Environmental science a global concern
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| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boston, Mass. [u.a.]
McGraw-Hill Higher Education
2007
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| Ausgabe: | 9. ed., internat. ed. |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Cunningham, William P. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Environmental science |b a global concern |c William P. Cuningham ; Mary Ann Cunningham ; Barbara Woodworth Saigo |
| 250 | |a 9. ed., internat. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Boston, Mass. [u.a.] |b McGraw-Hill Higher Education |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a XVI, 620 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Environnement - Politique gouvernementale | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environnement - Protection | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sciences de l'environnement | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Écologie humaine | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental sciences |v Textbooks | |
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| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4006432-3 |a Bibliografie |2 gnd-content | |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4151278-9 |a Einführung |2 gnd-content | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Cunningham, Mary Ann |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Saigo, Barbara Woodworth |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| _version_ | 1820898966636593152 |
| adam_text | Learning to Learn 2
PART ONE PRINCIPLES FOR UNDERSTANDING OUR ENVIRONMENT
1 Understanding Our Environment 16
2 Frameworks for Understanding: Science, Systems,
and Ethics 34
3 Matter, Energy, and Life 52
4 Evolution, Biological Communities,
and Species Interactions 76
5 Biomes: Global Patterns of Life 100
6 Population Biology 118
PART TWO PEOPLE IN THE ENVIRONMENT
I Human Populations 134
8 Environmental Health and Toxicology 158
9 Food and Agriculture 182
10 Pest Control 210
PART THREE UNDERSTANDING AND MANAGING LIVING SYSTEMS
II Biodiversity 230
12 Land Use: Forests and Grasslands 252
13 Preserving and Restoring Nature 276
iv
PART FOUR PHYSICAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL
SYSTEMS
14 Geology and Earth Resources 300
15 Air, Weather, and Climate 320
16 Air Pollution 344
17 Water Use and Management 370
18 Water Pollution 394
PART FIVE ISSUES AND POLICY
19 Conventional Energy 422
20 Sustainable Energy 446
21 Solid, Toxic, and Hazardous Waste 474
22 Urbanization and Sustainable Cities 496
23 Ecological Economics 516
24 Environmental Policy, Law, and Planning 538
25 What Then Shall We Do? 562
Preface xiii
Guided Tour xvii
Learning to Learn 2
Case Study: Why Study Environmental Science? 3
How Can I Get an A in This Class? 4
Develop good study habits 4
Recognize and hone your learning styles 6
Use this textbook effectively 6
Will this be on the test? 7
Thinking About Thinking 8
Approaches to truth and knowledge 8
What do I need to think critically? 9
What Do You Think? Don t Believe Everything You See or Hear on the News 10
Applying critical thinking 11
Some clues for unpacking an argument 11
Avoiding logical errors and fallacies 12
Using critical thinking in environmental science 12
Concept Maps 12
How do I create a concept map? 13
I Understanding Our Environment 16
Case Study: Is the Arctic Melting? 17
What Is Environmental Science? 18
A Brief History of Conservation and
Environmentalism 18
Nature protection has historic roots 18
Resource waste inspired pragmatic, utilitarian conservation 19
Ethical and aesthetic concerns inspired the preservation movement 20
Rising pollution levels led to the modern environmental movement 20
Global interconnections have expanded environmentalism 21
Current Conditions 21
We live on a marvelous planet 22
We face many environmental problems 22
There are also many signs of hope 23
What Do You Think? Calculating Your Ecoloqical Footprint 24
Human Dimensions of Environmental
Science 25
Where do the rich and poor live? 26
What is a fair share of resources? 27
Recent progress is encouraging 27
Sustainable Development 28
Can development be truly sustainable? 28
Would you donate 0.7 percent? 29
Indigenous people are important guardians of nature 30
L Frameworks for Understanding: Science,
Systems, and Ethics 34
Case Study: Should we save the sharks? 35
What Is Science? 36
Science depends on skepticism and accuracy 36
Deductive and inductive reasoning are both useful 37
Testable hypotheses and theories are essential tools 37
Understanding probability helps reduce uncertainty 38
Statistics can calculate the probability that your results were random 38
Experimental design can reduce bias 38
Models are an important experimental strategy 39
Cooperation and Consensus in Science 40
Detecting pseudoscience relies on independent, critical
thinking 41
Is environmental science the same as environmentalism? 42
Systems 42
System characteristics 42
Environmental Ethics and Worldviews 44
Who (or what) has moral value? 44
What Do You Think? Worldvim and Values «
Living things can have intrinsic or instrumental value 45
Ecofeminism promotes justice and cooperation 46
Religious and Cultural Perspectives 46
Many faiths support environmental conservation 46
Environmental Justice 47
Environmental racism 48
Dumping across borders 48
J Matter, Energy, and Life 52
Case Study: Why Trees Need Salmon S3
Elements of Life 54
Matter is made of atoms, molecules, and compounds 54
Chemical bonds hold molecules together 54
Electrical charge is an important chemical characteristic 55
Exploring Science: A Water Planet 56
Organic compounds have a carbon backbone 56
Cells are the fundamental units of life 58
Energy 58
Energy occurs in different types and qualities 58
Thermodynamics regulates energy transfers 59
Energy for Life 59
Extremophiles live in severe conditions 59
Green plants get energy from the sun 60
How does photosynthesis capture energy? 61
From Species to Ecosystems 62
Organisms occur in populations, communities, and ecosystems 62
Food chains, food webs, and trophic levels link species 63
Ecological pyramids describe tropic levels 65
Material Cycles and Life Processes 66
The hydrologic cycle moves water around the earth 66
Carbon moves through the carbon cycle 67
Nitrogen moves via the nitrogen cycle 69
Exploring Science: Remote Sensing, Photosynthesis, and Material Cycles 70
Phosphorus is an essential nutrient 71
Sulfur also cycles 72
H Evolution, Biological Communities,
and Species Interactions 76
Case Study: Darwin s Voyage of Discovery 77
Evolution and Speciation 78
Critical limits determine the distribution of plants and animals 78
Evolution depends on existing variation 79
Selective pressure can modify organisms in a variety of ways 80
Isolation results in speciation 80
Explorinq Science: The Cichlids ot Lake Victoria 8?
Evolution is still at work 83
Does acceptance of evolution preclude belief in a God? 83
Ecological niches describe how organisms live 84
Species Interactions 85
Predators and parasites prey on other organisms 85
Keystone species play crucial roles in communities 86
Competition is an important form of natural selection 86
Symbiosis is the living together of two unrelated species 87
Defensive mechanisms protect against predation and parasitism 88
Community Properties 88
Productivity is a measure of biological activity 89
What Can You Do? Working Locally lor Ecological Diversity 90
Abundance and diversity measure the number and variety of organisms 90
Community structure describes spatial distribution of organisms 90
Complexity and connectedness are important ecological indicators 91
Resilience and stability make communities resistant to disturbance 91
Edges and boundaries are the interfaces between adjacent communities 92
What Do You Think? Where Have Ml the Songbirds Gone? H
Communities in Transition 94
Ecological succession occurs on new or disturbed habitat 94
Introduced species can cause profound community change 96
J Biomes: Global Patterns of Life 100
Case Study: Living Jewels in a Coral Reef 101
Terrestrial Biomes 102
Tropical moist forests are warm and wet year round 102
Tropical seasonal forests have annual dry seasons 104
vi Contents
Tropical savannas and grasslands are dry most of the year 104
Deserts are hot or cold, but always dry 104
Temperate grasslands have rich soils 105
Temperate shrublands have summer drought 105
Temperate forests can be evergreen or deciduous 106
Boreal forests lie north of the temperate zone 106
Tundra can freeze in any month 107
Marine Ecosystems 108
Open ocean communities can be shallow or deep 108
Shallow coasts support coral reefs and mangroves 109
Tidal environments and barrier islands 110
Freshwater Ecosystems 111
Lakes 111
Wetlands 112
Human Disturbance 113
0 Population Biology 118
Case Study: How Many Fish in the Sea? 119
Dynamics of Population Growth 120
Biological populations can grow exponentially 120
Populations can go through boom and bust cycles 120
Populations can grow to a stable size 121
Many factors limit population growth 121
Species can be either /f adapted or r adapted 122
Factors That Increase or Decrease Populations 122
What Do You Think? Too Many Deer? IZ3
Natality, fecundity, and fertility are measures of birth rates 123
Immigration adds to populations 124
Mortality and survivorship measure longevity 124
Emigration removes members of a population 125
Factors That Regulate Population Growth 125
Population factors can be density independent 126
Population factors also can be density dependent 126
Case Study: A Plague of Locusts 127
Conservation Biology 128
Island biogeography describes isolated populations 128
Conservation genetics is important in survival of endangered
species 128
Population viability analysis calculates chances of survival 129
Metapopulations are important interconnections 130
PflRTTUJO PEOPLE IN THE ^^P^^HB
ENVIRONMENT HDh^^^HB
/ Human Populations 134
Case Study: A Billion People and Growing 133
Population Growth 136
Human populations grew slowly until relatively recently 136
Limits to Growth: Some Opposing Views 137
Malthus and Marx debated population questions 200 years ago 137
Population issues continue to be debated 138
Can technology make the world more habitable? 138
What Do You Think? Looking for Bias in Graphs 139
Can more people be beneficial? 140
I
Human Demography 140
How many of us are there? 140
Fertility measures the number of children born to each woman 141
Mortality is the other half of population growth rates 143
What Do You Think? Family Planning in Iran 144
Life span and life expectancy describe our potential longevity 144
Living longer has demographic implications 145
Emigration and immigration are important population factors 145
Population Growth: Opposing Factors 147
Many factors increase our desire for children 147
Many factors discourage reproduction 147
Could we have a birth dearth? 148
Demographic Transition 148
Economic and social development play important roles 148
There are reasons to be optimistic about population 149
Many people remain pessimistic about population growth 149
Social justice is an important consideration 150
Women s rights affect fertility 151
Family Planning and Fertility Control 151
Fertility control has existed throughout history 151
Current family planning methods give us many options 151
New developments in family planning offer promise 152
The Future of Human Populations 152
The United States is increasingly isolated in its population policies 153
O Environmental Health and Toxicology 158
Case Study: The Next Pandemic? 159
Environmental Health 160
The global disease burden is changing 160
Infectious diseases are still important threats 161
Conservation medicine attempts to combine ecology and medicine 163
Resistance to antibiotics and pesticides is increasing 165
Who should pay for health care? 165
Toxicology 166
How do toxins affect us? 166
What Can You Do? Tips for Slaying Healthy 168
Case Study: Poisoning Bhopal 169
Diet affects health 169
Movement, Distribution, and Fate of Toxins 169
Solubility and mobility determine where and when chemicals move 170
Exposure and susceptibility determine how we respond 170
Bioaccumulation and biomagnification increase concentrations
of chemicals 171
What Do You Think? Children s Health I7Z
Persistence makes some materials a greater threat 172
Chemical interactions can increase toxicity 173
Mechanisms for Minimizing Toxic Effects 173
Metabolic degradation and excretion eliminate toxins 174
Repair mechanisms mend damage 174
Measuring Toxicity 174
We usually test toxins on lab animals 174
There is a wide range of toxicity 175
Acute versus chronic doses and effects 175
Detectable levels aren t always dangerous 176
Risk Assessment and Acceptance 176
Risk perception is not always rational 177
Risk acceptance depends on many factors 177
Establishing Public Policy 178
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j Food and Agriculture 18Z
Case Study: A Soybean Revolution 183
Food and Nutrition 185
Millions of people don t have enough lo eat 185
Famines are acute food emergencies 186
We need the righl kinds of food 187
Eating a balanced diet is essential for good health 188
Key Food Sources 189
A few major crops supply most of our food 189
Meat and dairy are important protein sources 189
Seafood is another important protein source 190
Farm Policy 191
Soil: A Renewable Resource 192
Soil is a complex mixture 192
Living organisms create unique properties of soil 192
Soils are layered 194
Soils are classified according to their structure and composition 194
Ways We Use and Abuse Soil 194
Arable land is unevenly distributed 195
Land degradation reduces agricultural potential 195
Soil erosion is widespread 196
Wind and water are the main agents that move soil 196
Deserts are spreading around the world 198
Other Agricultural Resources 198
All plants need water lo grow 198
Plants need fertilizer 199
Fanning consumes energy 199
New Crops and Genetic Engineering 200
The green revolution produced dramatic increases in crop yields 2(KI
Genetic engineering uses molecular techniques to produce new crop
varieties 201
Most GMOs have been engineered for pest resistance or weed control 202
Is genetic engineering safe? 202
What Do You Think? Shade (ittmniollpniKHiKtid /(IS
Sustainable Agriculture 204
Soil conservation is essential 204
Low input agriculture can be good lor farmers and their farms 206
10 Pest Control 210
Case Study: Expecting the Unexpected: Pollinators
and Pesticides Zli
Pests and Pesticides 212
People have alwavs known of wa s to control pests 212
Modern pesticides pro nie benefits, but also create problems 2 12
There are mam types ot pesticides 213
Pesticide Benefits 215
We have made dramatic progress in controlling mans insect borne
diseases 215
Without pesticides, we might lose t uvihirds ot conventional crops 215
Pesticide Problems 216
Pesticides often poison nontarget species 216
Pesticide resistance is often rapid and widespread 216
Exploring Science Indocrine Disrupters /I/
Pesticide misuse can create new pests 218
Persistent pesticides can move long distances in the environment 218
Pesticides cause human health problems 219
Contents vii
Alternatives to Current Pesticide Uses 221
We can change our behavior 221
Useful organisms can help us control pests 221
What Can You Do? Controlling Pests 221
Integrated pest management uses a combination of techniques
to fight pests 222
What Do You Think? Organic Fdrming in Cuba Ilk
Reducing Pesticide Exposure 224
Who regulates pesticides? 225
Is organic the answer? 226
You can reduce your own risks 227
PflRT THREE UNDERSTANDING AND |HM9EB9
MANAGING LIVING SYSTEMS ^^^^^^¦1
11 Biodiversity Z30
Case Study: Diversity and Ecological Stability 231
Biodiversity and the Species Concept 232
What is biodiversity? 232
What are species? 232
Molecular techniques are revolutionizing taxonomy 232
How many species are there? 233
Explorinq Science Bar Coding Life /! .
Hot spots have exceptionally high biodiversity 234
How Do We Benefit from Biodiversity? 235
All of our food comes from other organisms 235
Living organisms provide us with many useful drugs
and medicines 236
Biodiversity provides ecological benefits 237
Biodiversity also brings us many aesthetic and cultural benefits 237
What Threatens Biodiversity? 237
Extinction is a natural process 237
We are accelerating extinction rates 238
Island ecosystems are particularly susceptible to invasive species 240
What Can You Do? Don t Buy Endangered Speries Products Mi
Endangered Species Management and Biodiversity
Protection 244
Hunting and fishing laws have been effective 244
Endangered species acts are key to biodiversity protection 244
Recovery plans rebuild populations of endangered species 245
Private land is essential in endangered species protection 246
The endangered species act itself is threatened 247
Habitat protection is essential 247
International wildlife treaties 248
Captive Breeding and Species Survival Plans 248
We need to save rare species in the wild 249
iL Land Use: Forests and Grasslands Z5Z
Case Study: Saving an African Eden 253
World Land Uses 254
World Forests 254
How much forest is there? 254
viii Contents
Wood is part of more economic activity than any other commodity 256
Preserving forests protects watersheds and wildlife habitat 257
Forests can be managed for sustainable yield 257
Tropical Forests 258
Tropical forests are disappearing around the world 258
Exploring Science Protecting Forests to Preserve Rain 259
Swidden agriculture can be sustainable 260
There are encouraging examples of forest protection 261
Debt for nature swaps preserve forests 261
Temperate Forests 262
Temperate rainforests contain more biomass than any other biome 262
Forests provide wildlife habitat 262
Harvest methods have very different effects 263 i
U.S. Forest Management 264 ¦
Fire management is controversial 264 j
Consumer preferences can encourage sustainable forestry 265 ;
Grasslands 266
Traditional pastoralists have managed grasslands sustainably 266
Current management practices are causing overgrazing and land
degradation 267
What Can You Do? Lowering Our Forest Impacts 267
Both wild and domestic animals can utilize rangelands efficiently 268
Range conditions in the United States are often poor 268 :
Grazing fees on federal lands are low 269
Rotational grazing can improve range quality 269
Exploring Science Finding Common Ground on the Range 270
Landownership and Land Reform 271
Who owns how much? 271
Landownership is often inequitable 271
Recognizing indigenous land rights is both equitable and ecologically
important 272
13 Preserving and Restoring Nature 276
Case Study: The World s Biggest Restoration Project Z77
Parks and Nature Preserves 278
We have a long history of setting aside special lands 278
Some parks and monuments are in trouble 279
Protecting wildlife in parks can be controversial 280
Wilderness Areas and Wildlife Refuges 281
Wilderness is a uniquely American idea 281
What Do You Think? Reproducing Wolves to Yellowstone 282
Wildlife refuges have many purposes 282 ,
Global Parks and Preserves 283
Some biomes are relatively well protected, while others are
underrepresented 284
Do people belong in parks? 285
Marine ecosystems need greater protection 285
Conservation and economic development can work together 286
Transboundary peace parks can aid conservation and development 286
Preserving Functional Ecosystems and Landscapes 287
What Do You Think? Fcotourism on the Rool of the World 288
Patchiness and heterogeneity exist in most landscapes 288
Landscape dynamics describe change over time and space 289
Size and design of nature preserves influence their effectiveness 289
Exploring Science 6IS and Landscape Ecology 290
Restoration Ecology 290
There are many degrees of restoration 291
Restoration uses many tools and strategies 292
Restoration can mean letting nature heal itself 293
The goals of restoration can be uncertain 293
Sometimes we can create artificial ecosystems 293
Preserving Ecosystem Services: Wetlands
and Floodplains 294
Wetland conservation and mitigation aim to reduce wetland losses 294
Floodplains absorb flood water 295
Ecosystem Management 295
Ecosystem management has evolved and grown 296
Principles and goals of ecosystem management 296
There are conflicting views of restoration and ecosystem management 296
PORT FOUR PHYSICAL RESOURCES SHBGSiSl
AND ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS f^9|^HHB
1H Geology and Earth Resources 300
Case Study: Run for the Hills 301
A Dynamic Planet 302
The earth is a layered sphere 302
Tectonic processes move continents and cause earthquakes 302
Rocks and Minerals 304
The rock cycle creates and recycles rocks 305
Economic Geology and Mineralogy 306
Metals and mineral resources are essential in a modern economy 306
What Do You Think? Should We Revise Mininq Laws? 308
Environmental Effects of Resource Extraction 309
Mining can have very serious environmental impacts 309
Processing ores also has negative impacts 310
Conserving Geologic Resources 311
Recycling extends geologic resources 311
New materials can be substituted for old 312
Geologic Hazards 312
Earthquakes can be very destructive 314
Exploring Science Radioactive Waste Disposal at Yucca Mountain 315
Volcanoes eject gas and ash, as well as lava 316
Landslides are examples of mass wasting 317
j Air, Weather, and Climate 320
Case Study: Is Antarctica Melting? 321
The Atmosphere and Climate 322
The sun warms our world 323
Water stores energy, and winds redistribute it 324
Why does it rain? 325
Large scale winds don t move in a straight line 325
Ocean currents modify climate 326
Seasonal winds and monsoons have powerful effects 326
Frontal systems create local weather 327
Cyclonic storms can cause extensive damage 328
Climate 330
Climates have changed dramatically throughout history 330
www.mhhe.com/cunninghuni9c
What causes catastrophic climatic swings? 331
El Nino/Southern Oscillations are powerful cycles 332
Our actions are now causing global climate change 333
Greenhouse gases have many sources 333
Evidence of climate change is becoming overwhelming 334
Who wins, and who loses? 335
The Kyoto Protocol attempts to slow climate change 336
Exploring Science Carbon Enrichment Studies 337
How can we control greenhouse emissions? 339
What Can You Do? Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions 339
16 Air Pollution 344
Case Study: How Should We Control Mercury
Pollution? 345
The Air Around Us 346
Natural Sources of Air Pollution 346
Human Caused Air Pollution 347
We have different ways to describe pollutants 347
Unconventional pollutants also are important 353
Indoor air is more dangerous for most of us than outdoor air 353
Climate, Topography, and Atmospheric Processes 35
Temperature inversions trap pollutants 354
Cities can create dust domes and heat islands 355
Wind currents carry pollutants intercontinentally 355
Exploring Science Indoor Air i ld
Stratospheric ozone is declining 357
We have made progress in controlling some pollution 358
Effects of Air Pollution 358
Polluted air is unhealthy 358
Plants are susceptible to pollution damage 360
Acid deposition has many negative effects 361
Smog and haze reduce visibility 362
Air Pollution Control 363
The most effective strategy for controlling pollution is to minimize
production 363
What Can You Do? Saving Energy and Reducing Pollution 363
Clean Air Legislation 364
Air regulations are controversial 364
Current Conditions and Future Prospects 365
Air pollution remains a problem in developing countries 366
There are signs of hope 366
1/ Water Use and Management 370
Case Study: China s South to North Water Diversion
Project 371
Water Resources 372
The hydrologic cycle distributes water in our environment 372
Water supplies are unevenly distributed 373
Major Water Compartments 373
Oceans hold 97 percent of all water on earth 373
Glaciers, ice, and snow contain most fresh water 375
Groundwater stores most fresh, liquid water 375
Surface water collects in rivers, lakes, and wetlands 377
The atmosphere is among the smallest compartments 377
Contents ix
Water Availability and Use 378
Water poor countries have low rainfall and large populations 378
Water consumption is less than withdrawal 379
Water use is increasing 379
Agriculture is the greatest water consumer 379
Domestic and industrial water use are greatest in wealthy
countries 381
What Do You Think? Water Wars on thf Klamath 382
Freshwater Shortages 383
Developing countries often lack access to clean water 383
Groundwater is depleted when withdrawals exceed recharge 384
Increasing Water Supplies 385
Desalination and diversion increase supplies locally 385
Dams and water diversions eliminate other water uses 385
Dams and diversions displace human populations 386
The main problem with dams is inefficiency 386
Loss of free flowing rivers is controversial 387
Water Management and Conservation 387
What Do You Think? Should We Remove Dams? 388
Watershed management integrates multiple problems and solutions 388
Domestic conservation can save water and have little impact
on life styles 389
What (an You Do? Saving Watpr and Preventing Pollution 389
Recycling can reduce consumption 390
Prices and policies have often discouraged conservation 390
18 Water Pollution 394
Case Study: The Dead Zone 395
Water Pollution 396
Water pollution is anything that degrades water quality 396
Types and Effects of Water Pollution 397
Infectious agents are the main waterborne threat to human health 397
Bacteria are detected by examining oxygen levels 398
Nutrient enrichment leads to cultural eutrophication 400
Eutrophication can cause toxic tides 400
Inorganic pollutants include metals and salts 400
Exploring Science Arsenic in Drinking Water 402
Synthetic organic chemicals include pesticides, Pharmaceuticals,
and plastics 402
Sediment 403
Thermal pollution and thermal shocks 403
Water Quality Today 404
Most surface waters are improving in the United States
and Canada 404
The Clean Water Act has greatly reduced point source pollution 404
Nonpoint source pollution remains a problem 406
Waters are improving in wealthier countries but not in poorer ones 406
Groundwater is hard to monitor and clean 408
There are few controls on ocean pollution 409
Water Pollution Control 411
Source reduction is the cheapest way to control pollution 411
Controlling nonpoint sources requires land management 411
What Do You Think? Watershed Protection in the Catskiils MZ
Human waste disposal occurs naturally when concentrations
are low 412
Water remediation may involve containment, extraction,
or phytoremediation 416
Water Legislation 417
The Clean Water Act was ambitious, bipartisan, and largely
successful 417
X Contents
What Can You Do? Steps You Can Take to Improve Water Quality 418
Clean Water Act reauthorization remains contentious 418
Other important water legislation 418
PflRTHVE ISSUES AND POLICY |HE£HB
IV Conventional Energy 422
Case Study: Coal Bed Methane 4Z3
What Is Energy and Where Do We Get It? 424
Energy use is changing 424
How Energy Is Used 426
Coal 427
Coal resources are vast 427
Coal mining is a dirty, dangerous business 428
Burning coal releases many pollutants 428
Oil 429
Oil resources are concentrated in a few places 429
Oil shales and tar sands contain huge amounts of petroleum 431
Natural Gas 431
What Do You Think? Oil Drilling in ANWR W
Most of the world s known natural gas is in a few countries 433
There may be vast unconventional gas sources 434
Nuclear Power 434
How do nuclear reactors work? 435
There are many different reactor designs 435
Some alternative reactor designs may be safer 437
Breeder reactors could extend the life of our nuclear fuel 438
Radioactive Waste Management 438
What will we do with radioactive wastes? 438
Decommissioning old nuclear plants is expensive 439
Changing Fortunes of Nuclear Power 441
Nuclear Fusion 442
U.S. Energy Policy 442
L U Sustainable Energy 446
Case Study: Sea Power 447
Conservation 448
There are many ways to save energy 448
Transportation could be far more efficient 450
What Do You Think? Hybrid Automobile Engines 451
Negawatt programs save money 452
Cogeneration produces both electricity and heat 452
What (an You Do? Some Things Vou Can Do to Save Enerqy 153
Tapping Solar Energy 453
Solar collectors can be passive or active 453
High Temperature Solar Energy 455
Simple solar cookers can save energy 455
Utilities are promoting renewable energy 456
Photovoltaic cells capture solar energy 456
Electrical energy is difficult and expensive to store 457
Fuel Cells 458
Several different electrolytes can be used in fuel cells 460
Energy from Biomass 460
We can burn biomass 461
Fuelwood is in short supply in less developed countries 461
Dung and methane can be fuels 462
Fuels can be produced from crop plants 463
Energy from the Earth s Forces 464
Falling water has been used as an energy source since ancient times 464
Wind energy is our fastest growing renewable source 466
Geothermal energy can supplement other sources 468
Tidal and wave energy are available in some places 469
Ocean thermal electric conversion might be useful 470
What s Our Energy Future? 470
L Solid, Toxic, and Hazardous Waste 474
Case Study: South Africa s National Flower ? 475
Solid Waste 476
The waste stream is everything we throw away 476
Waste Disposal Methods 477
Open dumps release hazardous materials into the air and water 477
Ocean dumping is nearly uncontrollable 478
Landfills receive most of our waste 478
Exporting waste exposes villagers to hazards 479
Incineration creates energy but causes pollution 479
What Do You Think? Environmental Just[« 481
Shrinking the Waste Stream 482
Recycling captures resources from garbage 482
Recycling saves money, materials, energy, and space 483
Commercial scale recycling and composting is an area of innovation 484
Demanufacturing is necessary for appliances and e waste 484
Reusing is even more efficient than recycling 485
Reducing waste is often the cheapest option 486
What (an You Do? Reducing Waste 486
Hazardous and Toxic Wastes 486
Hazardous waste must be recycled, contained, or detoxified 486
Superfund sites are those listed for federal cleanup 488
Exploring Science Cleaning Up Toxic Waste with Plants 489
Brownfields present both liability and opportunity 490
Hazardous waste must be processed or stored permanently 491
What tan You Do? Alternatives to Hazardous Household Chemicals 491
LL Urbanization and Sustainable Cities 496
Case Study: The Architecture of Hope 497
Urbanization 498
Cities have specialized functions as well as large populations 498
Cities are growing globally 499
Why Do Cities Grow? 501
Immigration is driven by push factors and pull factors 501
Government policies can drive urban growth 502
Urban Challenges in the Developing World 502
Traffic congestion and air quality are growing problems 502
www.inhhe.coin/cunninghum9e
Insufficient sewage treatment causes water pollution 503
Many cities lack sufficient housing 503
Urban Challenges in the Developed World 504
What Do You Think? People for Community Recovery 505
Urban sprawl consumes land and resources 506
Expanding suburbs force long commute times 507
Smart Growth 508
Garden cities and new towns were early examples of smart growth 50!
New urbanism advanced the ideas of smart growth 509
Green urbanism promotes ecological cities 510
Designing for open space 511
Sustainable Development in Poorer Countries 512
What Do You Think? Environmental Innovations in Curitiba, Brazil 513
Lj Ecological Economics 516
Case Study: How Economists (an Control Climate
Change 517
Economic Worldviews 518
Ecology and economics have common concerns 518
Capital and resources are fundamental ideas 518
Classical economics examines supply and demand 520
Neoclassical economics emphasizes growth 521
Ecological economics incorporates principles of ecology 521
Communal property resources are a classic problem in ecological
economics 522
Population, Technology, and Scarcity 523
Scarcity can lead to innovation 523
Carrying capacity is not necessarily fixed 524
Economic models compare growth scenarios 525
Why not conserve resources? 526
Natural Resource Accounting 526
Gross national product is our dominant measure of growth 526
Alternative measures account for well being 526
New approaches measure nonmarket values 527
Cost benefit analysis aims to optimize resource use 528
Market based mechanisms can reduce pollution 529
Discount rates decide the value of saving resources 530
Trade, Development, and Jobs 530
International trade helps growth but externalizes costs 530
International development supports economic growth 530
Green Business 532
New business models follow concepts of ecology 532
What Do You Think? f.to efficient Business Praclires 533
Efficiency starts with design of products and processes 534
Green consumerism gives the public a voice 534
Environmental protection creates jobs 535
What Can You Do? Personally Responsible Consumerism 535
ft Environmental Policy, Law, and Planning 538
Case Study: The Snail Darter versus Tellico Dam 539
Environmental Policy 540
How is policy created? 540
Policy formation follows predictable steps 541
Is a clean, healthy environment a basic human right? 541
Environmental Law 542
A brief environmental history 542
Contents X
Statutory law: The legislative branch 543
What Do You Think? Does NEPA Need an Overhaul? 5M
Case law: The judicial branch 546
Administrative law: The executive branch 549
International Treaties and Conventions 551
Will globalization bring environmental governance? 553
Dispute Resolution and Planning 553
Wicked problems don t have simple answers 554
Resilience is important in ecosystems and institutions 555
The precautionary principle urges institutional caution 555
Arbitration and mediation can help settle disputes 556
Community based planning can help solve environmental problems 557
Some nations have developed green plans 558
25 What Then Shall We Do? 56Z
Case Study: Citizen Science and the Christmas
Bird Count 563
A Common Agenda 564
Environmental Education 564
Environmental literacy means understanding our environment 564
Citizen science encourages everyone to participate 565
Environmental careers range from engineering to education 566
Green business and technology are growing fast 566
Individual Contributions 567
How much is enough? 567
xii Contents
We can choose to reduce our environmental impact 567
What Can You Do? Reducing Your Impact 568
Green washing can mislead consumers 568
Certification identifies low impact products 569
Green consumerism has its limits 569
Collective Actions 570
Student environmental groups can have lasting effects 570
Mainline organizations are influential but sometimes
complacent 572
Radical groups capture attention and opposition 573
The wise use movement developed to defend resource use 574
What Do You Think? Evaluating Extremist Claims 575
Cooperation and compromise can lead to progress 576
Global Action 576
Sustainability is a global challenge 576
Nongovernmental organizations promote development 578
Green Politics 578
Individuals can influence policy 579
The Earth Charter 580
Glossary 584
Credits 597
Subject and Internet Index 600
|
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| id | DE-604.BV021707575 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-23T19:29:22Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0071107908 9780071107907 0071105964 9780071105965 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014921439 |
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| physical | XVI, 620 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
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| publisher | McGraw-Hill Higher Education |
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| spellingShingle | Cunningham, William P. Cunningham, Mary Ann Saigo, Barbara Woodworth Environmental science a global concern Environnement - Politique gouvernementale Environnement - Protection Sciences de l'environnement Écologie humaine Environmental sciences Textbooks Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd Umweltwissenschaften (DE-588)4137364-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4043216-6 (DE-588)4137364-9 (DE-588)1135962553 (DE-588)4006432-3 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
| title | Environmental science a global concern |
| title_auth | Environmental science a global concern |
| title_exact_search | Environmental science a global concern |
| title_full | Environmental science a global concern William P. Cuningham ; Mary Ann Cunningham ; Barbara Woodworth Saigo |
| title_fullStr | Environmental science a global concern William P. Cuningham ; Mary Ann Cunningham ; Barbara Woodworth Saigo |
| title_full_unstemmed | Environmental science a global concern William P. Cuningham ; Mary Ann Cunningham ; Barbara Woodworth Saigo |
| title_short | Environmental science |
| title_sort | environmental science a global concern |
| title_sub | a global concern |
| topic | Environnement - Politique gouvernementale Environnement - Protection Sciences de l'environnement Écologie humaine Environmental sciences Textbooks Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd Umweltwissenschaften (DE-588)4137364-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Environnement - Politique gouvernementale Environnement - Protection Sciences de l'environnement Écologie humaine Environmental sciences Textbooks Ökosystem Umweltwissenschaften Erde Bibliografie Einführung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014921439&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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