The future control of food a guide to international negotiations and rules on intellectual property, biodiversity and food security
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The future control of food |b a guide to international negotiations and rules on intellectual property, biodiversity and food security |c ed. by Geoff Tansey and Tasmin Rajotte |
| 264 | 1 | |a London [u.a.] |b Earthscan |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XXI, 266 S. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Politik | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Recht | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Biodiversity conservation |x Law and legislation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Food industry and trade |x Standards | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Food law and legislation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Genetic resources conservation |x Law and legislation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Intellectual property (International law) | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Plant varieties |v Patents |x Government policy | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Produce trade |x Law and legislation | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Biodiversität |0 (DE-588)4601495-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| DE-BY-TUM_katkey | 1618009 |
| DE-BY-TUM_location | 10 |
| DE-BY-TUM_media_number | 040050710875 |
| _version_ | 1820899295899942912 |
| adam_text | Contents
List of figures, tables and boxes ix
Preface xi
Notes on contributors xiv
Acknowledgements xvii
Acronyms and abbreviations xix
Part I—A Changing Food System
1 Food, Farming and Global Rules
Geoff Tansey
Part II — The Key Global Negotiations and Agreements
2 Turning Plant Varieties into Intellectual Property: The UPOV Convention 27
Graham Dutfield
3 Bringing Minimum Global Intellectual Property Standards into Agriculture:
The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) 48
Pedro Roffe
4 Promoting and Extending the Reach of Intellectual Property:
The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 69
Maria Julia Oliva
5 Safeguarding Biodiversity: The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 82
Susan Bragdon, Kathryn Garforth and John E. Haapalajr
6 Giving Priority to the Commons: The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources
for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) 115
Michael Hakwood and Kent Nnadosge
7 The Negotiations Web: Complex Connections 141
Tasmin Rajotte
Vll
The Future Control of Food
Part HI — Responses, Observations and Prospects
8 Responding to Change 171
Heike Baumulkr and Geoff Tansey
9 Postcards from International Negotiations 197
Peter Drahos and Geoff Tansey
10 Global Rules, Local Needs 212
GeoffTansey
Notes 221
References 225
Appendix 1 — List of organisations 239
Appendix 2 — 23 international treaties administered by WJPO 247
Appendix 3—A short history of the Annex I list 249
Glossary 253
Index 257
via
List of Figures, Tables and Boxes
Figures
4.1 Perspectives on civil society participation in WIPO 77
9.1 UPOV s committee structure 210
Tables
2.1 Appropriating plant breeding innovations: Legal and technological problems
and solutions 32
2.2 Comparison of main provisions of UPOV 1978/1991 and patent law 36
3.1 WTO Members obligations under Article 27.3(b) of TRIPS 60
3.2 Main arguments in the TRIPS Council for and against patent protection for
plants and animals 63
3.3 Arguments in the TRIPS Council for or against international rules on the
protection of TK 67
6.1 Summary of international flows of rice ancestors in selected countries 117
6.2 Summary of the main components of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic
Resources for Food and Agriculture 124
6.3 Main differences between plant breeders rights and farmers rights 131
7.1 Selected North-South agreements with agriculture-related TRIPS-plus provisions 144
10.1 A generalized example of the ethical matrix 219
Boxes
1.1 Levels and elements of food security 4
1.2 Fine words, poor implementation 5
1.3 Tracking the trend towards market concentration: The case of the agricultural
input industry 9
1.4 What are IP rights? 12
1.5 Justifying IP — No simple matter 13
1.6 Regulating agricultural biotechnology: Prioritizing real or intellectual property? 21
1.7 Food security, insecurity, the right to food and food sovereignty 24
2.1 An Indian alternative? 46
3.1 The evolution of TRIPS negotiations 51
3.2 Non-violation complaints 53
3.3 A brief legislative history of patentability under TRIPS 56
3.4 African views in TRIPS Council on patenting life forms 61
3.5 The Council for TRIPS 62
The Future Control of Food
4.1 WIPO basics 72
4.2 Defining TK 76
4.3 Technical assistance and WIPO 80
5.1 Overview of the CBD provisions 87
5.2 The operations of the CBD in brief 89
5.3 Access and benefit sharing, the CBD and agriculture: The teff agreement 91
5.4 Indigenous peoples views on an international regime on access and benefit sharing 93
5.5 Genetic use restriction technologies 96
5.6 Copyright, open access and biodiversity 99
5.7 Implementation of disclosure and certificates: First steps 103
5.8 Precaution and the Protocol 105
5.9 The operations of the Biosafety Protocol in brief 107
5.10 Trade in commodities and the risk of their release into the environment 109
6.1 Global germplasm flows facilitated by the CGIAR Centres gene banks 118
6.2 The International Code of Conduct for Plant Germplasm Collecting and Transfer 121
6.3 Negotiating dynamics and IPRs 122
6.4 Clarity through arbitration: Resolving outstanding questions about IPRs? 129
6.5 The CGIAR Centres under the Treaty 134
6.6 Animal genetic resources 138
8.1 Trademark ™ power 173
8.2 Six pillars of food sovereignty 177
8.3 SEARICE — Southeast Asia Regional Initiatives for Community Empowerment 178
8.4 Indigenous peoples want rights but question patents and an ABS regime 180
8.5 Patent scenarios for 2025 183
8.6 Public Interest Intellectual Property Advisors, Inc.: A US patent attorney s response 185
8.7 China s hybrid rice 186
8.8 Monsanto v. Argentina over soyameal imports into the EU 190
8.9 The BiOS Initiative 193
8.10 Ethiopia s farmers and scientists pioneering in-situ conservation and use 195
9.1 Postcards from an insider: Things are different now — A personal view of
WIPO negotiations 199
9.2 IP, genetic resource negotiations and free trade agreements 202
9.3 Access to medicines and WTO rules: A brief chronology 204
9.4 Postcards from the periphery: TRIPS in Geneva 206
10.1 Institutional innovation for innovation 218
Index
AATF (African Agricultural Technology
Foundation) 193-194
Abbott, Fred 205
ABIA (American Bioindustry Alliance) 104,199
ABS Working Group 101-102,104
access and benefit sharing (ABS)
for food and agriculture 90,91,139
see also International Treaty on Plant Genetic
Resources for Food and Agriculture
(ITPGRFA); International Undertaking on
Plant Genetic Resources (IU); seeds, access to
genetic resources 83-84,86,88-91,202
harmonization 152,153
for indigenous peoples 93,94
information 99,174,194
national systems of 98,100-101
and protection ofTK and folklore 74-75
research on biodiversity 98
technology 84,92,94-95
see also ABS Working Group; seeds
ACRE (Advisory Committee on Releases to the
Environment) 21
advertising 11,19,173
African Agricultural Technology Foundation
(AATF) 193-194
African Group 60, 78,101,121,205
views on patenting life forms 61, 63
African Union 46
Agosti, Donat 99
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights STRIPS (Trade-Related
Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights)
agricultural biodiversity
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 90,
95-97
ecosystem approach 139,215,216,217
necessity for food security 3-4,7-8,94,118,137
threat from IPRs 175-176
see also International Treaty on Plant Genetic
Resources for Food and Agriculture
(ITPGRFA) ; PGRFA (plant genetic resources
for food and agriculture); seeds
agricultural biotechnology see biotechnology
industry
agrochemicak 20,58-59
see also Roundup Ready technology
AIA (advance informed agreement) procedure 106,
107,108,109
AIPPI (International Association for the Protection
of Intellectual Property) 32,33
ambiguity 94,208
American Bioindustry Alliance (ABIA) 104,199
American Seed Trade Association (ASTA) 30
animal genetic diversity 4, 7, 176
animals
genetic resources for food and agriculture 95,
137,138
health 6,48,106
patents 14,20,34,60,62, 63-64,142-143
Apotex 204
apple trees 28
aquatic genetic resources 139
Argentina 44, 50,105,113,190
ASSINSEL (International Association of Plant
Breeders) 32-33,34
ASTA (American Seed Trade Association) 30
Australia 63,97,100,103,105,205
Austria 52
Aventis 175
Bacillus thuring ensis 29
bananas 189
Bayer 175
benefit sharing agreements 89-90,91,93,98
Berne Convention (1886) 49,52,69,70
BioForge 193
biological diversity see agricultural biodiversity;
animal genetic diversity , Convention on
Biological Diversity (CBD)
biopiracy 99,146-149,159
as a framing tool 203-205
biosafety, Cartagena Protocol 104-114,201,207
Biosafety Clearing-House (BCH) 107,108,113
BiOS (Biological Open Source) Initiative 193,211
biotechnology clause (TRIPS Agreement) 59—65
biotechnology industry 6-7,104,163,182,184
corporate consolidation 8-9,30,43,175,176
ITPGRFA 121,123,132-133,136-137
regulation of IPRs 21-22
research and development 186-187,188,189
257
The Future Control of Food
Bioversity International 45, 167
BIRPI (United International Bureaux for the
Protection of Intellectual Property) 69, 71
Bolivia 101
Bonn Guidelines 100,101,102
Boyle, James 16
brands 10,19
Brazil 101,110,157,161
imports 200
patent law 55,73,103
TRIPS Agreement 50
breeders exemption
benefit sharing 153,154
under TRIPS 61
under UPOV 36, 37-38,40,42,151
Bulgaria 52
cabbages 28
Callejas, Ricardo 161
CAMBIA 193
Canada 97,105,113
availability of seed 42
food products patents 52
law relating to GMOs 21,112
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety 104-114,201,207
cartels 14,18
CATIE (Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher
Education Centre) 116,127
CBD see Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
cell culture 29
certificates of origin 102-104,159-160
CGIAR (Consultative Group on International
Agricultural Research) 119,134,191
see also International Agricultural Research
Centres (CGIAR Centres); International Board
for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR)
CGRFA (Commission on Genetic Resources for
Food and Agriculture) 119,120,123
Chang, Hajoon 16
chemical industry 49
seed production 22
Chile 44,61,105
food products patents 52
China 44,63,101,200
CIAT (International Center for Tropical
Agriculture) 134-135
CIOPORA 34
CITES (Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora) 97
civil society organizations (CSOs) 172-175,
176-179,194-196
Doha Declaration 203
growing participation in negotiations 198—199
International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources
for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) 123,
133,134,135
Clinton, Bill 85
cloning 10
Coca-Cola 19
Coconut Genetic Resources Network (COGENT)
116,127
cognitive science 10
Colombia 44, 52, 65,101
Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and
Agriculture (CGRFA) 119,120,123,137,139,
157
Community Plant Variety Rights Office 45
competition, and patents 15,18
compulsory licensing 57,191,204
conservation
ecosystem approach 84
in-situ 132,176
sustainable use of PGRFA 132
and use of genetic resources 65, 67,78, 86,
98-99,121
see also ex-situ collections
Consultative Group on International Agricultural
Research see CGIAR (Consultative Group on
International Agricultural Research)
consumers 10-11,18-19,117
labelling of food 105,109
contamination by GM crops 21
contests of principles 203—205
contracts with farmers 175
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 43,78,
85-86,87-88,89,172
access to genetic resources and benefit sharing
84,86,88-91,93,119
agricultural biodiversity 95-97
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety 104-114,201,
207
Conference of the Parties (COP) 78,89,92,95,
98,107
harmonization with ITPGRFA 151-153
harmonization with TRIPS 60,64,65-66,149,
150
harmonization with UPOV 150-151
implementation, compliance and enforcement
97-98,102-104,113
origins 84-85
relationship with WIPO 155-156
scientific and technical cooperation 98-99
258
Index
technology transfer and access 84,92,94—95,192
traditional knowledge (TK) 91—92
see also access and benefit sharing (ABS)
Convention on the Unification of Certain Points of
Substantive Law on Patents for Invention 34
Cooperation for Development Programme (CDP)
(WIPO) 80
copyright 10,18,99,147,194
international agreements 49,51,52
origins of IP 11,12,13
core development indicators 78
corporate control 175-176,178-179
Costa Rica 99,100,101-102
Cotonou Agreement 143
Council of Europe 34
criminalization of infringement of IPRs 172
cross-pollination 28,32
by GM crops 21,109
Cuba 50,77
Czechoslovakia 52
data protection 58-59
Declaration on Indigenous Peoples Rights to
Genetic Resources and Indigenous Knowledge
93,180-181
democratic control of rule-making processes 11,61,
212-213
Democratic Republic of the Congo 101
Denmark 52
developing countries
access to advice on IP 185
animal genetic resources 138
andbiopiracy 146—149
concerns about IP 14,23,49,172
concerns about WIPO 155-156,158
food crop varieties 31,117-118
freedom to operate 188-191
free trade agreements (FTAs) 142-145,202
growing participation in negotiations 198,205,211
membership of UPOV 40
need for R D in agriculture 187-188
participation in WIPO IGC 74-76
and patents 17-18
PVP and food security 41-42,43-45
recommendations of Commission on Intellectual
Property Rights 182
seed sales 20,42,44
social and cultural structures 174-175
technical assistance to 79-80,156,209
TRIPS Agreement 50-51,54,204
UNCTAD 166-167
views on harmonization 74
views on relationship between TRIPS and CBD
65-66,150
see also access and benefit sharing (ABS); human
rights; traditional knowledge (TK) and folklore
Diamond v. Chakrabarty (US Supreme Court) 20
diets 3,7,8,19,117
disclosure of origin 65-66,75,102-104,150,
159-160,164-165
dispute settlement mechanisms (DSM) 6, 52
CBD 97-98
free trade agreements (FTAs) 143,145
ITPGRFA 128,130,172
DNA
breeding techniques 28,29
patents 43,151-152,182
Doha Declaration (2001) 57,59,62,150
negotiations 203,204,205
Doha Round 65,150
double protection 39—40
Dow 175
Drahos, Peter 16
DuPont 175
economic partnership agreements (EPAs) 143
Ecuador 52,77,101,142
Egypt 50,77
Einstein, Albert 10
England
law relating to GMOs 21
see also UK (United Kingdom)
Enolabean 134-135,189
environment
and food supplies 7-8,165
release of LMOs 107-108,109
EPO see European Patent Office (EPO)
essentially derived varieties (EDV) 37, 38
Estonia 52
ETC Group (Action Group on Erosion,
Technology and Concentration) 134,175
ethical matrices 217,219
ethics of innovation 216—217
Ethiopia 91,110,195,201
EU (European Union)
Cartagena Protocol 110
Community Plant Variety Rights Office 45
Directive on Biotechnical Inventions 190
EC Directive on the Legal Protection of
Biotechnological Inventions 38
EC Regulation on Community Plant Variety
Rights 39
259
The Future Control of Food
free trade agreements (FTAs) 142,143,145, 209
International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources
for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) 121
patents 17, 39
role of IP 15
structural leverage 200-201
European agriculture 31
European Patent Office (EPO) 182-184,217
Greenpeace p. Plant Genetic Systems NV 39
evidence-based approaches 43—45,208
export restrictions 37,44
LMOs 108,110,111
expressions of folklore (EofF) 76
see also traditional knowledge (TK) and folklore
ex-situ collections 89,90,125,157,159
see also International Agricultural Research
Centres (CGIAR Centres)
fairness in negotiations 198,203,213
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization)
animal genetic resources 137,138
International Treaty 43,90,95,128
International Undertaking on Plant Generic
Resources (IU) 83-84,85
Plant Genetic Resources and Crop Ecology Unit
119
relationship with WIPO 157
see also World Food Summit (Rome 1996)
farmers privilege 38—39,40
farmers rights
contamination by GMOs 21-22
erosion of 9,14,20
in India 46
International Undertaking on Plant Genetic
Resources (IU) 84
SEARICE 178
seed selection 27,62
under ITPGRFA 122,124,128-130,131,160,
175,198
under UPOV 38-39,142,160
farmers varieties set landraces
film industry 6
FIS (Federation Internationale du Commerce des
Semences) 34
floating points of leverage 201-207
Food and Agriculture Organisation see FAO (Food
and Agriculture Organisation)
food and beverages industry 52,55,173
food crops and forage species 90,117-119,175-176
ITPGRFA 120,135-136
see afa agricultural biodiversity
Food Ethics Council 216
food policy 7
food security 24,46, 81,162-163
and agricultural biodiversity 3-4,7-8,94,118,137
aspirations to 5,78,165-166,219
evidence for impact of PVP 43—45
genetic resources and traditional knowledge
59-66,67,166-167
impact of UPOV system 40-42
threat from IP 23,43,174-175
food sovereignty 24,176,177-178,194
food system 7-8,186
actors and interests 8
future development 214—216
trends and tools 8-11, 217,219
forest generic resources 139
forum management for IP protection 142
Fowler, Cary 30
France 31,38,71
freedom to operate 188—191
free trade agreements (FTAs) 61,142-145,
200-201,202
funding
ITPGRFA 126
NGOs 207
research and development 20,185-186,187,188
WIPO 71
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)
Doha Round 65,150
Uruguay Round 6,48,49,50-51
see also Doha Declaration (2001)
GEF (Global Environment Facility) 89,107
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade see GATT
(General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)
generic competition 58
genes
banks 118,119,161,195
patents 20,38,43,62,73
genetic engineering 10,29,187,215
patents 20,21-23
genetic erosion 4,119,175-176
genetic information 16
genetic resources for agriculture
access and benefit sharing 90,91,139
animals 95,137,138
implications of complex negotiating context
158-161
ownership 174
plants see International Treaty on Plant Genetic
Resources for Food and Agriculture
260
Index
(ITPGRFA); PGRFA (plant genetic resources
for food and agriculture)
R D 187-196
genetic resources for breeding 37-38,40,42-43,44
CBD requirements 65, 74
considered by WIPO 74-76, 78
see also access and benefit sharing (ABS)
genetic use restriction technologies see GURTs
(genetic use restriction technologies)
genomics 10,29
geographical indications 11,12,19,49, 52,167
Germany 52,186
germplasm
access to for R D 191,192
Code of Conduct 120,121
global flows 118
narrow base of 37
patents 9
political importance 83
see also International Board for Plant Genetic
Resources (IBPGR)
Global Environment Facility (GEF) 89,107
Global Forum on Agricultural Research (GEAR) 192
global rules 6-7,23,212-214,219-220
GMOs (genetically modified organisms)
Golden Rice 152,189,191
legal issues 21-22
patents 39,62
see also Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, GURTs
(genetic use restriction technologies); LMOs
(living modified organisms)
Golden Rice 152,189,191
Gollin, Michael 185
Gorlin, Jacques 104
Greenpeace v. Plant Genetic Systems NV 39
Grenada (Spain) 101
Group of Friends of Development 77,78,79,210
GURTs (genetic use restriction technologies) 22,
95,96-97,163,198
harmonization 45—46
bad patents 149
andbiopiracy 146-149
patent rules 34,73-74
relationships between international instruments
60,64,65-66,149,150-154
WIPO and other intergovernmental organizations
154-158
health 3,14
TRIPS Agreement 58,59, 203,204
uses of plant genetic resources 152
see also medicines
Health and Performance Food International (HPFI)
91
Hegel, G.WF. 15
Hoffman v. Monsanto 112-113
human rights 24,162-163,213
see also rights
hybrids 20,29, 30,42
hybrid vigour 29
ICBGs (International Cooperative Biodiversity
Groups) 99
Iceland 52
Idris, Kamil 74
IFPRI (International Food Policy Research
Institute) 187-188
imbalance of power 212—213,214
implementation 207, 208-209
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
97-98,102-104,113
Standard Material Transfer Agreement (SMTA)
133,136,137
India 44,45,101
imports 200
patent issues 57,63
Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Rights
Act 46,67,130,209
TRIPS Agreement 50
indigenous peoples 76,93,94,179
Declaration on Rights 180-181
see also traditional knowledge (TK) and folklore
Indonesia 101
information
access and benefit sharing (ABS) 99,174,194
and food habits 10
genetic 16
scientific and technical 194
information science, digital encoding 4
information technology, tool for market control 10
insect resistance 29
in-situ conservation 132,176,195,196
intellectual piracy 147
Intellectual Property see IP (Intellectual Property)
International Agricultural Research Centres
(CGIAR Centres) 116,121,153,159,192
gene banks 118,119
participation in MLS 127,133,134-135,137
International Association of Plant Breeders
(ASSINEL) 32-33,34
International Association for the Protection of
Intellectual Property (AIPP1) 32,33
261
The Future Control of Food
International Board for Plant Genetic Resources
(IBPGR) 119
International Center for Tropical Agriculture
(CIAT) 134-135
International Centre for Trade and Sustainable
Development (ICTSD) 167
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) 34,101
International Code of Conduct for Plant
Germplasm Collecting and Transfer 120,121
International Conference for the Protection of New
Varieties of Plants 33-34
International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups
(ICBGs) 99
International Court of Justice 97,130
International Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights 24,162,163
International Food Policy Research Institute
(IFPRI) 187-188
International Network for the Genetic Evaluation
of Rice (INGER) 118
International Plant Genetic Resources Institute
(IPGRI) 45,167
International Seed Federation (ISF) 34,121,123,
133
International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for
Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) 78,90,94,
115-116,124-126,177-178
compliance 130-132
harmonization 151—153
negotiations 120-123,172
Quaker programme of work 198
see also MLS (multilateral system of access and
benefit sharing); Standard Material Transfer
Agreement (SMTA)
International Undertaking on Plant Genetic
Resources (IU) 83-84,85,119-120
International Union for the Protection of New
Varieties of Plants see UPOV Convention
Inuit 8
investment agreements 143
IPGRI (International Plant Genetic Resources
Institute) 45,167
IP (Intellectual Property)
concerns about 14-18,107-108,155
in food and farming 18-23,216
global protection systems 71
international protection 70-71
origins 11—14
relationship with international trade 48-50
rules introduced into WTO 6-7
m dm copyright; patents; plant variety protection
(PVP); research and development (R D);
TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights); WIPO (World Intellectual
Property Organization)
IPRs Commission (UK) 14,61-62
IPRs (Intellectual Property Rights) 12,16-17
addressed by CBD 92,94-95
development dimension 166-167
and human rights 162-163
ITPGRFA 116,122,129,136-137
and responsibility for damage from LMOs
112-113
ISF (International Seed Federation) 34,121,123,
133
Japan 39,52,63,186
Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable
Development 78
Johannesburg Plan of Implementation 101
just-in-time techniques 10
Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFQ 173
Kenya 44,100,101,119
patent issues 63
roses 41
knowledge 15,196
limitations on 174,194
labelling of shipments of LMOs 108-110
landraces 27,35,109,117,195
liability and redress, Cartagena Protocol 110-113
Uke-Minded Megadiverse Countries (LMMQ
group 101,105,106-107,110,198,201,211
LMOs (living modified organisms) 106—110
Locke, John 15
logistics 10
Love, Jamie 194
Luxemburg 52
McCann,Joseph 161
McDonald s 19
Macdonald, Stuart 17
Madagascar 101
Madrid System 49
maize 28,29,109,117
Malaysia 101,110
MaM 177
marker-assisted breeding 10,29
matkeang 11,19,37,39,173
markets
concentration 8-9,43,175,187
262
Index
seed 29,44
shift from local to global 9,138
Marrakesh Final Act (1994) 50
Maskus, Keith 17-18,182
May, Chris 16
medicines 78
access to 172,191,204
effect of IP 14,18
MelakuWorede 195,211
Mexico 44,101,109,110
MFN (most favoured nation) 52, 53—54
Miami Group 105,106-107,109,201
micro-organisms
genetic resources 139
patents 7,55,59,60
Millennium Development Goals 78,165—166
minimum standards 54, 55,70
minor food crops 41
Mitsui 175
MLS (multilateral system of access and benefit
sharing) 120,124-125,126-130,157
andCBD 151-152
implementation 132—137
implications 139-140,160
monopoly pricing 15
monopoly privilege 14,162,165,194
Monsanto 191
market concentration 9,30,175
Monsanto v. Argentina 190—191
Monsanto v. Schmeiser 21-22,107,112
Morocco 61
multilateral fora 202-203,211
national biodiversity strategies 86
negotiations 197-200,211,213,214
CBD 84-85
implementing gains 207—210
ITPGRFA 120-123,172
leverage points 200-207
problems of participation 7
TRIPS 50-51
Netherlands 38,39
Center for Genetic Resources 136
networks and leverage 205
New Zealand 97,110
NGOs (non-governmental organizations) 14,174,
179,199
as participants in negotiations 205,207
Nicaragua 50
Nigeria 50
non-violation complaints 53,143,145,146
Norway 52,66,103,111
nuisance, law of 21,22
nutrition 3,7,41,43-45,59
obesity 3,8
oilseed rape 28
open-access 98,99
open source agricultural R D 192-194
organic agriculture 21,22,166—167
Ouadadougou Declaration 152—153
Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial
Property (1883) 48-49,51-52,69,70
participants in negotiations 206—207
Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) 49,71,103
patent holders rights 55,57,172
Patent Lens 193
patents 11,12,13,17-18
bad 149
andbiopiracy 147,148
disclosure of source 66,102-104,159-160,
164-165
DNA sequences and chemical substances 43,
151-152,182
effects on R D 187,189-191
Enolabean 134-135
and food production 19—23,162,175
harmonization of national rules 34
impact on genetic resources for breeding 42—43
international agreements 48—50
inventions from public research institutions 187
law compared with UPOV provisions 35,36, 38,
39-40
living world 4,9,14,33, 59-62,63-64
perspective of indigenous peoples 93,180-181
pressure for change 179,182-183,194,218
protection under FTAs 142-143
specifications 208,218
Standing Committee on the Law of Patents (SCP)
73-74
TRIPS Agreement 54-59
under ITPGRFA 136
pearl millet 28
Peru 101,196,202
access to TK 92
TRIPS Agreement 50,67
PGRFA (plant genetic resources for food and
agriculture) 90,115-116,117-119
see also International Treaty on Plant Genetic
Resources for Food and Agriculture
(ITPGRFA)
263
The Future Control of Food
pharmaceuticals industry
genetic resources for research 83
and IP rules 6-7
minimum standards requirement 54
patents 18,22,52,53,55,58-59
TRIPS rules 204
Phelps, Marshall C.Jr 73
Philippines 92,100,101
Pioneer Hi-Bred Seed Company 30
plant breeders rights 19-20,27, 35,192
and concept of farmers rights 129-130,131
International Undertaking on Plant Genetic
Resources (IU) 84
under ITPGRFA 136
under UPOV 32,37-38, 39,142,150-151,191
see also breeders exemption
plant genetic diversity see agricultural biodiversity
plant genetic resources for food and agriculture see
International Treaty on Plant Genetic
Resources for Food and Agriculture
(ITPGRFA); International Undertaking on
Plant Genetic Resources (IU); PGREA (plant
genetic resources for food and agriculture)
plant genetics industry 9, 30,175,187
plants
breeding 27-32, 33,35,44-45,191,192
health 6,37,48
patents 20, 33,55,60-62,63-64,142-143
see also plant variety protection (PVP)
plant variety protection (PVP)
alternatives to UPOV 45-46
impact on developing countries 41—42,43-45
misappropriation 122
and research priorities 41,43
versus patents 36,40,62
see also UPOV Convention
potatoes 28,196
poultry 176
poverty eradication 78
privilege
farmers 38-39,40
IPRs 16-17,162
process patents, burden of proof 58
Proctor, Larry 134-135
property
concept of 11—12
tow 21-22
propnetarianism 16
PubJk Intellectual Property Resource for
Agriculture (PIPRA) 193
Public Interest Intellectual Property Advisors Inc 185
Public Library of Science 194
public policy objectives 174,204
public relations 11
public sector-financed research and development
20,165,185-186,187,188
Argentina 44
shrinkage 43,186
Punta del Este Ministerial Declaration 50, 51
pure line breeding 28
Quaker programme of work 198
research and development (R D) 185-196
data protection 58—59
effect of IP 14,15,18,20-23,217
impact of UPOV on priorities 41
participation in 98
patents exemptions 42,151,153,154
see also public sector-financed research and devel-
opment
resource removal 100
rice 28,118,189
ancestors 117
Golden 152,189,191
rights
indigenous peoples 93,179,180-181
patent holders 55,57,172
plant breeders see plant breeders rights
or privileges 16—17
to food 24,162-163
see also farmers rights; human rights; sovereign
rights
Rio de Janeiro, Earth Summit 85
Rockefeller Foundation 193
Roundup Ready technology 21-22,107,112,190
R v. Secretary of State for the Environmentexparte Watson
21
Rwanda 204
sanctions 213
trade 49,51
WTO 6,52,172
sanitary and phytosanitary regulations 6,48,106
science
access to information 194
and evidence based approaches 208
and sovereign ownership 161
and technology 10
SEARICE (Southeast Asia Regional Initiatives for
Community Empowerment) 178211
seed laws 42
264
Index
seed producers 27-28,29-31
seeds
access to 14,19-20,41-42,44,162
see also biotechnology clause fTRIPS
Agreement)
corporate market domination 9,22,175
farmers varieties 195
hybrids 20,29
patents 143,162
sterile 96
Seeds of Survival (SoS) programme 195
selection methods 27,28
self-pollinators 28,32
Shull, George 29
Singapore 63
smallholder farmers 41-42,44,115,175,215
see also farmers rights
social and cultural dynamics 174—175
software industry 6,49
Sonalika (wheat cultivar) 117
sorghum 28
South Africa 101,143,204
southern corn leaf blight 37
sovereign rights 84, 85, 86,116,120,152
versus interdependence 158-159,160-161
soya 44,159,189,190
Standard Material Transfer Agreement (SMTA)
120,123,127-128,129,157
harmonization 151,152—153
implementation 133,136,137
Stiglitz, Joseph 188
structural leverage in negotiations 200—201
subsistence farming communities 8,108,215
Substantive Patent Law Treaty (SPLT) 73
sugar 117
sui generis protection 45-46,64,92,142,153,163
implementation costs 209
sustainable development 71,74,78,165,166-167
food production 175-176,194-196
use of biological resources 84, 86,98-99,132
Sweden 52
Switzerland 52,54
Syngenta 175,191
synthetic biology 10
Tanzania 50,77
technical assistance 209
fromWIPO 70,71,79-81
technology
and science 10
transfer and access 64-65,84,92,94-95,166,192
teff agreement 91
Tesco 10
The Hague Diplomatic Conference 49, 50, 56
third party beneficiary interests 127-128,139
tissue culture 29
trademarks 11, 12, 18
aimed at final consumer 19
and food production 20
international agreements 48, 49, 51
registration rules 173
trade secrets 11,19,20
traditional cultural expressions (TCEs) 76
traditional knowledge (TK) and folklore 62, 81,
164-165
biopiracy 146-149
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
91-92,93
free trade agreements 202
TRIPS 64,66,67
UNCTAD 166-167
WIPO IGC 74-76
see also indigenous peoples
transgenes 109,190
Trilateral Patent Offices 74
TRIPS-plus provisions 53,142,143,144-145,174
under WIPO 72, 73
in WTO accessions 146,167
TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights) 48-50,172,203,206,213
Agreement 7,13,46,50-54,73,94,191
Council 62-64,67
and developing countries 17-18, 80,176
genetic resources, traditional knowledge and food
security 59-66,67
harmonization with CBD 60,64,65-66,150
harmonization with ITPGRFA 153-154
national implementation 66-67
patent law 36, 54-59,142-143,189
WIPO involvement 156-157
see also Doha Declaration (2001), negotiations
Uganda 44,119
UK (United Kingdom)
Commission on Intellectual Property Rights 14,
61-62,181-182,199
seed producers 31
White Paper on International Development
(2000) 14
see also England
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization) 164
265
The Future Control of Food
uniformity requirement for protection 35, 37
Unilever 19
United International Bureaux for the Protection of
Intellectual Property (BIRPI) 69,71
United Nations (UN)
Conference on Trade and Development
(UNCTAD) 166-167,201
Environment Programme (UNEP) 85,89,167
imbalance of power 212—213
Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues 93,
180-181
see also FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization);
WIPO (World Intellectual Property
Organization)
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
24,162
UPOV Convention 31,32-34,47,146,176
clauses in FTAs 142,209
committees 209-210
and harmonization 45—46,150—151,153,
157-158
impact on food security 40-42
impact on research 41,191
membership 40
provisions 34-40
relationship with WIPO 157-158
research into impact of PVP 43—44
Uruguay 44,105
Uruguay Trade Round 6,48,49, 50-51
USDA (US Department of Agriculture), provision
of seed to fanners 29,30
US (United States)
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety 105,113
double protection 39
farmers privilege 39
free trade agreements (FTAs) 142-143,144,145,
202,209
GURTS 96,97
law relating to GMOs 21
links IPRs to international trade 49,61
opposition to CBD 85
patents 12,17,20,63,66,73,134,182
plant breeding 29—30
research and development 186,187
rok in TRIPS Agreement 50
structural leverage 200-201
vegetative propagation 28—29,32
Venezuela 101
Via Campesina 176
vines 28
Wallace, Henry A. 30
wheat 28,30,31,117,118
wild genetic materials 118,132,148
WIPO Convention 72,77
WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization)
69-72,142,199
application for patents 13
association with UPOV 32
Development Agenda 71,77-79,81
Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual
Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional
Knowledge and Folklore (IGC) 65,66, 73,
74-76,130,156-157
Patent Law Treaty 65
relationship with other intergovernmental organi-
zations 154—158
revision of Paris Convention 49—50, 56
Standing Committee on the Law of Patents (SCP)
73-74
technical assistance 79—80
World Bank 89,215
research into impact of PVP 44—45
World Food Summit (Rome 1996) 3,4,176
aspirations to food security 5,163
World Intellectual Property Organization see WIPO
(World Intellectual Property Organization)
WTO (World Trade Organization) 203
accession negotiations 146,201
African Group 60,63,78,101
creation 6-7,51
developing country members 40,198
dispute settlement mechanism 52,98,145,172
protection of traditional knowledge and folklore
66
relationship with WIPO 156-157
review process 62-64
see also TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights)
Wucsthoff, Franz and Freda 33
yields, improvement through breeding 28,29,118,
195
Yugoslavia 50,52
266
|
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| id | DE-604.BV022552535 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-23T20:08:16Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1844074293 9781844074297 9781844074303 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015758832 |
| oclc_num | 167504289 |
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| spellingShingle | The future control of food a guide to international negotiations and rules on intellectual property, biodiversity and food security Politik Recht Biodiversity conservation Law and legislation Food industry and trade Standards Food law and legislation Genetic resources conservation Law and legislation Intellectual property (International law) Plant varieties Patents Government policy Produce trade Law and legislation Biodiversität (DE-588)4601495-0 gnd Internationales Recht (DE-588)4027447-0 gnd Welternährung (DE-588)4117626-1 gnd Patentrecht (DE-588)4044884-8 gnd Lebensmittelproduktion (DE-588)4114379-6 gnd Lebensmittelversorgung (DE-588)4034917-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4601495-0 (DE-588)4027447-0 (DE-588)4117626-1 (DE-588)4044884-8 (DE-588)4114379-6 (DE-588)4034917-2 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | The future control of food a guide to international negotiations and rules on intellectual property, biodiversity and food security |
| title_auth | The future control of food a guide to international negotiations and rules on intellectual property, biodiversity and food security |
| title_exact_search | The future control of food a guide to international negotiations and rules on intellectual property, biodiversity and food security |
| title_full | The future control of food a guide to international negotiations and rules on intellectual property, biodiversity and food security ed. by Geoff Tansey and Tasmin Rajotte |
| title_fullStr | The future control of food a guide to international negotiations and rules on intellectual property, biodiversity and food security ed. by Geoff Tansey and Tasmin Rajotte |
| title_full_unstemmed | The future control of food a guide to international negotiations and rules on intellectual property, biodiversity and food security ed. by Geoff Tansey and Tasmin Rajotte |
| title_short | The future control of food |
| title_sort | the future control of food a guide to international negotiations and rules on intellectual property biodiversity and food security |
| title_sub | a guide to international negotiations and rules on intellectual property, biodiversity and food security |
| topic | Politik Recht Biodiversity conservation Law and legislation Food industry and trade Standards Food law and legislation Genetic resources conservation Law and legislation Intellectual property (International law) Plant varieties Patents Government policy Produce trade Law and legislation Biodiversität (DE-588)4601495-0 gnd Internationales Recht (DE-588)4027447-0 gnd Welternährung (DE-588)4117626-1 gnd Patentrecht (DE-588)4044884-8 gnd Lebensmittelproduktion (DE-588)4114379-6 gnd Lebensmittelversorgung (DE-588)4034917-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Politik Recht Biodiversity conservation Law and legislation Food industry and trade Standards Food law and legislation Genetic resources conservation Law and legislation Intellectual property (International law) Plant varieties Patents Government policy Produce trade Law and legislation Biodiversität Internationales Recht Welternährung Patentrecht Lebensmittelproduktion Lebensmittelversorgung Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015758832&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tanseygeoff thefuturecontroloffoodaguidetointernationalnegotiationsandrulesonintellectualpropertybiodiversityandfoodsecurity |