 206
6.2. Looking Forward in Islamic Studies . 208
6.3. Scholars of Islamic Studies . 210
7. Contexts of Islamic Studies. 211
Selected Literature: Some Subjects of Research Since 1950. 213
1. History of Islamic Studies as a Field . 213
2. Early Islamic History . 214
2.1. The Rise of Islam. 214
2.2. Muhammad . 215
2.3. Qur'anic Studies . 215
2.4. Hadlth Studies . 216
2.5. Early History and Historiography. 216
3. Islamic Thought and Spirituality . 217
3.1. Medieval and Later . 217
3.2. Contemporary. 218
4. Encounters with Other Civilizations. 218
4.1. Encounters with the West and Christianity . 218
4.2. Encounters with Other Cultures and Religions than the
Western Ones . 219
Chapter 9
Recent Scholarly Presentations of Islam . 221
1. Introduction . 221
2. Wilfred Cantwell Smith: Conceptualization in Islam and in
Islamic Studies. 223
3. Gustave E. von Grunebaum: Islam as Medieval Culture . 229
4. Annemarie Schimmel: Islam as Deciphering the Signs . 231
5. Seyyed Hossein Nasr: Islam as "Traditional" Islam . 235
6. Mohammed Arkoun: Rethinking Islam. 243
7. Conclusion . 249
Selected Literature: Bibliography, Books on Islam, Articles,
Discussion and Research . 251
1. Arkoun, Mohammed . 251
2. Grunebaum, Gustave E. von . 253
3. Nasr, Seyyed Hossein . 256
4. Schimmel, Annemarie . 257
5. Smith, Wilfred Cantwell . 259
XIV Contents
Chapter 10
Islamic and Religious Studies under the Conditions
of the Cold War . 262
1. Conflicts and Ideological Distortions . 262
2. Two Opposing Views of Islam. 263
2.1. The USSR. 264
2.2. The West . 266
2.3. Islamic Studies . 267
3. Some Corrections Imposed on Distorted Views of Islam. 268
4. A Visit to the USSR . 271
5. The Study of Religions in East and West . 275
6. Conclusion . 279
Selected Literature . 280
Part Four: Studying Religions
Chapter 11
Religions as a Subject of Empirical Research . 285
1. Issues of Research at the Beginning. 285
2. The Attraction of a Science of Religion. 287
3. Some Western Views and Constructs of the Study
of Religion. 288
4. Empirical Research into Religion . 289
5. Schemes of Interpretation of Religion. 290
6. Religion as an (Un)known Subject of Study . 291
7. Development of Theoretical Thinking . 292
8. Explanatory Theory . 293
9. Hermeneutic Orientations . 294
10. Conclusion . 295
Selected Literature . 297
1. History of the Field . 297
2. Some Questions of Method and Theory . 300
Chapter 12
Classical Phenomenology of Religion in the Netherlands
1920-1950 . 302
1. The Problem . 303
2. Image Formation of Religions Before the Phenomenological
Movement . 305
3. Image Formation in Classical Phenomenology of Religion. 307
Contents XV
4. Image Formation of Particular Religions Among Dutch
Phenomenologists . 309
5. The Presentation of Religion in Dutch Classical
Phenomenology of Religion . 312
5.1. Classical Phenomenology of Religion and the
Emancipation of 'Religionswissenschaff . 314
5.2. Classical Phenomenology of Religion: Aims and Results 316
5.3. The Context of the Phenomenology of Religion in
the Netherlands 1918-1939 . 321
6. G. van der Leeuw's Conceptualization of Religion . 323
7. Conclusion . 324
Selected Literature. 325
Chapter 13
Eliade as a Student of Religion (1907-1986) . 331
1. Mircea Eliade. Life and Work . 331
1.1. Biographical data. 331
1.2. Eliade Studying Religion . 335
2. The Study of Religions. Construct and Reality . 338
2.1. The Study of Religions up to Eliade. 339
2.2. Some Critical Remarks on Eliade's Approach . 341
3. Conceptualizing Religion after Eliade . 342
4. Eliade's Time and Ours . 345
Selected Literature. 349
1. Bio-bibliography. 349
2. Main Publications in English, with Years of their First
Appearance. 350
3. Some Monographs about Eliade . 352
4. Some Collective Works about Eliade . 353
5. Some Articles about Eliade . 354
6. Some Contexts of Eliade's Work . 355
Part Five: Muslims and Their Islam
Chapter 14
Believers in Focus. Exploring Muslim Life . 359
1. Believers as Potential Actors. 359
2. A Philosophical Intermezzo. Meaning and Significance. 362
3. Significance and Subjective Meanings . 365
4. Research on Subjective Meanings . 368
XVI Contents
5. Toward Understanding Subjective Meanings. Intentions . 370
6. Conclusion . 372
Selected Literature . 373
1. Muslim Life . 373
2. Islam in Literature . 374
3. Ethics, Justice, and Human Rights in Islam. 374
4. Encounters Between Believers . 375
5. Believers' Identities . 376
6. Religion in the World. 376
Chapter 15
Islamic Reform and Renewal. Recourse to Scripture. 377
1. Introduction . 377
2. Kinds of Reform and Forces Opposing It. 378
2.1. The Term "Reform": Three Meanings . 378
2.2. Three Kinds of Movements of Reform . 379
2.3. Religions Developed from Reform Movements . 381
2.4. Social Reforms and Religion. 383
2.5. Forces Opposing Reform . 384
3. Islamic Reform and the Shan 'a . 386
4. Studying Reformers and Reform. 388
5. Reflecting on the Notion of Reform . 390
Appendix: A Note on Reading Scriptures. 392
1. Religious Readings . 392
2. Literary and Historical Interpretations. 393
3. Common Structures of the Scriptural Religions. 395
4. Common Structures Around the Scriptures . 396
5. Reform Movements and their Reading of Scripture . 397
Selected Literature . 398
1. Initiatives to Reform and Renewal in Islam Before 1970 . 398
2. Present-Day Thinking on Renewal of Islam . 399
3. Reinterpretations of Islam in Terms of Reform . 401
4. Islamic Resurgence and Politics . 402
5. Islam in/and the West . 403
6. Worldwide Islam . 404
7. Ideas and Developments in Contemporary Islam . 405
8. Situation and Future of Women . 406
9. Situation and Role of Religious Authorities . 407
10. Some Subjects of Current debate . 407
Contents XVII
Appendix: A Note on Reading Scriptures . 408
1. Scripture in general. 408
2. Scriptures in Judaism, Christianity and Islam . 408
3. Scripture in Islam. 409
4. New Kinds of Muslim Qur'an Exegesis, Reading, and
Interpretation. 409
5. Some Studies about New Kinds of Muslim Qur'an
Interpretation. 410
Part Six: Further Reading (Bibliography)
1. Middle Eastern Responses to Islamic Studies. The Orientalism
Debate . 413
2. Religion(s) and the Study of Religion(s) . 421
2.1. The Concept of Religion . 421
2.2. Discussions around a Science of Religion.
Method and Explanatory Theory . 422
2.3. Anthropology of Religion . 431
2.4. Comparative-Historical Research. 433
2.5. Sociology and Psychology of Religion . 436
3. Interpretative Studies of Religion . 436
3.1. The Phenomenology Debate. 436
3.2. Scholarly Hermeneutic Orientations . 441
3.3. Some Comprehensive Reflections. 446
4. Gender and the Study of Religion . 447
4.1. Gender and Religion in General . 447
4.2. Gender and Islam . 449
5. The Study of Religion(s) in Various Countries . 451
6. Islamic Studies in Various Countries . 456
Indexes
1. Index of Persons. 460
2. Index of Subjects . 463
3. Index of Concepts (Problem-Oriented) . 468 |
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| author | Waardenburg, Jean Jacques 1930-2015 |
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| dewey-tens | 290 - Other religions |
| discipline | Theologie / Religionswissenschaften |
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-09-19T15:27:00Z |
| indexdate | 2024-09-27T16:20:28Z |
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| spellingShingle | Waardenburg, Jean Jacques 1930-2015 Muslims as actors Islamic meanings and Muslim interpretations in the perspective of the study of religions Religion and Reason Interreligieuze dialoog gtt Islam gtt Islam Research Islam Study and teaching Orientalism Muslim (DE-588)4040921-1 gnd Religionswissenschaft (DE-588)4049426-3 gnd Islamwissenschaft (DE-588)4162468-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4040921-1 (DE-588)4049426-3 (DE-588)4162468-3 |
| title | Muslims as actors Islamic meanings and Muslim interpretations in the perspective of the study of religions |
| title_auth | Muslims as actors Islamic meanings and Muslim interpretations in the perspective of the study of religions |
| title_exact_search | Muslims as actors Islamic meanings and Muslim interpretations in the perspective of the study of religions |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Muslims as actors Islamic meanings and Muslim interpretations in the perspective of the study of religions |
| title_full | Muslims as actors Islamic meanings and Muslim interpretations in the perspective of the study of religions Jacques Waardenburg |
| title_fullStr | Muslims as actors Islamic meanings and Muslim interpretations in the perspective of the study of religions Jacques Waardenburg |
| title_full_unstemmed | Muslims as actors Islamic meanings and Muslim interpretations in the perspective of the study of religions Jacques Waardenburg |
| title_short | Muslims as actors |
| title_sort | muslims as actors islamic meanings and muslim interpretations in the perspective of the study of religions |
| title_sub | Islamic meanings and Muslim interpretations in the perspective of the study of religions |
| topic | Interreligieuze dialoog gtt Islam gtt Islam Research Islam Study and teaching Orientalism Muslim (DE-588)4040921-1 gnd Religionswissenschaft (DE-588)4049426-3 gnd Islamwissenschaft (DE-588)4162468-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Interreligieuze dialoog Islam Islam Research Islam Study and teaching Orientalism Muslim Religionswissenschaft Islamwissenschaft |
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