Wschodnie pogranicze rozszerzonej Unii Europejskiej czynniki konkurencyjności = Eastern borderland of enlarged European Union
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2006
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Części
CZYNNIKI I OGRANICZENIA KONKURENCYJNEGO ROZWOJU
REGIONÓW PRZYGRANICZNYCH. ROLA POWIĄZAŃ Z ZAGRANICĄ
Krzysztof Falkowski. Czynniki i ograniczenia konkurencyjnego rozwoju
regionów przygranicznych. Ujęcie teoretyczne
Małgorzata Runiewicz. Zdolność konkurencyjna wybranych
wschodnich regionów przygranicznych rozszerzonej Unii Europejskiej
Marzenna Błaszczuk. Wymiana towarowa i przepływ kapitału
w relacjach wschodnich regionów granicznych Polski z zagranicą
Izabela
na wschodnim pograniczu Unii Europejskiej
Część
ROLA INFRASTRUKTURY TRANSPORTOWEJ
JAKO CZYNNIKA KONKURENCYJNOŚCI
WSCHODNIEGO POGRANICZA UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ
Marcin Bujnowski. Dostępność transportowa jako czynnik konkurencyjności
regionów wschodniego pogranicza Unii Europejskiej
Agnieszka Domańska. Regionalne korzyści popytowe rozbudowy autostrad w Polsce
na przykładzie autostrady
Jana Pieriegud. Korytarze transportowe w budowie spójnej Europy ze szczególnym
uwzględnieniem infrastruktury we wschodnich regionach przygranicznych
Elżbieta Marciszewska. Transport lotniczy jako czynnik poprawy konkurencyjności
wschodniego pogranicza Unii Europejskiej
6
Część III
REGIONY PRZYGRANICZNE W ŚWIETLE POLITYKI
REGIONALNEGO ROZWOJU (ROSJA, BIAŁORUŚ I LITWA)
Gennady
oraz rozwoju regionalnym Rosji
Timur Gareev,
obwodu kaliningradzkiego?
Valeriy S.
rozwoju regionalnego Białorusi
Wojciech Kosiedowski. Miejsce Białorusi w Europie Środkowej i Wschodniej
-
Artur Płokszto. Gospodarka Republiki Litewskiej: pierwszy rok w Unii Europejskiej.
Aspekty makroekonomiczne i regionalne
Część
REGIONALNE SIECI WSPÓŁPRACY
ORAZ INFRASTRUKTURA KOMUNIKACYJNA
JAKO CZYNNIK ROZWOJU BAŁTYCKIEGO POGRANICZA UE
Stanisław Cios. Miejsce granic państwowych i regionów przygranicznych
w bałtyckiej współpracy regionalnej
Tomasz Dołęgowski. Współpraca akademicka jako czynnik konkurencyjnego rozwoju
wschodniego pogranicza rozszerzonej Unii Europejskiej
Jaan
jako czynnik konkurencyjnego rozwoju regionów peryferyjnych
-
Podsumowanie
Contents
Preface
Parti
FACTORS
OF BORDER REGIONS. THE IMPORTANCE
OF CONNECTIONS WITH ABROAD
Krzysztof
of border regions. The theoretical approach
Małgorzata Runiewicz.
border regions of the enlarged European Union
Marzenna
between Polish eastern border regions with abroad
Izabela
on east borderline of European Union
Part II
THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
AS COMPETITIVENESS FACTOR OF EASTERN BORDERLAND
OF EUROPEAN UNION
Marcin
of the eastern border regions of the
Agnieszka Domańska.
in Poland
Jana
-
Elżbieta Marciszewska.
of EU s eastern borderland
8 Contents
Partili
BORDER
DEVELOPMENT POLICY (RUSSIA, BELARUS AND LITHUANIA)
Gennady Fedorov. The Kaliningrad Region in the regional policy
and regional development of Russia
Timur Gareev,
of the Kaliningrad Region?
Valeriy S. Bondarenko. The place of the border regions in politics
and regional development in Belarus
Wojciech Kosiedowski.
in Central and Eastern Europe
Artur Płokszto.
the first year in the European Union. Macroeconomic and regional aspects
Part IV
REGIONAL NETWORKS OF COOPERATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
INFRASTRUCTURE AS A FACTOR OF THE DEVELOPMENT
OF THE BALTIC BORDERLAND OF EUROPEAN UNION
Stanisław Cios.
in the Baltic regional cooperation
Tomasz Dołęgowski.
development of the eastern borderland of the enlarged European Union
Jaan
of competitive development of periphery regions. Case Study
Summary
Summary
Specific status of borderland regions is defined by their geographical location in
periphery regions of a given country (or a group of countries) and by the very fact of the
existence of state borders. Often, though not always, they are geographical and economic
peripheries (low growth and development indices of the given country).
At present traditionally understood factors of cross-border trade growth and de¬
velopment lose their importance due to, on the one hand, technical and technological
progress in transport and communications, which increase communications accessibil¬
ity of periphery regions, and on the other hand to globalization and integration, which
soften borderline functioning as a barrier for development. The so-called new or soft
development factors, such as human capital and connected with it education, social and
institutional infrastructure, especially networks of cooperation on different levels, local,
regional national and international, are becoming increasingly important. The bigger
diversification of operating entities, the bigger the synergy effect observed in growth
and development. The change of place of development factors and of business allocation
(and settlement) may be a chance to stimulate the hitherto existing low development
of borderland regions (K. Falkowski).
While remaining geographical peripheries, border regions may advance in the de¬
velopment hierarchy, become regional or
provided that they are suitably equipped with local, regional, national and international
infrastructure (M. Bujnowski,
works of connections in the form of industrial clusters connecting companies, research
sector as well as public institutions and non-governmental organizations are established
in borderland regions.
Looking at border regions on both sides of EU-25 east borderline we get a picture
of specific cross-border functional region. The specific features result from existing
352
and potential ties and their limitation caused by the way a border-crossing operates and
by similarities and differences in development potential.
The differences in specialization structure and competitive ability of economies
of border regions of Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Belarus, Russia and Ukraine
are tied to varied pace of transformation. Industrial and productive structures in these
regions have been dominated by related or the same industrial branches on both sides
of enlarged
agglomerations. The RF Kaliningrad Region excluded, short-term competitive advan¬
tage in the region expressed in cross-border connections can be most clearly observed
in the case of Estonia- and Lithuania-Russia periphery regions, but also in the case
of Polish-Belarus border. The cross-border commodity trade structure is dominated
by low-tech goods or by raw-material consuming products (fossil fuel, crude oil, wood
and timber goods). An increased share of mid- and high-tech products in imports
of Brest, Pskov and West Ukraine regions points to regional economy modernization.
Generally, the amount of foreign capital in borderland regions is riot large and BIZ
is dyssimmetrical to the
precludes to use competitive advantage resulting from owned raw materials and hu¬
man capital. As for long-term competitive ability in these regions, measured in ability
to develop institutional, economic and social infrastructure, certain positive elements
can be observed, e.g. in higher education. They can be regarded as advantageous all
over the cooperation area. The factors restricting the increase of competitive potential
are: low level of frontier and tourist infrastructure, disadvantageous
structure, where not applied directly connected with competitiveness but basic research
is predominant, insufficient cooperation between territorial self-governments and
business and science.
Unfavourable demographic changes, especially in Russian and Belarus regions (ad¬
verse birth rate, aging societies and rural depopulation), and low, apart from positive
changes, level of enterprise are important threats to competitive increase and development
of borderland regions and, as a result, to the investigated trans-border regions.
The growing competitiveness of Polish, Russian, Belarus, Ukrainian and other re¬
gions proves the need to strengthen the Program on Peripheral Cooperation
and INTERREG (M. Runiewicz).
The share of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in periphery regions in
trade and capital exchange with abroad is one of the basic measurements of its com¬
petitiveness. Polish east border voivodships, e.i.
Warmińsko-Mazurskie,
but diversified intensity of economic relations with foreign countries. In relation to SMEs
this low activity in the sphere of economic cooperation with abroad is of structural
character.
Summary
EU
mostly Germany. This becomes obvious when we take
ship into account. Compared to the rest of Poland, Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian
as well as
an important role in exports of eastern borderland regions. The share of our eastern
neighbours in foreign trade of each Polish periphery region is closely related to its im¬
mediate neighbourhood.
Labor-absorbing goods have been predominant in
skie
and
erage in all periphery voivodships; the worst results have been noted in
Podkarpackie.
Before accessing
ing regions. Imports of
at a faster rate than these voivodships share in total imports. Similarly to exports,
member countries, mainly Germany with its share of
geographical structure. Our eastern neighbours could be noticed among deliverers for
Polish periphery regions a little more often than in exports. For example, Russia was
prime deliverer for
for the
appliances, electric and electronic equipment.
The discussed voivodships are also notorious for being unattractive for investment,
which is expressed by a small BIZ number. The causes for this state are attributed to rela¬
tively low communications accessibility
low industrail development
Warmińsko-Mazurskie),
(Podkarpackie).
of
the level of transformation in
ness environment in
market are advantageous for localization attractiveness of the studied voivodships.
There are three special economic zones functioning in the region: the Euro-Park
Mielec
are taken advantage of by domestic and foreign capital is the highest in the Euro-Park
Mielec
tion of economy in these voivodships and on the increase of their competiveness has
been small (M.
Development of a region, including its infrastructure, correlates with and even is
partly conditioned by human mobility in the region. The mobility is conditioned by la¬
bour markets, education and training system, cultural exchange, tourism and traditional
354
ties
impeded as a result of, among others, insufficiency of transportation and border cross¬
ing infrastructure. It also restricts development potential and current competitiveness
of the regions in question. Provisions of the
of free passenger flow within the
(I. Bergel).
Through increasing the location accessibility, transport infrastructure is an important
element of territorial, economic and social cohesion and a factor of regions development
and competitiveness. However it is not an independent factor but it coexists with other
development factors. This has been proved by analysis of regional demand effects arising
from
Infrastructure needs of borderland regions must be viewed from the perspective
of social and economic life internationalization. It must not only meet the inner needs
of the periphery region and its integration with the rest of the country but also enable
functioning of international economic transport ties and provide an infrastructure ele¬
ment securing total economic and social relations connecting the country with other
European Communities and their outside surroundings. Therefore great importance
attached to Trans-European Networks
EU
level of transport infrastructure saturation, which is expressed by their low communi¬
cations accessibility in comparison with average accessibility of EU-25, but (according
to European Commission research) is higher than believed (M. Bujnowski).
Increasing communications accessibility of eastern peripheries is one of the tasks
of Cohesion Policy, European Neighbourhood Policy,
of Polish development strategies and policies.
North-east and central-east borderland regions of the
rail and road accessibility. The Finish and Baltic States peripheries are in the worst situ¬
ation. Indices of their accessibility fall below
Norway, and for western Latvia and western Estonia
regions this accessibility is on the same level as south-western France, northern Spain
and Denmark and the indices are considerably higher than those for Greece, Portugal,
Ireland, Scotland and Scandinavia) (M. Bujnowski).
The realization of the TENs may improve the accessibility of these regions but it
cannot drastically change their peripheral character within the
research realization of TENs prime projects or completing the Trans-European Network
in extreme cases may even bring about worsening of competitive situation (measured
in the level of GNP per capita) in relation to remaining
at increasing
frastructure undertakings should not therefore be seen as isolated priority projects from
the point of view of border regions competitiveness increase (M. Bujnowski).
Summary
Regional infrastructure and air transport seem to play a very positive role in economic
activation and increasing interregional and international competitiveness of periphery
regions. This has been confirmed by
airports. All Baltic states
requirements for obtaining public support. The development of regional air transport,
together with high quality infrastructure of other transport branches, will contribute
to building cohesive Europe, where borderland regions are also an important element
(Б.
The concept of pan-European transport corridors allows however for bridging
disparities in the development of regions through which they run. Border crossing in¬
frastructure is one of the elements of the discussed corridors. With the help of Union
programs, it is well-developed on the eastern borderline. An attempt to put into opera¬
tion the principle of cross-borders without stopping will be a big support during the
following years. Long time of frontier clearance on our eastern border to a large extent
results from lack of political will and decisions on different levels, mostly on the part
of our eastern neighbours
Strategies of periphery regions development originate from national policies and
in the case of
development plans of a country.
The unity of Russian regional strategy concerning the Kaliningrad Region and
of development strategy of countries in the Baltic Sea region is a very important factor
of lasting development of the region and its place in the international division of la¬
bour (G. Fedorov). The hitherto existing various attitudes towards the development
of the region point to multiplicity of (Russian and international) interests which are
concentrated there. G. Fedorov opts for an attitude towards the region s development
which will reflect firstly Russian, secondly regional and thirdly international interests,
mostly of these
of Poland and Lithuania (the remaining member countries being ambivalent for the
matter). Hence the conclusion that the Kaliningrad Region should be a part of Russian
Federation with special economic regime and developed international connections.
The special economic regime is to enable the region to transform its economy from
import-adverse to import-oriented and to allow an increased inflow of considerable
Russian and foreign investments.
Russian geostrategic, federal interest in the Baltic Sea area (defined in the document
The Kaliningrad Region Development up to
Region are as follows:
•
•
•
356
Realisation of any of the above mentioned interests requires harmonization with
EU
are often competitive (e.g. competitiveness of the Baltic States ports, competitiveness
in tourism and recreation with Polish sea coast, competitiveness of agriculture sector
of Polish periphery regions).
Common interests of the Baltic States and the Kaliningrad Region mean switching
the region s economy to environment-friendly technologies, constructing Via
atica,
realization of which the
amber (presently dominated by criminal groups), joint education and research projects,
IT centres.
Kaliningrad, and broadly speaking Russian, interests which must be taken into ac¬
count by
transport via Lithuania territory. The problem will become more important after Lithu¬
ania accessing the
standards in commodity transit.
The Kaliningrad Region competitiveness with other Russia s as well as with Lithuania s
and Poland s border regions is the result of functioning of Special Economic Zone (SEZ).
Customs protection of local producers in real terms sometimes amounts to as much as
a few hundred per cent (in producer prices), even though it is much lower in nominal
terms. Taking the existing protection tariffs into account, the entrepreneurs operat¬
ing in the Kaliningrad Region will aim at minimize the real added value produced in
the region. The new bill on SEZ in the Kaliningrad Region is to change the situations
(I Joukovskii, T. Gareev).
The Belarus model of transformation is a specific combination of administratively
required and market parametric methods of regulating economic processes. In defiance
of many controversial opinions on the topic, the Belarus economy shows a comparatively
high growth dynamics, low unemployment and small regional development imbalance,
especially in comparison with the neighbouring Lithuania, Latvia, Russia and Ukraine
(W. Kosiedowski).
The Belarus borderland regions (numbering six) are very important from the eco¬
nomic point of view and take part in international exchange but do not play an important
political, ethnic or religious role (excluding the conflict with the Union of Poles in
Grodno, which has significantly complicated Polish-Belarus relations) since all politi¬
cal processes and decisions are taken in Minsk. On the one hand it results from specific
Belarus political system but on the other hand from geographical reasons: Belarus is
a small country with compact territory and without above mentioned differences in
regional development. Political importance of these periphery regions is due to the fact
that they adjoin the state border.
Summary
A number of paradoxes are characteristic for Belarus-EU relations (V. Bondarenko).
EU
through creating its structures in Belarus and through other countries structures,
member countries
generally known at present EU-Belarus cooperation is restricted in all the fields, except
for foreign trade. In reality Belarus does not cooperate within the New Neighbourhood
strategy (Neighbourhood Policy), which is little known in the Republic. Programs which
include Belarus, such as The Baltic Sea , Lithuania-Latvia-Belarus , Poland-Ukraine-
Belarus programs, remain on paper, waiting for the Neighbourhood Policy political
criteria to be met.
not only with the authoritarian regime but also with the whole of Belarus community,
which corresponds with aiming at isolating the society direction of activities of the most
reactionary regime representatives. Many programs are rejected even though they have
been initiated by non-government organizations and civic movements representatives
(V. Bondarenko). At the same time there is very little systematic information about this
country situated in Central Europe.
European investments bypass Belarus.
economy and that is why it uses restrictive policy towards Belarus products. The restric¬
tions are mostly felt in SMEs whereas Belarus industrial giants (state-owned enterprises)
successfully increase their exports to Europe, and this does not damage the interests
of main state leaders.
The role of political factor and of the level of interstate relations is relatively small for
periphery regions cooperation and only indirect if corresponding institutional structures
exist. The institutional factor is almost independent from clear-cut political declarations.
This can be seen in
and The Lake District ) together with
Therefore a suggestion of creation of the East-European Border Region Association.
Apart from controversies and reservations formulated from different, not neces¬
sarily economic, positions, Belarus occupies and will continue to occupy an important
place in the system of European economy. It is possible due to considerable natural,
demographic, geopolitical and economic (including transit) potential. The knowledge
about Belarus, especially in neighbouring countries, needs deepening (W. Kosiedowski,
V. Bondarenko).
The first year in the
new surroundings. As for regional aspect of development, it needs reminding that Lithuania s
area was divided into
This administrative organization is highly controversial, but the regions function as an
instrument for analysis of Lithuanian regional policy (A. Phkszto). The biggest develop¬
ment disparities exist between
2003
358
reached
network, such as Lithuania, regional GNP per capita break-down should be treated with
caution as it is possible to operate in many regions and to be registered in the capital. There
are no such differences if we compare average monthly income per household member.
It results from a high percentage of working population receiving minimal wages, which
are the same all over the country. Bigger differences can be seen if we compare big towns
with rural areas. According to A. Plokszto regional statistics does not reflect Lithuania s
regional differentiation. Analysis of council units provides a better picture. For example
in the
council occupies one of the last places in the economic quotations.
Lithuanian regional policy is still being formed. Lithuania s
certainly make it more dynamic and due to union funds, especially to direct payments,
it is cautiously expected to lead to levelling development disparities.
Regional cooperation network is an important development factor. The role of regional
cooperation network for competitive development of borderland regions is generally
considered in view of experience of cooperation in the Baltic Sea region in the matter
of frontiers (S.
The place of state borders and border regions in the Baltic regional (intergovernmen¬
tal) cooperation is also interesting for other regions if we take into account considerable
political differences in the region
outside these structures), noticeable economic and institutional disproportions
of past division of the continent (in the former USSR) and also fast pace of changes
in the Baltic States and in Poland. Taking the works of the Council of the Baltic Sea
States into account it is ascertained that border crossing infrastructure, technologies
and standardization of border crossing procedures (also customs clearance) as well as
international obligations relaxing border crossing are important elements of the Baltic
regional cooperation. Cooperation in these areas has been and is foremost subordinate
to economic goals. Problems connected with passenger movement have not actually been
raised even though human contacts in the region are among the Council s priorities and
apart from Russia insisting on visa-less movement for the Kaliningrad Region. Neither
problems concerning lack of border agreements between Estonia and Latvia with Russia
have been raised, for they are seen as internal matters of the countries involved. Countries
bordering Russia (Finland, Poland, the Baltic States) and Sweden have been and still are
main promoters of cooperation concerning frontiers.
Efforts undertaken within the CBSS concerning frontiers have brought about con¬
siderable effect by shortening the time of customs and border clearings, decreasing
technological underdevelopment in border infrastructure, supporting fighting cross-border
crime, etc. Although before the Baltic States became
eration of customs and border service mainly aimed at preparing Poland and the Baltic
States to function in the common market; after the
Summary
activities which will prevent the frontier with Russia from being a barrier to economic
cooperation.
Trans-border cooperation of local councils within the Baltic Sea region has a long
tradition but it has not been the subject matter of CBSS. On the other hand the orga¬
nization supported different kind of local and regional initiatives, and the
Dimension among them. Not before
Council of Ministers (Baltic Regional Network), which in principle was to be financed
from INTERREG means, had been implemented. Its goal is to develop institutional abili¬
ties of
and Belarus, including the Baltic and Neman euroregions. All CBSS member countries,
except for Germany and Russia, participate in the project. It is to be hoped that Duma s
passing the Bill on trans-border cooperation, which is being discussed at present, will
be conductive to Russian regions broader participation in the Baltic cooperation. The
condition of using the third goal of reformed cohesive policy from
the maximum distance of cooperating parties at
to trans-border cooperation in the Baltic Sea region (S.
It should be noted that in relation to the remaining, i.e. non-Baltic, part of eastern
border of the enlarged
as the CBSS.
At present education is becoming a key element of supporting development perspec¬
tives and competitiveness of international economies, including the quality of institutions
and of human capital. It is one of the sources of strong competitive position of such
countries as Finland or Ireland. Accessing the
Strategy and aiming at creating bases of innovative society and economy based on
knowledge, Poland and the Baltic States face a need to modernize and internationalize
their education systems. The Baltic Sea States are experienced in this field, and other
countries may benefit from it. Programs supported by
Process, providing for creating by
at creating a network of academic connections in the region. Infrastructure develop¬
ment and international trade in educational services have become a part of economic
and social reality of countries and regions. It is postulated
stressing Polish educational presence in the East, also directed at Polish minority in the
region, should be developed. Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia as well as Polish eastern and
the Baltic States periphery regions and also border regions of Russia and Belarus have
a relatively high intellectual potential comparing to the Union average, even though they
are noted for insufficient financial means and educational structure which is inadequate
to the needs of new economy (M. Runiewicz). Establishing trans-border relations between
universities, companies and local authorities may create a synergy effect, which will be
profitable for regions on both side of the border.
360
In the so-called new economy the biggest possibilities of economic growth and
competitiveness are attributed to information. Diffusion and the level of information
and communications technology (ICT) used in business sector and in civil services lead
to fast productivity growth on national and regional level and in different economic sec¬
tors and branches. The rate of diffusion is determined by the GDP per capita level, the
quality of institutional environment and by changes in the structure of economy.
There are two reasons why in this respect the Baltic States
Estonia
of European Union
and of ICT infrastructure quality add to high rate of GNP and competitiveness growth,
at the same time reducing the economic and social distance comparing to the rest of
members. Secondly, changes in economic structure and creating new institutional envi¬
ronment in the Baltic States have been in progress for only
been similar but not identical, which results in various effects also in the field of ICT
infrastructure saturation, with Estonia taking the lead. Competitiveness, government
aid, vicinity of the technologically-developed Scandinavia are mentioned as some of the
most important factors for the ICT development
Eufemia
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Przedmowa
Części
CZYNNIKI I OGRANICZENIA KONKURENCYJNEGO ROZWOJU
REGIONÓW PRZYGRANICZNYCH. ROLA POWIĄZAŃ Z ZAGRANICĄ
Krzysztof Falkowski. Czynniki i ograniczenia konkurencyjnego rozwoju
regionów przygranicznych. Ujęcie teoretyczne
Małgorzata Runiewicz. Zdolność konkurencyjna wybranych
wschodnich regionów przygranicznych rozszerzonej Unii Europejskiej
Marzenna Błaszczuk. Wymiana towarowa i przepływ kapitału
w relacjach wschodnich regionów granicznych Polski z zagranicą
Izabela
na wschodnim pograniczu Unii Europejskiej
Część
ROLA INFRASTRUKTURY TRANSPORTOWEJ
JAKO CZYNNIKA KONKURENCYJNOŚCI
WSCHODNIEGO POGRANICZA UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ
Marcin Bujnowski. Dostępność transportowa jako czynnik konkurencyjności
regionów wschodniego pogranicza Unii Europejskiej
Agnieszka Domańska. Regionalne korzyści popytowe rozbudowy autostrad w Polsce
na przykładzie autostrady
Jana Pieriegud. Korytarze transportowe w budowie spójnej Europy ze szczególnym
uwzględnieniem infrastruktury we wschodnich regionach przygranicznych
Elżbieta Marciszewska. Transport lotniczy jako czynnik poprawy konkurencyjności
wschodniego pogranicza Unii Europejskiej
6
Część III
REGIONY PRZYGRANICZNE W ŚWIETLE POLITYKI
REGIONALNEGO ROZWOJU (ROSJA, BIAŁORUŚ I LITWA)
Gennady
oraz rozwoju regionalnym Rosji
Timur Gareev,
obwodu kaliningradzkiego?
Valeriy S.
rozwoju regionalnego Białorusi
Wojciech Kosiedowski. Miejsce Białorusi w Europie Środkowej i Wschodniej
-
Artur Płokszto. Gospodarka Republiki Litewskiej: pierwszy rok w Unii Europejskiej.
Aspekty makroekonomiczne i regionalne
Część
REGIONALNE SIECI WSPÓŁPRACY
ORAZ INFRASTRUKTURA KOMUNIKACYJNA
JAKO CZYNNIK ROZWOJU BAŁTYCKIEGO POGRANICZA UE
Stanisław Cios. Miejsce granic państwowych i regionów przygranicznych
w bałtyckiej współpracy regionalnej
Tomasz Dołęgowski. Współpraca akademicka jako czynnik konkurencyjnego rozwoju
wschodniego pogranicza rozszerzonej Unii Europejskiej
Jaan
jako czynnik konkurencyjnego rozwoju regionów peryferyjnych
-
Podsumowanie
Contents
Preface
Parti
FACTORS
OF BORDER REGIONS. THE IMPORTANCE
OF CONNECTIONS WITH ABROAD
Krzysztof
of border regions. The theoretical approach
Małgorzata Runiewicz.
border regions of the enlarged European Union
Marzenna
between Polish eastern border regions with abroad
Izabela
on east borderline of European Union
Part II
THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
AS COMPETITIVENESS FACTOR OF EASTERN BORDERLAND
OF EUROPEAN UNION
Marcin
of the eastern border regions of the
Agnieszka Domańska.
in Poland
Jana
-
Elżbieta Marciszewska.
of EU's eastern borderland
8 Contents
Partili
BORDER
DEVELOPMENT POLICY (RUSSIA, BELARUS AND LITHUANIA)
Gennady Fedorov. The Kaliningrad Region in the regional policy
and regional development of Russia
Timur Gareev,
of the Kaliningrad Region?
Valeriy S. Bondarenko. The place of the border regions in politics
and regional development in Belarus
Wojciech Kosiedowski.
in Central and Eastern Europe
Artur Płokszto.
the first year in the European Union. Macroeconomic and regional aspects
Part IV
REGIONAL NETWORKS OF COOPERATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
INFRASTRUCTURE AS A FACTOR OF THE DEVELOPMENT
OF THE BALTIC BORDERLAND OF EUROPEAN UNION
Stanisław Cios.
in the Baltic regional cooperation
Tomasz Dołęgowski.
development of the eastern borderland of the enlarged European Union
Jaan
of competitive development of periphery regions. Case Study
Summary
Summary
Specific status of borderland regions is defined by their geographical location in
periphery regions of a given country (or a group of countries) and by the very fact of the
existence of state borders. Often, though not always, they are geographical and economic
peripheries (low growth and development indices of the given country).
At present traditionally understood factors of cross-border trade growth and de¬
velopment lose their importance due to, on the one hand, technical and technological
progress in transport and communications, which increase communications accessibil¬
ity of periphery regions, and on the other hand to globalization and integration, which
"soften" borderline functioning as a barrier for development. The so-called new or soft
development factors, such as human capital and connected with it education, social and
institutional infrastructure, especially networks of cooperation on different levels, local,
regional national and international, are becoming increasingly important. The bigger
diversification of operating entities, the bigger the synergy effect observed in growth
and development. The change of place of development factors and of business allocation
(and settlement) may be a chance to stimulate the hitherto existing low development
of borderland regions (K. Falkowski).
While remaining geographical peripheries, border regions may advance in the de¬
velopment hierarchy, become regional or
provided that they are suitably equipped with local, regional, national and international
infrastructure (M. Bujnowski,
works of connections in the form of industrial clusters connecting companies, research
sector as well as public institutions and non-governmental organizations are established
in borderland regions.
Looking at border regions on both sides of EU-25 east borderline we get a picture
of specific cross-border functional region. The specific features result from existing
352
and potential ties and their limitation caused by the way a border-crossing operates and
by similarities and differences in development potential.
The differences in specialization structure and competitive ability of economies
of border regions of Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Belarus, Russia and Ukraine
are tied to varied pace of transformation. Industrial and productive structures in these
regions have been dominated by related or the same industrial branches on both sides
of enlarged
agglomerations. The RF Kaliningrad Region excluded, short-term competitive advan¬
tage in the region expressed in cross-border connections can be most clearly observed
in the case of Estonia- and Lithuania-Russia periphery regions, but also in the case
of Polish-Belarus border. The cross-border commodity trade structure is dominated
by low-tech goods or by raw-material consuming products (fossil fuel, crude oil, wood
and timber goods). An increased share of mid- and high-tech products in imports
of Brest, Pskov and West Ukraine regions points to regional economy modernization.
Generally, the amount of foreign capital in borderland regions is riot large and BIZ
is dyssimmetrical to the
precludes to use competitive advantage resulting from owned raw materials and hu¬
man capital. As for long-term competitive ability in these regions, measured in ability
to develop institutional, economic and social infrastructure, certain positive elements
can be observed, e.g. in higher education. They can be regarded as advantageous all
over the cooperation area. The factors restricting the increase of competitive potential
are: low level of frontier and tourist infrastructure, disadvantageous
structure, where not applied directly connected with competitiveness but basic research
is predominant, insufficient cooperation between territorial self-governments and
business and science.
Unfavourable demographic changes, especially in Russian and Belarus regions (ad¬
verse birth rate, aging societies and rural depopulation), and low, apart from positive
changes, level of enterprise are important threats to competitive increase and development
of borderland regions and, as a result, to the investigated trans-border regions.
The growing competitiveness of Polish, Russian, Belarus, Ukrainian and other re¬
gions proves the need to strengthen the Program on Peripheral Cooperation
and INTERREG (M. Runiewicz).
The share of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in periphery regions in
trade and capital exchange with abroad is one of the basic measurements of its com¬
petitiveness. Polish east border voivodships, e.i.
Warmińsko-Mazurskie,
but diversified intensity of economic relations with foreign countries. In relation to SMEs
this low activity in the sphere of economic cooperation with abroad is of structural
character.
Summary
EU
mostly Germany. This becomes obvious when we take
ship into account. Compared to the rest of Poland, Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian
as well as
an important role in exports of eastern borderland regions. The share of our eastern
neighbours in foreign trade of each Polish periphery region is closely related to its im¬
mediate neighbourhood.
Labor-absorbing goods have been predominant in
skie
and
erage in all periphery voivodships; the worst results have been noted in
Podkarpackie.
Before accessing
ing regions. Imports of
at a faster rate than these voivodships' share in total imports. Similarly to exports,
member countries, mainly Germany with its share of
geographical structure. Our eastern neighbours could be noticed among deliverers for
Polish periphery regions a little more often than in exports. For example, Russia was
prime deliverer for
for the
appliances, electric and electronic equipment.
The discussed voivodships are also notorious for being unattractive for investment,
which is expressed by a small BIZ number. The causes for this state are attributed to rela¬
tively low communications accessibility
low industrail development
Warmińsko-Mazurskie),
(Podkarpackie).
of
the level of transformation in
ness environment in
market are advantageous for localization attractiveness of the studied voivodships.
There are three special economic zones functioning in the region: the Euro-Park
Mielec
are taken advantage of by domestic and foreign capital is the highest in the Euro-Park
Mielec
tion of economy in these voivodships and on the increase of their competiveness has
been small (M.
Development of a region, including its infrastructure, correlates with and even is
partly conditioned by human mobility in the region. The mobility is conditioned by la¬
bour markets, education and training system, cultural exchange, tourism and traditional
354
ties
impeded as a result of, among others, insufficiency of transportation and border cross¬
ing infrastructure. It also restricts development potential and current competitiveness
of the regions in question. Provisions of the
of free passenger flow within the
(I. Bergel).
Through increasing the location accessibility, transport infrastructure is an important
element of territorial, economic and social cohesion and a factor of regions' development
and competitiveness. However it is not an independent factor but it coexists with other
development factors. This has been proved by analysis of regional demand effects arising
from
Infrastructure needs of borderland regions must be viewed from the perspective
of social and economic life internationalization. It must not only meet the inner needs
of the periphery region and its integration with the rest of the country but also enable
functioning of international economic transport ties and provide an infrastructure ele¬
ment securing total economic and social relations connecting the country with other
European Communities and their outside surroundings. Therefore great importance
attached to Trans-European Networks
EU
level of transport infrastructure saturation, which is expressed by their low communi¬
cations accessibility in comparison with average accessibility of EU-25, but (according
to European Commission research) is higher than believed (M. Bujnowski).
Increasing communications accessibility of eastern peripheries is one of the tasks
of Cohesion Policy, European Neighbourhood Policy,
of Polish development strategies and policies.
North-east and central-east borderland regions of the
rail and road accessibility. The Finish and Baltic States' peripheries are in the worst situ¬
ation. Indices of their accessibility fall below
Norway, and for western Latvia and western Estonia
regions this accessibility is on the same level as south-western France, northern Spain
and Denmark and the indices are considerably higher than those for Greece, Portugal,
Ireland, Scotland and Scandinavia) (M. Bujnowski).
The realization of the TENs may improve the accessibility of these regions but it
cannot drastically change their peripheral character within the
research realization of TENs prime projects or completing the Trans-European Network
in extreme cases may even bring about worsening of competitive situation (measured
in the level of GNP per capita) in relation to remaining
at increasing
frastructure undertakings should not therefore be seen as isolated priority projects from
the point of view of border regions competitiveness increase (M. Bujnowski).
Summary
Regional infrastructure and air transport seem to play a very positive role in economic
activation and increasing interregional and international competitiveness of periphery
regions. This has been confirmed by
airports. All Baltic states'
requirements for obtaining public support. The development of regional air transport,
together with high quality infrastructure of other transport branches, will contribute
to building cohesive Europe, where borderland regions are also an important element
(Б.
The concept of pan-European transport corridors allows however for bridging
disparities in the development of regions through which they run. Border crossing in¬
frastructure is one of the elements of the discussed corridors. With the help of Union
programs, it is well-developed on the eastern borderline. An attempt to put into opera¬
tion the principle of "cross-borders without stopping" will be a big support during the
following years. Long time of frontier clearance on our eastern border to a large extent
results from lack of political will and decisions on different levels, mostly on the part
of our eastern neighbours
Strategies of periphery regions' development originate from national policies and
in the case of
development plans of a country.
The unity of Russian regional strategy concerning the Kaliningrad Region and
of development strategy of countries in the Baltic Sea region is a very important factor
of lasting development of the region and its place in the international division of la¬
bour (G. Fedorov). The hitherto existing various attitudes towards the development
of the region point to multiplicity of (Russian and international) interests which are
concentrated there. G. Fedorov opts for an attitude towards the region's development
which will reflect firstly Russian, secondly regional and thirdly international interests,
mostly of these
of Poland and Lithuania (the remaining member countries being ambivalent for the
matter). Hence the conclusion that the Kaliningrad Region should be a part of Russian
Federation with special economic regime and developed international connections.
The special economic regime is to enable the region to transform its economy from
import-adverse to import-oriented and to allow an increased inflow of considerable
Russian and foreign investments.
Russian geostrategic, federal interest in the Baltic Sea area (defined in the document
"The Kaliningrad Region Development up to
Region are as follows:
•
•
•
356
Realisation of any of the above mentioned interests requires harmonization with
EU
are often competitive (e.g. competitiveness of the Baltic States ports, competitiveness
in tourism and recreation with Polish sea coast, competitiveness of agriculture sector
of Polish periphery regions).
Common interests of the Baltic States and the Kaliningrad Region mean switching
the region's economy to environment-friendly technologies, constructing Via
atica,
realization of which the
amber (presently dominated by criminal groups), joint education and research projects,
IT centres.
Kaliningrad, and broadly speaking Russian, interests which must be taken into ac¬
count by
transport via Lithuania territory. The problem will become more important after Lithu¬
ania accessing the
standards in commodity transit.
The Kaliningrad Region competitiveness with other Russia's as well as with Lithuania's
and Poland's border regions is the result of functioning of Special Economic Zone (SEZ).
Customs protection of local producers in real terms sometimes amounts to as much as
a few hundred per cent (in producer prices), even though it is much lower in nominal
terms. Taking the existing protection tariffs into account, the entrepreneurs operat¬
ing in the Kaliningrad Region will aim at minimize the real added value produced in
the region. The new bill on SEZ in the Kaliningrad Region is to change the situations
(I Joukovskii, T. Gareev).
The Belarus model of transformation is a specific combination of administratively
required and market parametric methods of regulating economic processes. In defiance
of many controversial opinions on the topic, the Belarus economy shows a comparatively
high growth dynamics, low unemployment and small regional development imbalance,
especially in comparison with the neighbouring Lithuania, Latvia, Russia and Ukraine
(W. Kosiedowski).
The Belarus borderland regions (numbering six) are very important from the eco¬
nomic point of view and take part in international exchange but do not play an important
political, ethnic or religious role (excluding the conflict with the Union of Poles in
Grodno, which has significantly complicated Polish-Belarus relations) since all politi¬
cal processes and decisions are taken in Minsk. On the one hand it results from specific
Belarus political system but on the other hand from geographical reasons: Belarus is
a small country with compact territory and without above mentioned differences in
regional development. Political importance of these periphery regions is due to the fact
that they adjoin the state border.
Summary
A number of paradoxes are characteristic for Belarus-EU relations (V. Bondarenko).
EU
through creating its structures in Belarus and through other countries' structures,
member countries
generally known at present EU-Belarus cooperation is restricted in all the fields, except
for foreign trade. In reality Belarus does not cooperate within the New Neighbourhood
strategy (Neighbourhood Policy), which is little known in the Republic. Programs which
include Belarus, such as "The Baltic Sea", "Lithuania-Latvia-Belarus", "Poland-Ukraine-
Belarus" programs, remain on paper, waiting for the Neighbourhood Policy political
criteria to be met.
not only with the authoritarian regime but also with the whole of Belarus community,
which corresponds with aiming at isolating the society direction of activities of the most
reactionary regime representatives. Many programs are rejected even though they have
been initiated by non-government organizations and civic movements representatives
(V. Bondarenko). At the same time there is very little systematic information about this
country situated in Central Europe.
European investments bypass Belarus.
economy and that is why it uses restrictive policy towards Belarus products. The restric¬
tions are mostly felt in SMEs whereas Belarus industrial giants (state-owned enterprises)
successfully increase their exports to Europe, and this does not damage the interests
of main state leaders.
The role of political factor and of the level of interstate relations is relatively small for
periphery regions' cooperation and only indirect if corresponding institutional structures
exist. The institutional factor is almost independent from clear-cut political declarations.
This can be seen in
and "The Lake District") together with
Therefore a suggestion of creation of the East-European Border Region Association.
Apart from controversies and reservations formulated from different, not neces¬
sarily economic, positions, Belarus occupies and will continue to occupy an important
place in the system of European economy. It is possible due to considerable natural,
demographic, geopolitical and economic (including transit) potential. The knowledge
about Belarus, especially in neighbouring countries, needs deepening (W. Kosiedowski,
V. Bondarenko).
The first year in the
new surroundings. As for regional aspect of development, it needs reminding that Lithuania's
area was divided into
This administrative organization is highly controversial, but the regions function as an
instrument for analysis of Lithuanian regional policy (A. Phkszto). The biggest develop¬
ment disparities exist between
2003
358
reached
network, such as Lithuania, regional GNP per capita break-down should be treated with
caution as it is possible to operate in many regions and to be registered in the capital. There
are no such differences if we compare average monthly income per household member.
It results from a high percentage of working population receiving minimal wages, which
are the same all over the country. Bigger differences can be seen if we compare big towns
with rural areas. According to A. Plokszto regional statistics does not reflect Lithuania's
regional differentiation. Analysis of council units provides a better picture. For example
in the
council occupies one of the last places in the economic quotations.
Lithuanian regional policy is still being formed. Lithuania's
certainly make it more dynamic and due to union funds, especially to direct payments,
it is cautiously expected to lead to levelling development disparities.
Regional cooperation network is an important development factor. The role of regional
cooperation network for competitive development of borderland regions is generally
considered in view of experience of cooperation in the Baltic Sea region in the matter
of frontiers (S.
The place of state borders and border regions in the Baltic regional (intergovernmen¬
tal) cooperation is also interesting for other regions if we take into account considerable
political differences in the region
outside these structures), noticeable economic and institutional disproportions
of past division of the continent (in the former USSR) and also fast pace of changes
in the Baltic States and in Poland. Taking the works of the Council of the Baltic Sea
States into account it is ascertained that border crossing infrastructure, technologies
and standardization of border crossing procedures (also customs clearance) as well as
international obligations relaxing border crossing are important elements of the Baltic
regional cooperation. Cooperation in these areas has been and is foremost subordinate
to economic goals. Problems connected with passenger movement have not actually been
raised even though human contacts in the region are among the Council's priorities and
apart from Russia insisting on visa-less movement for the Kaliningrad Region. Neither
problems concerning lack of border agreements between Estonia and Latvia with Russia
have been raised, for they are seen as internal matters of the countries involved. Countries
bordering Russia (Finland, Poland, the Baltic States) and Sweden have been and still are
main promoters of cooperation concerning frontiers.
Efforts undertaken within the CBSS concerning frontiers have brought about con¬
siderable effect by shortening the time of customs and border clearings, decreasing
technological underdevelopment in border infrastructure, supporting fighting cross-border
crime, etc. Although before the Baltic States became
eration of customs and border service mainly aimed at preparing Poland and the Baltic
States to function in the common market; after the
Summary
activities which will prevent the frontier with Russia from being a barrier to economic
cooperation.
Trans-border cooperation of local councils within the Baltic Sea region has a long
tradition but it has not been the subject matter of CBSS. On the other hand the orga¬
nization supported different kind of local and regional initiatives, and the
Dimension among them. Not before
Council of Ministers (Baltic Regional Network), which in principle was to be financed
from INTERREG means, had been implemented. Its goal is to develop institutional abili¬
ties of
and Belarus, including the Baltic and Neman euroregions. All CBSS member countries,
except for Germany and Russia, participate in the project. It is to be hoped that Duma's
passing the Bill on trans-border cooperation, which is being discussed at present, will
be conductive to Russian regions' broader participation in the Baltic cooperation. The
condition of using the third goal of reformed cohesive policy from
the maximum distance of cooperating parties at
to trans-border cooperation in the Baltic Sea region (S.
It should be noted that in relation to the remaining, i.e. non-Baltic, part of eastern
border of the enlarged
as the CBSS.
At present education is becoming a key element of supporting development perspec¬
tives and competitiveness of international economies, including the quality of institutions
and of human capital. It is one of the sources of strong competitive position of such
countries as Finland or Ireland. Accessing the
Strategy and aiming at creating bases of innovative society and economy based on
knowledge, Poland and the Baltic States face a need to modernize and internationalize
their education systems. The Baltic Sea States are experienced in this field, and other
countries may benefit from it. Programs supported by
Process, providing for creating by
at creating a network of academic connections in the region. Infrastructure develop¬
ment and international trade in educational services have become a part of economic
and social reality of countries and regions. It is postulated
stressing Polish educational presence in the East, also directed at Polish minority in the
region, should be developed. Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia as well as Polish eastern and
the Baltic States' periphery regions and also border regions of Russia and Belarus have
a relatively high intellectual potential comparing to the Union average, even though they
are noted for insufficient financial means and educational structure which is inadequate
to the needs of new economy (M. Runiewicz). Establishing trans-border relations between
universities, companies and local authorities may create a synergy effect, which will be
profitable for regions on both side of the border.
360
In the so-called new economy the biggest possibilities of economic growth and
competitiveness are attributed to information. Diffusion and the level of information
and communications technology (ICT) used in business sector and in civil services lead
to fast productivity growth on national and regional level and in different economic sec¬
tors and branches. The rate of diffusion is determined by the GDP per capita level, the
quality of institutional environment and by changes in the structure of economy.
There are two reasons why in this respect the Baltic States
Estonia
of European Union
and of ICT infrastructure quality add to high rate of GNP and competitiveness growth,
at the same time reducing the economic and social distance comparing to the rest of
members. Secondly, changes in economic structure and creating new institutional envi¬
ronment in the Baltic States have been in progress for only
been similar but not identical, which results in various effects also in the field of ICT
infrastructure saturation, with Estonia taking the lead. Competitiveness, government
aid, vicinity of the technologically-developed Scandinavia are mentioned as some of the
most important factors for the ICT development
Eufemia
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München |
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| genre | (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2005 Warschau gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Konferenzschrift 2005 Warschau |
| geographic | Baltikum (DE-588)4004379-4 gnd Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Baltikum Ostmitteleuropa |
| id | DE-604.BV022462957 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T17:41:12Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:58:08Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | Polish English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015670594 |
| oclc_num | 155715514 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 360 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Szkoła Główna Handlowa |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Wschodnie pogranicze rozszerzonej Unii Europejskiej czynniki konkurencyjności = Eastern borderland of enlarged European Union red. naukowa Eufemia Teichmann Eastern borderland of enlarged European Union Wyd. 1. Warszawa Szkoła Główna Handlowa 2006 360 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache. - Beitr. teilw. dt., teilw. engl. Europäische Union European Union Baltic States Congresses European Union Europe, Eastern Congresses Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd rswk-swf Wettbewerbsfähigkeit (DE-588)4065837-5 gnd rswk-swf Baltikum (DE-588)4004379-4 gnd rswk-swf Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2005 Warschau gnd-content Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 g Baltikum (DE-588)4004379-4 g Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 s Wettbewerbsfähigkeit (DE-588)4065837-5 s DE-604 Teichmann, Eufemia Sonstige oth Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015670594&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015670594&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Wschodnie pogranicze rozszerzonej Unii Europejskiej czynniki konkurencyjności = Eastern borderland of enlarged European Union Europäische Union European Union Baltic States Congresses European Union Europe, Eastern Congresses Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd Wettbewerbsfähigkeit (DE-588)4065837-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4066399-1 (DE-588)4065837-5 (DE-588)4004379-4 (DE-588)4075753-5 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | Wschodnie pogranicze rozszerzonej Unii Europejskiej czynniki konkurencyjności = Eastern borderland of enlarged European Union |
| title_alt | Eastern borderland of enlarged European Union |
| title_auth | Wschodnie pogranicze rozszerzonej Unii Europejskiej czynniki konkurencyjności = Eastern borderland of enlarged European Union |
| title_exact_search | Wschodnie pogranicze rozszerzonej Unii Europejskiej czynniki konkurencyjności = Eastern borderland of enlarged European Union |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Wschodnie pogranicze rozszerzonej Unii Europejskiej czynniki konkurencyjności = Eastern borderland of enlarged European Union |
| title_full | Wschodnie pogranicze rozszerzonej Unii Europejskiej czynniki konkurencyjności = Eastern borderland of enlarged European Union red. naukowa Eufemia Teichmann |
| title_fullStr | Wschodnie pogranicze rozszerzonej Unii Europejskiej czynniki konkurencyjności = Eastern borderland of enlarged European Union red. naukowa Eufemia Teichmann |
| title_full_unstemmed | Wschodnie pogranicze rozszerzonej Unii Europejskiej czynniki konkurencyjności = Eastern borderland of enlarged European Union red. naukowa Eufemia Teichmann |
| title_short | Wschodnie pogranicze rozszerzonej Unii Europejskiej |
| title_sort | wschodnie pogranicze rozszerzonej unii europejskiej czynniki konkurencyjnosci eastern borderland of enlarged european union |
| title_sub | czynniki konkurencyjności = Eastern borderland of enlarged European Union |
| topic | Europäische Union European Union Baltic States Congresses European Union Europe, Eastern Congresses Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd Wettbewerbsfähigkeit (DE-588)4065837-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union European Union Baltic States Congresses European Union Europe, Eastern Congresses Wirtschaft Wettbewerbsfähigkeit Baltikum Ostmitteleuropa Konferenzschrift 2005 Warschau |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015670594&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015670594&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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