Lietuvos valdovo dvaro prabanga XIII a. viduryje - XVI a. pradžioje
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Lithuanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Vilnius
Versus Aureus
2007
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV022523907 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20080507 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 070723s2007 ab|| |||| 00||| lit d | ||
| 020 | |a 9789955699880 |9 978-9955-699-88-0 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)180164910 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV022523907 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakwb | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a lit | |
| 049 | |a DE-12 | ||
| 050 | 0 | |a DK505.939.V55 | |
| 084 | |a 6,12 |2 ssgn | ||
| 084 | |a 6,11 |2 ssgn | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Steponavičienė, Daiva |d 1963- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)133222551 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Lietuvos valdovo dvaro prabanga |b XIII a. viduryje - XVI a. pradžioje |c Daiva Steponavičienė |
| 264 | 1 | |a Vilnius |b Versus Aureus |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a 303 S. |b Ill., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 610 | 2 | 4 | |a Vilniaus pilis (Vilnius, Lithuania) |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1200-1600 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Architektur | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Funde | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Antiquities |z Lithuania |z Vilnius | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Castles |z Lithuania |z Vilnius |x History | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Excavations (Archaeology) |z Lithuania |z Vilnius | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Funde |0 (DE-588)4071507-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Ausgrabung |0 (DE-588)4129464-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Residenz |0 (DE-588)4129695-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 4 | |a Vilnius (Lithuania) |x Antiquities | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Vilnius (Lithuania) |x Buildings, structures, etc | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Vilnius |0 (DE-588)5057560-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Vilnius |0 (DE-588)5057560-0 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Residenz |0 (DE-588)4129695-3 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Geschichte 1200-1600 |A z |
| 689 | 0 | 3 | |a Ausgrabung |0 (DE-588)4129464-6 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 4 | |a Funde |0 (DE-588)4071507-3 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015730607&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015730607&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
| 940 | 1 | |n oe | |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015730607 | ||
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 307.09 |e 22/bsb |f 0902 |g 4793 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804136631192518656 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | TURINYS
iVADAS
7
I.
TYRIMU
APŽVALGA
11
II.
LIETUVOS VALDOVO DVARO
17
PRABANGOS
PROBLEMATIKA
IR
METODOLOGIJA
17
III. VALDOVO REZIDENCIJA
35
IV.
DVARO
GYVENTOJV MATERIALINÈ
KULTURA:
ASMENS PUOŠMENOS
100
V.
KULTÜRINIS
DVARO
GYVENIMAS
166
VI.
DVARO PRAMOGOS
188
BAIGIAMOSIOS PASTABOS
212
THE LUXURY OF VILNIUS COURT OF LITHUANIAN GRAND DUKE
IN
13. -
EARLY
16.
CENTURY
221
I. SURVEY OF RESEARCHES
224
II. PROBLEMS AND METHODOLOGY OF LUXURY
AT THE LITHUANIAN RULER S COURT
226
III. RULER S RESIDENCY
232
IV. MATERIAL CULTURE OF COUTIERS: PERSONAL
ADORNMENTS
246
V. CULTURAL LIFE OF COURT
263
VI. COURT RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
268
CONCLUSIONS
274
SANTRUMPOS
281
ŠALTINIAI
IR LITERATURA
283
CONCLUSIONS
Upon
classification
of the VLC archaeological material, the versatile life-style of
the Lithuanian ruler s Vilnius court was revealed, therefore we could discuss its
various aspects through the prism ofluxury. On comparison of archaeological
data with written sources and iconography, we may have a picture as to the size
of the ruler s court and its variation over time. We can see how it changed along
with formation and expansion of town. Furthermore, due to strengthening po¬
sitions of the ruling stratum not only in the town, but also in the State, the State
itself managed to stand up as an equal partner side by side to other European
countries as early as the 14th c, and in particular in the 15th century. Speaking
in spiritual-cultural terms, Lithuania preserved its customs and traditions, but
tolerated foreigners and infidels and managed to integrate into the cultural con¬
text of Europe.
In the 12th
- ist
half of the 13th
с
Vilnius was one of the greatest and best
fortified wooden castles of the duke in the land of Lithuania (in a narrow sense).
The duke s residency was on the highest and best protected from all sides hill
with steep slopes (hill of Gediminas). From North it was protected by riverbed
of Neris, from South by boggy valley of Vilnia River. The fortified Crooked
Castle shielded it from the East and castle-side on the lower hill (the Lower
Castle) from the West. The castle-side represented a craftsmen s settlement,
which was subject to the ruler and survived to the 15th
с
Dimensions of castle
and population living at it demonstrated the ruler s
-
suzerain s power. Existence
of crafstmen: jewelers, carpenters, smiths, pot-makers, spinners, weavers,
dressmakers, shoemakers and others is evidenced by tools, raw materials, waste,
unfinished goods of weaving, spinning, sewing, wood processing, smithery,
274
jewelry etc. collected around the remains of Baltic and Gothic castles, in sites
of former wooden structures. Craftsmen not only served the ruler, they made
articles for market. One can maintain it judging by collected adornments
analogous to those from other Lithuanian archaeological monuments.
The craftsmen s settlement fortified by a wall and a defensive ditch became a
town in the 13th c. when the trade became more active, in the Middle Ages the
closed castle-side territory, along with the town developing within the stone
wall was regarded as the ruler s court. In other words, in the 13th
- ist half
of
the 14th
с
the whole Vilnius was the ruler s court. Since the middle of the 14th
c, basing on the archaeological investigations, the town moved outside the
defensive wall. The process of regrouping of social-manufacturing forces
-
migration of rural population to towns and GO Gediminas letters inviting
foreign craftsmen
-
account for this move. After expansion of the town, the
territory of the castles
-
the Upper and the Lower ones
-
girdled by stone wall
existed as a town within a town with its self-rule and regulations.
In the middle of the 13th c. in the place of the wooden castle the first stone castle
in Lithuania was built for the grand duke of Lithuania. This date is confirmed by
the VLC archaeological material, architectural investigations of excavated stone
walls, as well as the dendrochronological and radiocarbon tests of wood taken
from bottom of foundations of earliest stone walls and the historic data of the
middle of the 13th
с
Construction of a stone castle is related to formation of
the State, to birth and strengthening of the undivided power. The stone castle
demonstrates its host s might, wealth and predilection to luxury, since in those
times barely wooden castles were built in Lithuania. The written sources of
that period mention only the construction of a stone cathedral in
1251
on the
occasion of christening. Nevertheless, the stone residencies
-
the Upper Castle
and some buildings of the Lower Castle, as well as defensive walls girdling them
were built most likely in relation to Lithuania s christening and GD Mindaugas
coronation in
1253
and his residing in Vilnius.
Judging by interior details and finds of cult purpose, some early stone buildings
of VLC carried a religious character, beside that of defense. Cult paraphernalia
(sticks, amulets) found between the corner of the ruler s court and the Cathedral,
attributable to the early period of castle, confirm the existence of a pagan temple
in the 12th
-
14th
с
in the VLC territory. In the
mid-^th c.
in the place of pagan
275
temple,
the first Catholic church was built and, what is quite credible, the bishop
housed at it. The remains of a luxurious building of a representative character
back this statement, along with collected church things of the 13th c, such as
candlesticks, aquamanille and cult bowl. At the end of the 13th
-
beginning of
the 14th
с
the Cathedral was rebuilt anew into a pagan temple. At that time
Vilnius was a religious capital of all Baltic lands, with the spiritual centre in the
Lower Castle.
We can speak about the ruler s residency in the Lower Castle only since the
15th c, i, e. since the construction of the Gothic castle. Thus far it is difficult
to say which ruler initiated and gave funds for this residency. Therefore it is
thought that it was built after the fire of
1419.
However, there is no ground to
connect it with GD Vytautas, since no documents on this fact survived It is only
known that Vytautas financed construction of the new Cathedral, most likely
built on the occasion of his coronation. At the same time a new Gothic castle in
the Trakai Island was built and its walls in the big hall were painted in frescos for
the same purpose
-
coronation. It means that Vytautas intended to celebrate his
coronation in Trakai, not in Vilnius, and accordingly cared less for the Vilnius
Lower Castle. Judging by contemporaries records, Vytautas lived in the Upper
Castle when he was staying in Vilnius. Much more credibly, the Gothic castle
was built by GD
Casimir
who descended from the Upper Castle. His coinage
occurred in the layer of wooden structures demolished through construction of
the Gothic castle. Meanwhile the written sources do not speak about this either.
The first duke mentioned in the documents as really residing in the Lower Castle
was GD Alexander. His wife Elena built a big Gothic pavilion in the eastern wing
of castle. Under Queen Bona s reign, this wing was Renaissance-styled, while the
remaining structures of the castle most likely retained medieval traits even up
to
Sigismund
August s times. At the end of the 15th
-
beginning of the 16th c,
no hints of Renaissance styling were fixed in the VLC architecture. The Vilnius
town plan included in the Album of World Towns confirms this.
The interior underwent changes quicker than the exterior of castle. First of all, it
should be said of the tile stoves
-
the accent of halls
-
which changed with dernier
cry. Stoves decorated with armorial tiles reflect representation of castle in a sense
of statehood and evidence that the grand duke resided there since mid-isth
с
Supposedly, various decorative elements of tiles of the same period and their plots
276
reflect
the
diffèrent
purpose of this or that premise (halls, living-rooms etc.). Beside
the already mentioned representative premises
-
throne hall and knights hall
-
there might have been other premises. Some of them were meant for revels and
recreational activities (e.g. tiles with grotesque, allegories, hunting scenes), others
for ascetic devotion (e.g. stoves on religious subjects, biblical plots) or dedicated to
women and children (e.g. elves on flowers, toy horses, rosettes etc.).
Water supply and sewerage, heating of halls by chic stoves undoubtedly
speak about modernity and luxury of the Gothic castle. In the Middle Ages
only extremely rich people could afford such costing equipment. The leap of
civilization started from the ruler s court.
Basing on architecture and immovable property, we can speak of the Vilnius
castle as of the main administrative-political residency of the GDL ruler.
Meanwhile the lack
ofinformation
does not allow us speaking about the court
luxury from the archaeological standpoint, basing on movable property.
There are several reasons for that: all castles and their courtyards used to be
cleaned and supervised, so it was almost impossible to lose a treasure. The other
reason, determined by the medieval lifestyle and polity, is the mobility of the ruler s
courtThe Grand Duke of Lithuania didn t have his residency in Vilnius regularly,
he used to take all his personal possessions with him while moving to the other
castle. The third thing is that after changing the fashions, old possessions used to
be changed by new ones, that was disastrous for a lot of art findings. Besides, the
Lower castle suffered from fires many times: not only wooden buildings but a lot
of stuff in them were destroyed by wars and domestic fires.
As it is obvious from the examples of costume s decoration on view, on the
territory of VLC different findings are found and they were made using various
mechanisms of local and foreign masters who had come to the castle from
foreign lands. Nevertheless, pre-gothic period is defined with more production
of the Baltic style analogical with findings from the other places in Lithuania;
there are more Slavonic than Western Europe decorations found there. In Gothic
period the number of the last ones grew up significantly and European culture
overcame Byzantine. In burial monuments and archeological materials from
VLC European influence is quite strong and is mixed with Lithuanian outlook.
It must be said that there are bells which were used to decorate nobility s wear;
the sound of them was very attractive for people then; bells were not only
277
beaded into necklaces but stitched down the neckline with the beads. The other
symbolic detail
-
brassy keys meant the most valuable both in Europe and
Lithuania treasure
-
virginity.
Not all findings from VLC could belong to the elite
-
a ruler and his family. It
is typical for pre-Gothic period when the ruler used to live in the Upper castle.
Even there, in the special apartments a lot of the court s officials lived
,
who
had been of equal value to their suzerain neither by their wear nor by rooms
furnishing. In this case we can discuss just about the scientific
-
informative
archeological material of VLC.
However some decorations and details of the Middle Ages made from gold and
silver or bronze imitating the most popular metal then silver, consider their belonging
to kings and after comparing these findings with historic documents and iconography,
it is possible to speak about courts fashions. The 13th
-
14th centuries are remarkable
for peculiarities of local wear influenced by Slavs. For not having any iconographical
material
ofthat
period, we shouldn t talk about the silhouette and cut of the costume
but, without any doubt, it were long clothes and topcoats buttoned up with clasp-
pins of Baltic style decorated by filigree. That costume could go with necldaces
with precious gems and with silver bracelets. The example of it
-
decorations from
Stakliškiq
treasures made by local craftsmen which could be analogues to the ones
found in the burial places and remarkable for sophisticated technique. The matrix for
round brooches of the same type found there proves the fact that high level craftsmen
could have lived on VLC. At the stake of 14th
-
15th
с
fashions of the court of the
Lithuanian ruler started to change. It was determined by the coming of Christianity
and close relationship with the Western countries, especially with the Order situated
in the neighbourhood. Clothes for women getting tighter and for men
-
shorter were
in fashion then, however, the representatives of royal class stood out in the crowd not
only because of their expensive silk, brocade or velvet clothes decorated by gems: their
clothes still remained long that could be decided looking at rulers seals. Royal persons
used to wear topcoats lined with
rur
of precious beasts, lapbelts decorated with silver
gilded binding, big chains with expensive pendants; their wear was distinguished witli
gala colors: red, yellow, black and were weft by silver and golden threads. Some details
of personal decorations with heraldic symbols
-
images of a lion and a fleur-de-lis
-
of
that period were found in VLC; that
décor
in 14th
-
15th centuries in Europe was used
only for royal attributives.
278
The masterpieces of medieval artists were created not for beauty but more for
demonstrating and comfort: the noblemen made a parade not of fashionable
clothes or subtle forms of decorations but plenty of heavy drapes, rings, brooches,
mounts. We have to pay attention to the materials from cemeteries
-
plenty of
shrouds showing the dependence of buried people to upper strata of society, not
the tradition of burying with possessed stuff of the departed.
Some luxurious things could be brought to the ruler s court as war plunder
or by peaceful trade, however, most of them could have found a very typical for
the Middle Ages way of migration of luxurious things
-
giving presents. The
gifts
-
bloodstock, hunting kits, dogs and hawks, expensive armour, fashionable
clothes, expensive drapery, oriental carpeting, decorations, exotic food
-
used
to be mutual and given in accordance with rank.
The most valuable ones were the most impractical: rare animals, impractical things
and people
-
clowns and Lilliputians. Rulers abundantly rewarded their noblemen.
It also was quite a popular way to crimp new supporters and to repay allies.
Other things as quests and their treatment, patronage, unlimited waste of
money in balls or in hunt, a lot of entertainment
-
are related to it. That empty
waste of time in modern opinion is useless, however in the Middle Ages it
used to be a part of the routine, a peculiar form of policy, diplomacy and
government. Balls and entertainments proved by the remains of table setting
and palinological
?
data of VLC archeologically reflect the luxurious lifestyle
of Lithuanian ruler s court.
The high standard of cultural surroundings could be created just because
of well-developed economics, in other words, such cultural phenomena as the
library or the music chapel of international level in the court of the Lithuanian
ruler was the luxury reachable just for elite. This splendid cultural life is reflected
in the archeological material of VLC. There are metallic details of books and
Jew s harps, which are found only in mounds in Lithuania as well as in other
European countries. The remains of chess show intelligence and a unique
possibility of purposeful leisure. Comparing findings and written sources we
can say that manifestations of musical culture of medieval period and early
renaissance were concentrated in Vilnius court of Lithuanian ruler. The remains
of books found in the 15th
с
layer proved that books collections had been saved
by very rich people at those times. Lithuanian knights were very well-educated
as well as Lithuanian duchesses who were superior to women from lower castes
and worthy of their husbands.
279
Luxury and wealth is concurrently related to aspects of cultural and
entertainment life of a ruler. Their separation in this work is pretty conditional:
at entertainments and revels always sounded music played by local and
foreign professional musicians who were kept at the court for exchange and
representation; civilized free time while reading was more like the passive revel
listening to the reader; a peaceful play by chess could turn into a venturesome
gambling transitive to quarrels of young knights anytime; balls, first of all,
reflected the medieval table culture and etiquette related to knighthood culture
of Europe including Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In GDL entertainments
were of European character and the rich table setting, players chapels, exotic
Lilliputians and clowns should be treated as the typical aspects of luxury in
medieval courts.
The existence of knighthood has been proved by written sources where several
facts of accolade at Vytautas court are described as well as by archeological
finding
-
spurs
-
a necessary attribute of a knight. In this and in many other
cases we could talk about the role of the archeological data when showing
the peculiarities of medieval lifestyle, typical for Lithuania as well as for other
countries of Western Europe.
Another one of luxury s immaterial forms is fixed in written sources and
related to the ruler s coming to another city: the pompous entering of a ruler with
big, shining and conspicuous with colors of flags and clothes escort; for citizens
it was compulsory to meet the ruler with joy and to express their obedience.
Lordliness and finding themselves as superior beings is the manifestation of
spiritual luxury.
Comparing the archeological research
-
from VLC and other Lithuanian
mounds and late necropolis, aspects of lifestyle of Lithuanian courts described in
historic documents and relationships with the other European courts and states,
we can conclude that the Lithuanian court with its traditions was really close to
them, equal and acceptable in the point of economic partnership and diplomatic
friendship. Moreover, GDL at medieval times didn t look like a suppliant
ofthat
partnership and friendship but vice versa: from the end of the 14th
с
its rise is
very well seen as well as the consumer, not the industrial character, what was
typical just for very rich states.
280
|
| adam_txt |
TURINYS
iVADAS
7
I.
TYRIMU
APŽVALGA
11
II.
LIETUVOS VALDOVO DVARO
17
PRABANGOS
PROBLEMATIKA
IR
METODOLOGIJA
17
III. VALDOVO REZIDENCIJA
35
IV.
DVARO
GYVENTOJV MATERIALINÈ
KULTURA:
ASMENS PUOŠMENOS
100
V.
KULTÜRINIS
DVARO
GYVENIMAS
166
VI.
DVARO PRAMOGOS
188
BAIGIAMOSIOS PASTABOS
212
THE LUXURY OF VILNIUS COURT OF LITHUANIAN GRAND DUKE
IN
13. -
EARLY
16.
CENTURY
221
I. SURVEY OF RESEARCHES
224
II. PROBLEMS AND METHODOLOGY OF LUXURY
AT THE LITHUANIAN RULER'S COURT
226
III. RULER'S RESIDENCY
232
IV. MATERIAL CULTURE OF COUTIERS: PERSONAL
ADORNMENTS
246
V. CULTURAL LIFE OF COURT
263
VI. COURT RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
268
CONCLUSIONS
274
SANTRUMPOS
281
ŠALTINIAI
IR LITERATURA
283
CONCLUSIONS
Upon
classification
of the VLC archaeological material, the versatile life-style of
the Lithuanian ruler's Vilnius court was revealed, therefore we could discuss its
various aspects through the prism ofluxury. On comparison of archaeological
data with written sources and iconography, we may have a picture as to the size
of the ruler's court and its variation over time. We can see how it changed along
with formation and expansion of town. Furthermore, due to strengthening po¬
sitions of the ruling stratum not only in the town, but also in the State, the State
itself managed to stand up as an equal partner side by side to other European
countries as early as the 14th c, and in particular in the 15th century. Speaking
in spiritual-cultural terms, Lithuania preserved its customs and traditions, but
tolerated foreigners and infidels and managed to integrate into the cultural con¬
text of Europe.
In the 12th
- ist
half of the 13th
с
Vilnius was one of the greatest and best
fortified wooden castles of the duke in the land of Lithuania (in a narrow sense).
The duke's residency was on the highest and best protected from all sides hill
with steep slopes (hill of Gediminas). From North it was protected by riverbed
of Neris, from South by boggy valley of Vilnia River. The fortified Crooked
Castle shielded it from the East and castle-side on the lower hill (the Lower
Castle) from the West. The castle-side represented a craftsmen's settlement,
which was subject to the ruler and survived to the 15th
с
Dimensions of castle
and population living at it demonstrated the ruler's
-
suzerain's power. Existence
of crafstmen: jewelers, carpenters, smiths, pot-makers, spinners, weavers,
dressmakers, shoemakers and others is evidenced by tools, raw materials, waste,
unfinished goods of weaving, spinning, sewing, wood processing, smithery,
274
jewelry etc. collected around the remains of Baltic and Gothic castles, in sites
of former wooden structures. Craftsmen not only served the ruler, they made
articles for market. One can maintain it judging by collected adornments
analogous to those from other Lithuanian archaeological monuments.
The craftsmen's settlement fortified by a wall and a defensive ditch became a
town in the 13th c. when the trade became more active, in the Middle Ages the
closed castle-side territory, along with the town developing within the stone
wall was regarded as the ruler's court. In other words, in the 13th
- ist half
of
the 14th
с
the whole Vilnius was the ruler's court. Since the middle of the 14th
c, basing on the archaeological investigations, the town "moved" outside the
defensive wall. The process of regrouping of social-manufacturing forces
-
migration of rural population to towns and GO Gediminas' letters inviting
foreign craftsmen
-
account for this move. After expansion of the town, the
territory of the castles
-
the Upper and the Lower ones
-
girdled by stone wall
existed as "a town within a town" with its self-rule and regulations.
In the middle of the 13th c. in the place of the wooden castle the first stone castle
in Lithuania was built for the grand duke of Lithuania. This date is confirmed by
the VLC archaeological material, architectural investigations of excavated stone
walls, as well as the dendrochronological and radiocarbon tests of wood taken
from bottom of foundations of earliest stone walls and the historic data of the
middle of the 13th
с
Construction of a stone castle is related to formation of
the State, to birth and strengthening of the undivided power. The stone castle
demonstrates its host's might, wealth and predilection to luxury, since in those
times barely wooden castles were built in Lithuania. The written sources of
that period mention only the construction of a stone cathedral in
1251
on the
occasion of christening. Nevertheless, the stone residencies
-
the Upper Castle
and some buildings of the Lower Castle, as well as defensive walls girdling them
were built most likely in relation to Lithuania's christening and GD Mindaugas'
coronation in
1253
and his residing in Vilnius.
Judging by interior details and finds of cult purpose, some early stone buildings
of VLC carried a religious character, beside that of defense. Cult paraphernalia
(sticks, amulets) found between the corner of the ruler's court and the Cathedral,
attributable to the early period of castle, confirm the existence of a pagan temple
in the 12th
-
14th
с
in the VLC territory. In the
mid-^th c.
in the place of pagan
275
temple,
the first Catholic church was built and, what is quite credible, the bishop
housed at it. The remains of a luxurious building of a representative character
back this statement, along with collected church things of the 13th c, such as
candlesticks, aquamanille and cult bowl. At the end of the 13th
-
beginning of
the 14th
с
the Cathedral was rebuilt anew into a pagan temple. At that time
Vilnius was a religious capital of all Baltic lands, with the spiritual centre in the
Lower Castle.
We can speak about the ruler's residency in the Lower Castle only since the
15th c, i, e. since the construction of the Gothic castle. Thus far it is difficult
to say which ruler initiated and gave funds for this residency. Therefore it is
thought that it was built after the fire of
1419.
However, there is no ground to
connect it with GD Vytautas, since no documents on this fact survived It is only
known that Vytautas financed construction of the new Cathedral, most likely
built on the occasion of his coronation. At the same time a new Gothic castle in
the Trakai Island was built and its walls in the big hall were painted in frescos for
the same purpose
-
coronation. It means that Vytautas intended to celebrate his
coronation in Trakai, not in Vilnius, and accordingly cared less for the Vilnius
Lower Castle. Judging by contemporaries' records, Vytautas lived in the Upper
Castle when he was staying in Vilnius. Much more credibly, the Gothic castle
was built by GD
Casimir
who "descended" from the Upper Castle. His coinage
occurred in the layer of wooden structures demolished through construction of
the Gothic castle. Meanwhile the written sources do not speak about this either.
The first duke mentioned in the documents as really residing in the Lower Castle
was GD Alexander. His wife Elena built a big Gothic pavilion in the eastern wing
of castle. Under Queen Bona's reign, this wing was Renaissance-styled, while the
remaining structures of the castle most likely retained medieval traits even up
to
Sigismund
August's times. At the end of the 15th
-
beginning of the 16th c,
no hints of Renaissance styling were fixed in the VLC architecture. The Vilnius
town plan included in "the Album of World Towns" confirms this.
The interior underwent changes quicker than the exterior of castle. First of all, it
should be said of the tile stoves
-
the accent of halls
-
which changed with dernier
cry. Stoves decorated with armorial tiles reflect representation of castle in a sense
of statehood and evidence that the grand duke resided there since mid-isth
с
Supposedly, various decorative elements of tiles of the same period and their plots
276
reflect
the
diffèrent
purpose of this or that premise (halls, living-rooms etc.). Beside
the already mentioned representative premises
-
throne hall and knights' hall
-
there might have been other premises. Some of them were meant for revels and
recreational activities (e.g. tiles with grotesque, allegories, hunting scenes), others
for ascetic devotion (e.g. stoves on religious subjects, biblical plots) or dedicated to
women and children (e.g. elves on flowers, toy horses, rosettes etc.).
Water supply and sewerage, heating of halls by chic stoves undoubtedly
speak about modernity and luxury of the Gothic castle. In the Middle Ages
only extremely rich people could afford such costing equipment. The leap of
civilization started from the ruler's court.
Basing on architecture and immovable property, we can speak of the Vilnius
castle as of the main administrative-political residency of the GDL ruler.
Meanwhile the lack
ofinformation
does not allow us speaking about the court
luxury from the archaeological standpoint, basing on movable property.
There are several reasons for that: all castles and their courtyards used to be
cleaned and supervised, so it was almost impossible to lose a treasure. The other
reason, determined by the medieval lifestyle and polity, is the mobility of the ruler's
courtThe Grand Duke of Lithuania didn't have his residency in Vilnius regularly,
he used to take all his personal possessions with him while moving to the other
castle. The third thing is that after changing the fashions, old possessions used to
be changed by new ones, that was disastrous for a lot of art findings. Besides, the
Lower castle suffered from fires many times: not only wooden buildings but a lot
of stuff in them were destroyed by wars and domestic fires.
As it is obvious from the examples of costume's decoration on view, on the
territory of VLC different findings are found and they were made using various
mechanisms of local and foreign masters who had come to the castle from
foreign lands. Nevertheless, pre-gothic period is defined with more production
of the Baltic style analogical with findings from the other places in Lithuania;
there are more Slavonic than Western Europe decorations found there. In Gothic
period the number of the last ones grew up significantly and European culture
overcame Byzantine. In burial monuments and archeological materials from
VLC European influence is quite strong and is mixed with Lithuanian outlook.
It must be said that there are bells which were used to decorate nobility's wear;
the sound of them was very attractive for people then; bells were not only
277
beaded into necklaces but stitched down the neckline with the beads. The other
symbolic detail
-
brassy keys meant the most valuable both in Europe and
Lithuania treasure
-
virginity.
Not all findings from VLC could belong to the elite
-
a ruler and his family. It
is typical for pre-Gothic period when the ruler used to live in the Upper castle.
Even there, in the special apartments a lot of the court's officials lived
,
who
had been of equal value to their suzerain neither by their wear nor by rooms'
furnishing. In this case we can discuss just about the scientific
-
informative
archeological material of VLC.
However some decorations and details of the Middle Ages made from gold and
silver or bronze imitating the most popular metal then silver, consider their belonging
to kings and after comparing these findings with historic documents and iconography,
it is possible to speak about courts fashions. The 13th
-
14th centuries are remarkable
for peculiarities of local wear influenced by Slavs. For not having any iconographical
material
ofthat
period, we shouldn't talk about the silhouette and cut of the costume
but, without any doubt, it were long clothes and topcoats buttoned up with clasp-
pins of Baltic style decorated by filigree. That costume could go with necldaces
with precious gems and with silver bracelets. The example of it
-
decorations from
Stakliškiq
treasures made by local craftsmen which could be analogues to the ones
found in the burial places and remarkable for sophisticated technique. The matrix for
round brooches of the same type found there proves the fact that high level craftsmen
could have lived on VLC. At the stake of 14th
-
15th
с
fashions of the court of the
Lithuanian ruler started to change. It was determined by the coming of Christianity
and close relationship with the Western countries, especially with the Order situated
in the neighbourhood. Clothes for women getting tighter and for men
-
shorter were
in fashion then, however, the representatives of royal class stood out in the crowd not
only because of their expensive silk, brocade or velvet clothes decorated by gems: their
clothes still remained long that could be decided looking at rulers' seals. Royal persons
used to wear topcoats lined with
rur
of precious beasts, lapbelts decorated with silver
gilded binding, big chains with expensive pendants; their wear was distinguished witli
gala colors: red, yellow, black and were weft by silver and golden threads. Some details
of personal decorations with heraldic symbols
-
images of a lion and a fleur-de-lis
-
of
that period were found in VLC; that
décor
in 14th
-
15th centuries in Europe was used
only for royal attributives.
278
The masterpieces of medieval artists were created not for beauty but more for
demonstrating and comfort: the noblemen made a parade not of fashionable
clothes or subtle forms of decorations but plenty of heavy drapes, rings, brooches,
mounts. We have to pay attention to the materials from cemeteries
-
plenty of
shrouds showing the dependence of buried people to upper strata of society, not
the tradition of burying with possessed stuff of the departed.
Some luxurious things could be brought to the ruler's court as war plunder
or by peaceful trade, however, most of them could have found a very typical for
the Middle Ages way of migration of luxurious things
-
giving presents. The
gifts
-
bloodstock, hunting kits, dogs and hawks, expensive armour, fashionable
clothes, expensive drapery, oriental carpeting, decorations, exotic food
-
used
to be mutual and given in accordance with rank.
The most valuable ones were the most impractical: rare animals, impractical things
and people
-
clowns and Lilliputians. Rulers abundantly rewarded their noblemen.
It also was quite a popular way to crimp new supporters and to repay allies.
Other things as quests and their treatment, patronage, unlimited waste of
money in balls or in hunt, a lot of entertainment
-
are related to it. That empty
waste of time in modern opinion is useless, however in the Middle Ages it
used to be a part of the routine, a peculiar form of policy, diplomacy and
government. Balls and entertainments proved by the remains of table setting
and palinological
?
data of VLC archeologically reflect the luxurious lifestyle
of Lithuanian ruler's court.
The high standard of cultural surroundings could be created just because
of well-developed economics, in other words, such cultural phenomena as the
library or the music chapel of international level in the court of the Lithuanian
ruler was the luxury reachable just for elite. This splendid cultural life is reflected
in the archeological material of VLC. There are metallic details of books and
Jew's harps, which are found only in mounds in Lithuania as well as in other
European countries. The remains of chess show intelligence and a unique
possibility of purposeful leisure. Comparing findings and written sources we
can say that manifestations of musical culture of medieval period and early
renaissance were concentrated in Vilnius court of Lithuanian ruler. The remains
of books found in the 15th
с
layer proved that books collections had been saved
by very rich people at those times. Lithuanian knights were very well-educated
as well as Lithuanian duchesses who were superior to women from lower castes
and worthy of their husbands.
279
Luxury and wealth is concurrently related to aspects of cultural and
entertainment life of a ruler. Their separation in this work is pretty conditional:
at entertainments and revels always sounded music played by local and
foreign professional musicians who were kept at the court for exchange and
representation; civilized free time while reading was more like the passive revel
listening to the reader; a peaceful play by chess could turn into a venturesome
gambling transitive to quarrels of young knights anytime; balls, first of all,
reflected the medieval table culture and etiquette related to knighthood culture
of Europe including Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In GDL entertainments
were of European character and the rich table setting, players chapels, exotic
Lilliputians and clowns should be treated as the typical aspects of luxury in
medieval courts.
The existence of knighthood has been proved by written sources where several
facts of accolade at Vytautas court are described as well as by archeological
finding
-
spurs
-
a necessary attribute of a knight. In this and in many other
cases we could talk about the role of the archeological data when showing
the peculiarities of medieval lifestyle, typical for Lithuania as well as for other
countries of Western Europe.
Another one of luxury's immaterial forms is fixed in written sources and
related to the ruler's coming to another city: the pompous entering of a ruler with
big, shining and conspicuous with colors of flags and clothes escort; for citizens
it was compulsory to meet the ruler with joy and to express their obedience.
Lordliness and finding themselves as superior beings is the manifestation of
spiritual luxury.
Comparing the archeological research
-
from VLC and other Lithuanian
mounds and late necropolis, aspects of lifestyle of Lithuanian courts described in
historic documents and relationships with the other European courts and states,
we can conclude that the Lithuanian court with its traditions was really close to
them, equal and acceptable in the point of economic partnership and diplomatic
friendship. Moreover, GDL at medieval times didn't look like a suppliant
ofthat
partnership and friendship but vice versa: from the end of the 14th
с
its rise is
very well seen as well as the consumer, not the industrial character, what was
typical just for very rich states.
280 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Steponavičienė, Daiva 1963- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)133222551 |
| author_facet | Steponavičienė, Daiva 1963- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Steponavičienė, Daiva 1963- |
| author_variant | d s ds |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022523907 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DK505 |
| callnumber-raw | DK505.939.V55 |
| callnumber-search | DK505.939.V55 |
| callnumber-sort | DK 3505.939 V55 |
| callnumber-subject | DK - Russia, Soviet Union, Former Soviet Republics, Poland |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)180164910 (DE-599)BVBBV022523907 |
| era | Geschichte 1200-1600 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1200-1600 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>02406nam a2200589 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV022523907</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20080507 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">070723s2007 ab|| |||| 00||| lit d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9789955699880</subfield><subfield code="9">978-9955-699-88-0</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)180164910</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV022523907</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakwb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">lit</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">DK505.939.V55</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">6,12</subfield><subfield code="2">ssgn</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">6,11</subfield><subfield code="2">ssgn</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Steponavičienė, Daiva</subfield><subfield code="d">1963-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)133222551</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Lietuvos valdovo dvaro prabanga</subfield><subfield code="b">XIII a. viduryje - XVI a. pradžioje</subfield><subfield code="c">Daiva Steponavičienė</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Vilnius</subfield><subfield code="b">Versus Aureus</subfield><subfield code="c">2007</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">303 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">Ill., Kt.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Zsfassung in engl. Sprache</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="610" ind1="2" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Vilniaus pilis (Vilnius, Lithuania)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1200-1600</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Architektur</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Funde</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Geschichte</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Antiquities</subfield><subfield code="z">Lithuania</subfield><subfield code="z">Vilnius</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Castles</subfield><subfield code="z">Lithuania</subfield><subfield code="z">Vilnius</subfield><subfield code="x">History</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Excavations (Archaeology)</subfield><subfield code="z">Lithuania</subfield><subfield code="z">Vilnius</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Funde</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4071507-3</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Ausgrabung</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4129464-6</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Residenz</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4129695-3</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Vilnius (Lithuania)</subfield><subfield code="x">Antiquities</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Vilnius (Lithuania)</subfield><subfield code="x">Buildings, structures, etc</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Vilnius</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)5057560-0</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Vilnius</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)5057560-0</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Residenz</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4129695-3</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1200-1600</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Ausgrabung</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4129464-6</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Funde</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4071507-3</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015730607&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015730607&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Abstract</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="n">oe</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015730607</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">307.09</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">0902</subfield><subfield code="g">4793</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| geographic | Vilnius (Lithuania) Antiquities Vilnius (Lithuania) Buildings, structures, etc Vilnius (DE-588)5057560-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Vilnius (Lithuania) Antiquities Vilnius (Lithuania) Buildings, structures, etc Vilnius |
| id | DE-604.BV022523907 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T18:04:12Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:59:28Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789955699880 |
| language | Lithuanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015730607 |
| oclc_num | 180164910 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 303 S. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Versus Aureus |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Steponavičienė, Daiva 1963- Verfasser (DE-588)133222551 aut Lietuvos valdovo dvaro prabanga XIII a. viduryje - XVI a. pradžioje Daiva Steponavičienė Vilnius Versus Aureus 2007 303 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Vilniaus pilis (Vilnius, Lithuania) Geschichte 1200-1600 gnd rswk-swf Architektur Funde Geschichte Antiquities Lithuania Vilnius Castles Lithuania Vilnius History Excavations (Archaeology) Lithuania Vilnius Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd rswk-swf Residenz (DE-588)4129695-3 gnd rswk-swf Vilnius (Lithuania) Antiquities Vilnius (Lithuania) Buildings, structures, etc Vilnius (DE-588)5057560-0 gnd rswk-swf Vilnius (DE-588)5057560-0 g Residenz (DE-588)4129695-3 s Geschichte 1200-1600 z Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 s Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015730607&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015730607&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Steponavičienė, Daiva 1963- Lietuvos valdovo dvaro prabanga XIII a. viduryje - XVI a. pradžioje Vilniaus pilis (Vilnius, Lithuania) Architektur Funde Geschichte Antiquities Lithuania Vilnius Castles Lithuania Vilnius History Excavations (Archaeology) Lithuania Vilnius Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd Residenz (DE-588)4129695-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4129464-6 (DE-588)4129695-3 (DE-588)5057560-0 |
| title | Lietuvos valdovo dvaro prabanga XIII a. viduryje - XVI a. pradžioje |
| title_auth | Lietuvos valdovo dvaro prabanga XIII a. viduryje - XVI a. pradžioje |
| title_exact_search | Lietuvos valdovo dvaro prabanga XIII a. viduryje - XVI a. pradžioje |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Lietuvos valdovo dvaro prabanga XIII a. viduryje - XVI a. pradžioje |
| title_full | Lietuvos valdovo dvaro prabanga XIII a. viduryje - XVI a. pradžioje Daiva Steponavičienė |
| title_fullStr | Lietuvos valdovo dvaro prabanga XIII a. viduryje - XVI a. pradžioje Daiva Steponavičienė |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lietuvos valdovo dvaro prabanga XIII a. viduryje - XVI a. pradžioje Daiva Steponavičienė |
| title_short | Lietuvos valdovo dvaro prabanga |
| title_sort | lietuvos valdovo dvaro prabanga xiii a viduryje xvi a pradzioje |
| title_sub | XIII a. viduryje - XVI a. pradžioje |
| topic | Vilniaus pilis (Vilnius, Lithuania) Architektur Funde Geschichte Antiquities Lithuania Vilnius Castles Lithuania Vilnius History Excavations (Archaeology) Lithuania Vilnius Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd Residenz (DE-588)4129695-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Vilniaus pilis (Vilnius, Lithuania) Architektur Funde Geschichte Antiquities Lithuania Vilnius Castles Lithuania Vilnius History Excavations (Archaeology) Lithuania Vilnius Ausgrabung Residenz Vilnius (Lithuania) Antiquities Vilnius (Lithuania) Buildings, structures, etc Vilnius |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015730607&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015730607&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT steponavicienedaiva lietuvosvaldovodvaroprabangaxiiiaviduryjexviapradzioje |