Concepts of chemical engineering 4 chemists

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Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_ 1819659604790870016
adam_text Contents Chapter 1 Process Analysis - The Importance of Mass and Energy Balances 1 Eric S. Fraga 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 Nomenclature and Units of Measurement 1 1.2 Mass Balances 3 1.2.1 Process Analysis Procedure 4 1.2.2 Example 1: Mass Balance on a Continuous Distillation Process 5 1.2.3 Example 2: Mass Balance on a Process with Reaction 9 1.3 Energy Balances 13 1.3.1 Example 3: Energy Balance on a Distillation Column 16 1.4 Summary 20 Recommended Reading 20 Chapter 2 Introduction to Chemical Reaction Engineering 21 George Manos 2.1 Introduction 21 2.1.1 Classification of Reactors 22 2.2 Chemical Reaction Kinetics 23 2.2.1 Definitions 23 2.2.2 Chemical Reaction Thermodynamics 27 2.2.3 Kinetics 30 2.2.4 Importance of Mass and Heat Transfer Processes 33 2.2.5 Kinetics of a Catalytic Reaction 35 xii Contents xjjj 2.3 Concepts of Chemical Reactor Design 37 2.3.1 Mole Balances for Chemical Reactors 37 2.3.2 Reactor Design Equation 41 2.3.3 Comparison between Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor and Plug Flow Reactor 44 2.3.4 Recycle Reactor 46 2.3.5 CSTRs in Series 48 2.3.6 Multiple Reactions 50 2.3.7 PFR with Continuous Uniform Feed of Reactant along the Whole Reactor 52 Recommended Reading 54 Chapter 3 Concepts of Fluid Flow 55 Tim Elson 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Dimensionless Groups 56 3.2.1 Example: Pipe Flow 56 3.3 Viscosity 57 3.3.1 Newton s Law of Viscosity 57 3.3.2 Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity 58 3.3.3 Typical Values of Viscosity 58 3.4 Laminar and Turbulent Flow 59 3.4.1 Boundary Layers 59 3.5 Balance or Conservation Equations 61 3.5.1 General Form of the Conservation Equations 61 3.5.2 Control Volumes 62 3.5.3 Continuity Equation (Mass Balance) 62 3.5.4 Steady-State Momentum (Force) Balance Equation 63 3.5.5 Steady-State Energy Balances 64 3.5.6 Example of use of the Conservation Equations 66 3.6 Pipe Flow 68 3.6.1 Friction Factors 68 3.6.2 Losses in Fittings 70 3.6.3 Economic Velocities 73 3.7 Flow Measurement 73 3.7.1 Variable Head Meters 73 3.7.2 Variable Area Meters 75 3.7.3 Some Other Flowmeters 75 xiv Contents 3.8 Pumps and Pumping 76 3.8.1 Positive Displacement Pumps 76 3.8.2 Non-Positive Displacement Pumps 78 3.8.3 Matching Centrifugal Pumps to Flow Requirements 79 3.8.4 Pump Power Requirements 81 3.9 Other Flows 81 3.9.1 Equivalent Hydraulic Diameter 81 3.9.2 Flow Around Bodies 82 3.9.3 Stirred Tanks 84 3.10 Example Calculations for the Pipe-Flow System 85 3.10.1 Data 87 3.10.2 Friction Losses 88 3.10.3 Orifice Meter 89 3.10.4 Pump Shaft Work 89 3.10.5 System Head 90 3.10.6 Pump Characteristics 90 3.10.7 Control Valve 90 3.10.8 Net Positive Suction Head 91 Nomenclature 92 References 94 Chapter 4 An Introduction to Heat Transfer 96 Tim Elson and Paola Lettieri 4.1 Introduction and Objectives 96 4.1.1 Modes of Heat Transfer 96 4.1.2 Scope and Objectives 97 4.2 Modes of Heat Transfer 97 4.2.1 Conduction 97 4.2.2 Convection 101 4.2.3 Radiation 103 4.3 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, U 106 4.3.1 Example Calculation of U 108 4.3.2 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients with Curvature, for Example, Transfer through a Pipe Wall 108 4.3.3 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients with Convection and Radiation 109 4.4 Transient Heat Transfer 110 Contents xv 4.4.1 Example Calculation, Small Bi Case: Cooling of a Copper Sphere in Air 111 4.4.2 Example Calculation, Large Bi Case: Cooling of a Perspex Plate in Water 113 4.5 Heat Exchangers 114 4.5.1 Double Pipe Heat Exchanger 114 4.5.2 Heat Transfer in Heat Exchangers 117 4.5.3 Performance of Heat Exchangers Fouling 122 4.5.4 Types of Heat Exchangers 122 4.5.5 Numerical Examples 126 4.6 Conclusions 134 Nomenclature 135 References 137 Chapter 5 An Introduction to Mass-Transfer Operations 139 Eva Sorensen 5.1 Introduction 139 5.2 Mechanisms of Separation 140 5.3 General Separation Techniques 143 5.3.1 Separation by Phase Addition or Phase Creation 143 5.3.2 Separation by Barrier 146 5.3.3 Separation by Solid Agent 148 5.4 Mass Transfer Calculations 149 5.4.1 Equilibrium-Stage Processes 149 5.4.2 Stage Calculations 151 5.4.3 Graphical Methods 153 5.4.4 Diffusional Rate Processes 153 5.4.5 Diffusion Calculations 154 5.5 Separation by Distillation 156 5.5.1 Trays and Packing 157 5.5.2 Design Range 158 5.5.3 Operating Range 158 5.5.4 Design Calculations 159 5.5.5 Distillation Column Height 161 5.6 Separation by Absorption 162 5.6.1 Design Range 163 5.6.2 Operating Range 163 5.6.3 Design Calculations 164 xvi Contents 5.6.4 Amount of Solvent 166 5.6.5 Absorption Column Height 168 5.7 Further Reading 168 5.8 Relevant Material not Considered in this Chapter 169 5.8.1 Combined Reaction and Separation 169 5.8.2 Combined Separation Units 169 5.8.3 Batch Operation 169 References 170 Chapter 6 Scale-Up in Chemical Engineering 171 Tim Elson 6.1 Introduction and Objectives 171 6.2 Units and Fundamental Dimensions 172 6.3 Physical Similarity 172 6.3.1 Geometric Similarity 173 6.3.2 Dynamic Similarity 174 6.3.3 Dimensionless Groups 174 6.4 Dimensional Homogeneity 175 6.5 Dimensional Analysis and Dimensionless Groups 175 6.5.1 Example: Dimensional Analysis 176 6.6 Buckingham Pi Theorem and Method 178 6.6.1 Buckingham Pi Theorem 178 6.6.2 Buckingham s Method - Procedure 179 6.6.3 Example: Drag Force on a Sphere 179 6.7 Use of Dimensionless Groups in Scale-Up 181 6.7.1 Drag Force on a Particle 182 6.7.2 Pressure Drop in a Pipe 183 6.7.3 Modelling Flow Around a Body Immersed in a Fluid 184 6.7.4 Heat Transfer 186 6.7.5 Mass Transfer 189 6.7.6 Correlation of Experimental Data - Formation of Gas Bubbles at an Orifice 193 6.7.7 Application of Scale-Up in Stirred Vessels 195 6.7.8 Incompatibility of Some Equations 196 6.8 Conclusions 198 Nomenclature 198 References 201 Contents Chapter 7 An Introduction to Particle Systems Paola Lettieri 203 204 204 207 209 210 211 214 217 218 220 223 225 232 235 235 235 237 240 242 244 245 247 Chapter 8 An Introduction to Process Control 249 Eva Sorensen 8.1 Introduction 249 8.2 Process Dynamics 250 8.2.1 Process Dynamics Example 250 8.2.2 Stability 252 8.2.3 Typical Open Loop Responses 253 8.3 Feedback Control Systems 255 8.3.1 Disturbance Rejection and Set Point Tracking 255 8.3.2 Feedback Control Loop 256 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Characterisation of Solid Materials 7.2.1 Size and Size Distribution 7.2.2 Particle Shape 7.2.3 Particle Density 7.3 Interaction between Particles and Fluids 7.3.1 Single Particles 7.3.2 Flow Through Packed Beds 7.4 Fluidised Beds 7.4.1 Minimum Fluidisation Velocity 7.4.2 Types of Fluidisation Regimes 7.4.3 Classification of Powders 7.4.4 Interparticle Forces, Measurement of Cohesiveness and Flowability of Solid Particles at Ambient Conditions 7.4.5 Some Industrial Fluid-Bed Applications 7.5 Worked Examples 7.5.1 Example El 7.5.2 Example E2 7.5.3 Example E3 7.5.4 Example E4 7.5.5 Example E5 7.6 Concluding Remarks Nomenclature References uction to Particle Systems .etiieri Introduction . Characterisation of Solid Materials 7.2.1 Size and Size Distribution 7.2.2 Particle Shape 7.2.3 Particle Density 7.3 Interaction between Particles and Fluids 7.3.1 Single Particles 7.3.2 Flow Through Packed Beds 7.4 Fluidised Beds 7.4.1 Minimum Fluidisation Velocity 7.4.2 Types of Fluidisation Regimes 7.4.3 Classification of Powders 7.4.4 Interparticle Forces, Measurement of Cohesiveness and Flowability of Solid Particles at Ambient Conditions 7.4.5 Some Industrial Fluid-Bed Applications 7.5 Worked Examples 7.5.1 Example El 7.5.2 Example E2 7.5.3 Example E3 7.5.4 Example E4 7.5.5 Example E5 7.6 Concluding Remarks Nomenclature References Chapter 8 An Introduction to Process Control Eva Sorensen 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Process Dynamics 8.2.1 Process Dynamics Example 8.2.2 Stability 8.2.3 Typical Open Loop Responses 8.3 Feedback Control Systems 8.3.1 Disturbance Rejection and Set Po» 8.3.2 Feedback Control Loop xviii Contents 8.3.3 P, PI and PID Controllers 257 8.3.4 Closed Loop Responses 258 8.3.5 Controller Tuning 259 8.3.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Feedback Controllers 262 8.4 Advanced Control Systems 263 8.4.1 Feedforward Control 263 8.4.2 Ratio Control 264 8.4.3 Cascade Control 265 8.4.4 Inferential Control 266 8.4.5 Adaptive Control 266 8.5 Batch Control 268 8.6 Plant-Wide Control Issues 268 8.7 Worked Example 269 8.7.1 Solution 269 References 271 Chapter 9 Economic Appraisal of Large Projects 272 Ken Sutherland 9.1 Introduction 272 9.2 Time Value of Money 272 9.3 The Company 273 9.3.1 The Balance Sheet 274 9.3.2 The Profit/Loss Account 275 9.4 Sources of Money 276 9.4.1 Owners Funds 277 9.4.2 Shares and Bonds 277 9.5 Valuing a Company 278 9.6 The Cost of Capital 280 9.6.1 Cost of Company s Own Funds 280 9.6.2 Average Cost of Several Sources 282 9.7 Cost of Construction 283 9.8 Revenue Calculation and Net Cash Flow 285 9.8.1 Operating Cost 285 9.8.2 Depreciation 286 9.8.3 Annual Profit 287 9.8.4 Net Cash Flow 288 9.9 Financial Requirement of New Project 288 9.10 The Appraisal Process 289 9.10.1 The Discounted Cash Flow Process 290 9.10.2 Present Value 291 Contents xjx 9.10.3 Net Present Value 293 9.10.4 Project Lifetime 294 9.11 The Internal Rate of Return 294 9.12 The DCF Appraisal Process 295 9.12.1 Graphical Interpolation 297 9.12.2 Computer Calculation 297 9.12.3 Interest during Construction 298 9.12.4 Repayment of Loans 298 9.12.5 Effect of Plant Size 299 9.13 Other Aspects 299 9.13.1 Non-Profit Projects 299 9.13.2 Sensitivity Analyses 299 9.13.3 Inflation 300 9.13.4 Post-Construction Audit 300 Appendix - Worked Example 300 Recommended Reading 307 Chapter 10 Hazard Studies and Risk Assessment 309 Robert Thornton 10.1 Responsibilities of Designers 309 10.2 Definitions 310 10.3 Identification of Hazards 312 10.3.1 An Overview of the Hazard Study Framework 312 10.3.2 Hazard Study 1 314 10.3.3 Hazard Study 2 318 10.3.4 Hazard Study 3 (Hazard and Operability Study, HAZOP) 323 10.3.5 Hazard Study 3 (HAZOP) Preliminaries 324 10.3.6 Information Needed by the Team 325 10.3.7 Carrying out a HAZOP 325 10.4 Assessment of Risk 332 10.4.1 Qualitative Risk Assessment 332 10.4.2 Quantitative Risk Assessment 333 10.4.3 Calculation of Hazard Severity 334 10.4.4 Calculation of Frequency of Occurrence of Hazards 334 10.4.5 The Concept of Testing Trips and Safety Devices 335 10.4.6 Calculation of the Risk 336 10.4.7 Example 3 336 10.4.8 The Numerical Perspective 338 xx Contents 10.5 Control of Chemical Plant 340 10.6 Summary 341 References 341 Subject Index 342
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spellingShingle Concepts of chemical engineering 4 chemists
Chemical engineering
Chemische reacties. gtt
Chemische technologie. gtt
Kostenanalyse. gtt
Procestechnologie. gtt
Reologie. gtt
Risicoanalyse. gtt
Schaalvergroting. gtt
Stoftransport. gtt
Warmtetransport. gtt
Chemische Verfahrenstechnik (DE-588)4069941-9 gnd
subject_GND (DE-588)4069941-9
title Concepts of chemical engineering 4 chemists
title_auth Concepts of chemical engineering 4 chemists
title_exact_search Concepts of chemical engineering 4 chemists
title_full Concepts of chemical engineering 4 chemists [ed. by] Stefaan J. R. Simons
title_fullStr Concepts of chemical engineering 4 chemists [ed. by] Stefaan J. R. Simons
title_full_unstemmed Concepts of chemical engineering 4 chemists [ed. by] Stefaan J. R. Simons
title_short Concepts of chemical engineering 4 chemists
title_sort concepts of chemical engineering 4 chemists
topic Chemical engineering
Chemische reacties. gtt
Chemische technologie. gtt
Kostenanalyse. gtt
Procestechnologie. gtt
Reologie. gtt
Risicoanalyse. gtt
Schaalvergroting. gtt
Stoftransport. gtt
Warmtetransport. gtt
Chemische Verfahrenstechnik (DE-588)4069941-9 gnd
topic_facet Chemical engineering
Chemische reacties.
Chemische technologie.
Kostenanalyse.
Procestechnologie.
Reologie.
Risicoanalyse.
Schaalvergroting.
Stoftransport.
Warmtetransport.
Chemische Verfahrenstechnik
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