Measurement and statistics on science and technology 1920 to the present

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1. Verfasser: Godin, Benoît 1958- (VerfasserIn)
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Sprache:English
Veröffentlicht: London [u.a.] Routledge 2005
Ausgabe:1. publ.
Schriftenreihe:Routledge studies in the history of science, technology and medicine 22
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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text FOREWORD XIV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXI INTRODUCTION 1 PARTI CONSTRUCTING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STATISTICS 13 NAMING AND DEFINING 13 CLASSIFYING 15 MEASURING 16 SECTION I THE NUMBER MAKERS 19 1 EIGHTY YEARS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STATISTICS 21 THE FORERUNNERS 21 THE OECD 32 THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 42 UNESCO 44 CONCLUSION 45 2 TAKING DEMAND SERIOUSLY: NESTI AND THE ROLE OF NATIONAL STATISTICIANS 47 THE NESTIGROUP 47 AD HOC REVIEW GROUPS 49 JUST-IN-TIME NUMBERS 51 SHARING WORK BETWEEN LEADING COUNTRIES 53 CONCLUSION 54 X CONTENTS SECTION II DEFINING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 55 3 IS RESEARCH ALWAYS SYSTEMATIC? 57 INSTITUTIONALIZED RESEARCH 58 THE SEMANTICS OF SYSTEMATIC 60 INDUSTRIALIZED RESEARCH 65 WHAT DO R&D SURVEYS COUNT? 68 CONCLUSION 70 4 NEGLECTED SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES: THE (NON-)MEASUREMENT OF RELATED SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES 72 DEFINING R&D 74 WIIAT ARE SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES? 76 THE INTERNATIONAL POLITICS OF NUMBERS 82 THE AUTONOMIZATION OF RSA 86 CONCLUSION 88 5 WHAT S SO DIFFICULT ABOUT INTERNATIONAL STATISTICS? UNESCO AND THE MEASUREMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES 90 THE ROAD TOWARD INTERNATIONAL STATISTICS 91 THE VIEW FROM NOWHERE 92 FACING THE OECD MONOPOLY 97 THE END OF A DREAM 99 CONCLUSION 101 SECTION III IMAGINING NEW MEASUREMENTS 103 6 THE EMERGENCE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INDICATORS: WHY DID GOVERNMENTS SUPPLEMENT STATISTICS WITH INDICATORS? 105 INDICATORS AS POLICY TOOLS 106 INDICATORS UNDER PRESSURE 108 FOLLOWING SI THROUGH THE OECD 113 OVER NSFS SHOULDERS 115 CONCLUSION 118 CONTENTS XI 7 MEASURING OUTPUT: WHEN ECONOMICS DRIVES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MEASUREMENT 120 ECONOMICALLY SPEAKING 121 CONTROLLING THE INSTRUMENT 132 CONCLUSION 135 8 THE RISE OF INNOVATION SURVEYS: MEASURING A FUZZY CONCEPT 138 R&D AS A LEGITIMATE PROXY 139 MEASURING INNOVATION PROPER 141 INTERNATIONALIZING THE OFFICIAL APPROACH 145 CONCLUSION 153 SECTION IV DEALING WITH METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS 155 9 METADATA: HOW FOOTNOTES MAKE FOR DOUBTFUL NUMBERS 157 LIVING WITH DIFFERENCES 158 COMPARING THE INCOMPARABLE 164 METADATA 176 CONCLUSION 179 10 TRADITION AND INNOVATION: THE HISTORICAL CONTINGENCY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STATISTICAL CLASSIFICATIONS 182 T/IE SYSTEM OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTS 183 CLASSIFICATION PROBLEMS 191 CONCLUSION 194 PART II USING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STATISTICS 197 11 THE MOST CHERISHED INDICATOR: GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURES ON R&D (GERD) 201 TLIE FIRST EXERCISES ON A NATIONAL BUDGET 202 AN ACCOUNTING SYSTEM FOR R&D 204 THE MYSTIQUE OF RANKING 207 CONCLUSION 215 XII CONTENTS 12 TECHNOLOGICAL GAPS: BETWEEN QUANTITATIVE EVIDENCE AND QUALITATIVE ARGUMENTS 218 THE PRODUCTIVITY GAP 219 FRENCH AMBITIONS 223 THE OECD STUDY ON TECHNOLOGICAL GAPS 225 THE AMERICAN REACTION 229 THE OFFICIAL RESPONSE 233 CONCLUSION 237 13 HIGHLY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL: SHOULD WE REALLY BELIEVE IN SHORTAGES? 239 REMINISCENCES OF WAR 240 INTERNATIONALIZING THE DISCOURSES 249 CONCLUSION 258 14 IS THERE BASIC RESEARCH WITHOUT STATISTICS? 262 EMERGENCE 263 CRYSTALLIZATION 266 CONTESTED BOUNDARIES 272 CONCLUSION 285 15 ARE STATISTICS REALLY USEFUL? MYTHS AND POLITICS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INDICATORS 287 RATIONALIZING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY 288 CONTROLLING RESEARCH 296 MANAGING INDUSTRIAL R&D 303 A LOBBY IN ACTION 305 CONCLUSION 311 CONCLUSION 314 APPENDICES 324 APPENDIX 1: MAJOR OEEC/OECD SCIENCE POLICY DOCUMENTS 324 APPENDIX 2: EARLY EXPERIMENTS IN OFFICIAL MEASUREMENT OF R&D 325 APPENDIX 3: EARLY DIRECTORIES ON S&T 326 APPENDIX 4: EARLY NSF STATISTICAL PUBLICATIONS (1950-1960) 327 APPENDIX 5: OEEC/OECD COMMITTEES 328 APPENDIX 6: DSTI SEMINARS, WORKSHOPS, AND CONFERENCES ON S&T STATISTICS 329 CONTENTS XIII APPENDIX 7: DSA/DSTIPUBLICATIONS ON S&T STATISTICS 330 APPENDIX 8: MANDATES OF THE AD HOC REVIEW GROUP 332 APPENDIX 9: SOME DEFINITIONS OF RESEARCH 333 APPENDIX 10: ACTIVITIES TO BE EXCLUDED FROM R&D 335 APPENDIX 11: OECD/ICCPPUBLICATIONS 338 APPENDIX 12: UNESCO CONFERENCES AND MEETINGS ON S&T STATISTICS 340 APPENDIX 13: UNESCO DOCUMENTS ON S&T STATISTICS 341 APPENDIX 14: NSF COMMITTEE S CHOICE OF INDICATORS (1971) 343 APPENDIX 15: COVERAGE OF ACTIVITIES IN EARLY R&D SURVEYS 346 APPENDIX 16: DIFFERENCES IN DEFINITION AND COVERAGE ACCORDING TO FREEMAN AND YOUNG (1965) 347 APPENDIX 17: OECD STANDARD FOOTNOTES 348 APPENDIX 18: GERD AND ITS FOOTNOTES (MILLIONS OF CURRENT $) 349 APPENDIX 19: INDUSTRIES (ISIC) 350 APPENDIX 20:FULDS OF SCIENCE (FOS) 352 APPENDIX 21: SOCIOECONOMIC OBJECTIVES (SEO) 354 APPENDIX 22: TAXONOMIES OF RESEARCH 355 INDEX 357
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series2 Routledge studies in the history of science, technology and medicine
spellingShingle Godin, Benoît 1958-
Measurement and statistics on science and technology 1920 to the present
Routledge studies in the history of science, technology and medicine
Sciences - Méthodes statistiques
Statistique - Méthodologie
Technologie - Méthodes statistiques
Naturwissenschaft
Statistik
Statistics Methodology
Science Statistical methods
Technology Statistical methods
Naturwissenschaften (DE-588)4041421-8 gnd
Fortschritt (DE-588)4017985-0 gnd
Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 gnd
Forschung (DE-588)4017894-8 gnd
Technischer Fortschritt (DE-588)4059252-2 gnd
subject_GND (DE-588)4041421-8
(DE-588)4017985-0
(DE-588)4056995-0
(DE-588)4017894-8
(DE-588)4059252-2
title Measurement and statistics on science and technology 1920 to the present
title_auth Measurement and statistics on science and technology 1920 to the present
title_exact_search Measurement and statistics on science and technology 1920 to the present
title_full Measurement and statistics on science and technology 1920 to the present Benoît Godin
title_fullStr Measurement and statistics on science and technology 1920 to the present Benoît Godin
title_full_unstemmed Measurement and statistics on science and technology 1920 to the present Benoît Godin
title_short Measurement and statistics on science and technology
title_sort measurement and statistics on science and technology 1920 to the present
title_sub 1920 to the present
topic Sciences - Méthodes statistiques
Statistique - Méthodologie
Technologie - Méthodes statistiques
Naturwissenschaft
Statistik
Statistics Methodology
Science Statistical methods
Technology Statistical methods
Naturwissenschaften (DE-588)4041421-8 gnd
Fortschritt (DE-588)4017985-0 gnd
Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 gnd
Forschung (DE-588)4017894-8 gnd
Technischer Fortschritt (DE-588)4059252-2 gnd
topic_facet Sciences - Méthodes statistiques
Statistique - Méthodologie
Technologie - Méthodes statistiques
Naturwissenschaft
Statistik
Statistics Methodology
Science Statistical methods
Technology Statistical methods
Naturwissenschaften
Fortschritt
Forschung
Technischer Fortschritt
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