Encyclopedia of soil science

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Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Dordrecht [u.a.] Springer 2008
Schriftenreihe:	Encyclopedia of earth sciences series
Schlagworte:	Soil science > Encyclopedias Bodenkunde Wörterbuch
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245	1	0	\|a Encyclopedia of soil science \|c ed. by Ward Chesworth
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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Contents List of Contributors Preface A Horizon Abiotic Abrasion Abrupt Textural Change Absorption Acid Deposition Effects on Soils Randy A. Dahlgren Acid Soils Felipe Macias Vazquez, Marta Camps Arbestain, and Ward Chesworth Acid Sulfate Soils Acidity Wayne P. Robarge Acids, Alkalis, Bases and pH Acrisols Felipe Macias Vazquez Activity Ratios Bryon W. Bache Adobe Adsorption Aggregate Aggregate Stability to Drying and Wetting W. W. Emerson Aggregation Roger Hartmann Agrichemical xvii Agroecology 33 xxv Agroecosystem 33 1 Agrogeology Nikola Kostic 33 Agronomy 35 Albeluvisols Otto Spaargaren 35 1 Alisols Otto Spaargaren 35 Alkali 37 7 Alkaline Soils Ward Chesworth, Felipe Macias Vázquez, and Marta Camps Arbestain 37 10 Alkalization 39 10 Allitization 39 Allogenic 39 Alluvium 22 Andosols Olafur Amalds 24 39 39 Anthropogenic 46 27 Anthrosols 47 27 28 28 30 33 Otto Spaargaren Arenosols Otto Spaargaren Argillaceous Argüían Arid Arrhenius Equation 48 49 49 49 49 Entries without author names are glossary terms CONTENTS Association Auger Authigenic Azonal Soil В Horizon Background Badlands Barchan Barrens Base Base Level Base Saturation Bryon W. Bache Basement Basic Basin Beach Bed Bedrock Bench Berm Biodegradation Biodiversity Biogeochemical Cycles Ward Chcsworth Biomass Biome Biomes and their Soils Ward Chesworth Bioremediation Biosequence Biospheric Role of Soil Biostasis Biotte Bisiallitizatkm Black Cotton Soil Black Earth 50 50 50 50 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 52 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 56 60 60 61 68 68 68 69 69 69 69 69 Blanket 69 Blowout 69 Bog 69 Boreal Forest 69 Boulder 69 Brunification 69 Buffers, Buffering 70 Carlo Gessa Bulk Density 74 David T. Lewis Buried Soil 75 С Horizon 77 Calcareous Soils 77 Ward Chesworth, Marta Camps Arbestain, and Felipe Macias Vazquez Calcisols 79 Otto Spaargaren Cambisols 80 Otto Spaargaren Capability 81 Capillary Pressure 81 Y. Mualem and H. J. Morel-Seytoux Carbon Cycling and Formation of Soil Organic 91 Matter William R. Horwath Carbon Sequestration in Soil 97 Gonzalo Almendros Carbonates 99 Ward Chesworth Catchment 101 Catena 101 Cation Exchange 102 Cement 102 Cheluviation 102 Chemical Analyses 102 Paid R. Grossi and Donald L. Sparks Chemical Composition 108 Chemisorption 108 Chernozems 108 Otto Spaargaren Chronology of Soils 109 Rhodes W. Fairbridge CONTENTS Chronosequence Classification of Soils: FAO A rieh Singer Classification of Soils: Soil Taxonomy Hari Eswaran Classification of Soils: World Reference Base (WRB) for Soil Resources Erika Micheli Classification of Soils: World Reference Base (WRB) Soil Profiles Otto Spaargaren Clastic Clay Mineral Alteration in Soils P. M. Huang Clay Mineral Formation Arieh Singer Clay Mineral Structures Clay Minerals: Silicates Charles E. Weaver Clay-Organic Interactions B. K. G. Theng Climate Climosequence Coastal Soils Colloid Colluvium Comminution Compaction Iain M. Young Complex Soil Compost Computer Modeling Keith Paustian Computerized Tomography Richard! Heck Concretion Conductivity, Electrical Charles W. Finki Conductivity. Hydraulic Herman Bouwer Conductivity. Thermal Amos Hadas 111 Conservation Ward Chesworth and David M. Lavigne 111 168 111 Consistence 170 113 Consolidation 170 Contour 120 Cordillera 170 171 Corrasion 171 122 „ Corrosion 171 Craton 171 122 Creep 171 122 Critical Load 171 .., Crotovina 171 Crusts, Crusting ,,, Marcello Pagliai 171 141 Cryopedology 179 Cryosols 144 Otto Spaargaren 179 Cryoturbation 150 Cuesta 181 181 150 Cultivation 182 Cumulization 151 „ t Cutan 182 182 Datum Level 151 _ , . Debris 183 183 151 _ Degradation 183 j 5 -t Delta 183 153 Denitrification 183 153 Desalinization 184 Desert 184 159 Desertification 184 160 Desiccation 184 161 Desilication 184 Detritus 162 Diffusion 185 185 165 Diffusion Processes Siobhån Staunton 185 Entries without author names are glossar}. terms CONTENTS Dispersion Dissection Dissolved Material Divide Doline Drainage Drumlin Dry Deposition Dune Duricrusts and Induration Rhodes W. Fairhridge Durisols Otto Spaargaren Dust E Horizon Earth Cycles Rhodes W. Fairhridge Ecology Edaphic Edaphic Constraints on Food Production Friedrich II. Beinroth. Ilari Eswaran. and Paul F. Reich Edaphology Effective Effluent Electrical Double Layer Electrochemistry Electro-Osmosis Elutriation Eluviation Endogenous Energy Balance Garlón S. Campbell Envelope-Pressure Potential Pieter H. G menerei t Environment Enzyme Activity Enzymes and Proteins. Interactions with Soil-Constituent Surfaces Herré Quìquampoìx Eolian 191 Epigenous 216 191 Erosion 216 Rhodes W. Fairbridge 191 Erratic 221 . „. Escarpment 221 222 , Q2 Eutrophication 222 1 no Evaporation 222 R. J. Hanks and G. E. Cardon 192 . Evapo transpiration 224 Evolution 224 ¡cg Exchange Complex 224 Exchange Phenomena 224 19« Robert G Gast j 99 Exfoliation 227 199 Exogene 227 Extract 227 202 F Horizon 229 202 Fabric 229 ~ Factors of Soil Formation 229 Carlota Garcia Pa: and Teresa Taboada Rodriguez 207 Fallout 231 207 Fallow 231 207 c ·, Family 231 207 c Fan 231 207 „ Fauna 231 207 Valerie M. Behan-Pelletier and Stuart B. Hill 207 Fen 237 207 Ferralitic 237 207 Ferralitization 237 20S Ferralsols 237 Pablo lîdal-Torrado and Miguel Cooper 210 Ferran 240 Ferri-Araillan 210 240 210 Ferr0ds 241 OJ0 Ferrolysis 241 Fersiallitization 241 Fertilizer Raw Materials 241 216 Peter ran Straaten CONTENTS Fertilizers, Inorganic J. J. Oertli Fertilizers, Organic C. Wesley Wood Fibric, Hemic and Sapric Field Capacity Field pH L. R. Hossner Field Water Cycle William O. Rasmussen Flocculation W. O. Williamson Flood Plain Flow Theory H. Magdi Selim Fluvial Fluviolacustrine Fluvisols Otto Spaargaren Folie Fragipan Frigid Frost Action Fulvic Acid Furrow Gabion Gelifluction Geochemistry in Soil Science Garrison Sposito Geography of Soils Ward Chesworth and L. J. Evans Geology and Soils Hard Chesworth Gilgai Glacial Glaciation Glaciofluvial Glaciolacustrine Glev 247 263 270 270 271 272 275 278 278 280 281 281 282 282 282 282 282 282 283 283 283 289 292 298 298 298 299 299 299 Gleysols Otto Spaargaren Gossan Groundwater Guano Gully Gypsan Gypsisols Otto Spaargaren H Horizon Halomorphic Hardening Hardpan Harrow Health Health Problems and Soil ./. Lug Heat Capacity Amos Hadas Heath History of Soil Science Rhodes W. Fairhridge Histosols ./. С S övoa Muñoz, X. Pontevedra Pombal, and A. Martinez Conizas Hoodoo Horizon Horizon Designations in the Wrb Humic Substances Gonzalo M. Almendros Humid Hummock Hydrie Soils W. Chesworth. M. Camps Arhestain, F. Macias. and A. Martinez Conizas Hydrological Cycle Ward Chesworth Hydromorphie Hydrophilicity. Hydrophobicity William F. Javnes 299 300 301 301 301 301 301 303 303 303 303 303 303 304 305 307 307 312 314 314 314 315 323 323 323 325 328 328 Entries without author names are slossarv tenns CONTENTS Hygroscopicity. Hygroscopic Constant 330 Kroto vinas Hans F. Winterkorn Kubiena Box Hypogene 331 L Horizon Ice Erosion 333 Ward Chesworth, Augusto Ρ erez- Alberti, and Labile Pool Emmanuelle Arnaud S. A. Ebelhar Ice Wedge and Polygon 338 Lacustrine Igneous 339 Lagoon Illuviation 339 Land Imbibition 339 Landfill H. J. Morel-Seytoux Landscape Imogolite 350 Landscape and Soils Impermeable 350 Ward Chesworth Impervious 350 Laterite Induration 350 Law of the Minimum Quirino Paris Infiltration 350 H. J. Morel-Seytoux Leaching Inheritance 362 Leptosols Otto Spaargaren Inorganic Fertilizers 362 Lessivage Inorganic Soil 362 LFH Horizon Insolation 362 Light Fraction Intensive Agriculture 362 Lime Interfluve 362 Liquefaction Intergrade 362 Lithic Ion 362 Lithosequence Ion Exchange 363 Litter Ionic Activities 363 Lixisols Iron Oxides 363 otto Spaargaren Udo Schwertmann Iron Pan Irrigation Ernest Rawitz Journals Charles W. Finki Kame Karst Kastanozems Otto Spaargaren Koppen 369 369 Loading Loam Loess 381 Luvisols Otto Spaargaren 421 421 421 Macronutrients L. R. Hossner Mangan Manure 423 Marginal Land 423 423 425 425 426 426 427 427 427 427 431 431 437 437 438 438 439 439 439 439 439 439 439 440 440 440 440 443 445 445 445 CONTENTS Marl Marsh Mass Movement Matran Matric Potential Matrix Meadow Mechanical Weathering Eiju Yatsu Melanization Metal Complexing Metamorphic Microbial Ecology and Clay Minerals Microhabitats Iain M. Young Micrometeorology Jon S. Warland Micromorphology Georges Stoops Micronutrients Ward Chesworth Microstructure, Engineering Aspects Peter Smart Midden Mineral Analysis Mineral Soil Mineralization Minesoil Mire A. Martinez Cortizas, X. Pontevedra Pombal, and J. C. Nóvoa Muñoz Moisture Regimes Monadnock Mor Moraine Morphology Mottle Muck Mulch 446 446 446 446 446 447 447 447 449 449 449 450 450 453 457 466 475 481 482 482 482 482 482 485 485 485 485 485 485 485 486 Mull 486 Munsell Chart 486 Muskeg 486 Near-Neutral Soils 487 Marta Camps Arbestain, Felipe Macias Vazquez, and Ward Chesworth Neoformation 488 Neolithic Revolution 488 Ward Chesworth Net Primary Productivity 489 Nitisols 490 Otto Spaargaren Nitrification 491 Nitrogen Cycle 491 Johnson Semoka Nitrogen Fixation 494 Nodule 494 Nutrient 494 Nutrient Cycling 494 Nutrient Potentials 494 Konrad Mengel О Horizon 501 Order 501 Organan 501 Organic Fertilizers 501 Organic Matter 501 Organic Soil 501 Organic Weathering 501 Ortstein 502 Osmosis 502 Outwash 502 Overburden 502 Paddy Soils 503 Paleosol 503 Pallid Zone 503 Paludification 503 Pan 504 Paralithic 504 Parent Material 504 Entries without author names are glossary terms xii CONTENTS Parent Rock Particle Density George R. Blake Particle-Size Distribution Gmy С Steinhardt Pasture Peat X. Pontevedra Pombal, J. C. Νόνοα Muñoz, and A. Martinez Cortizas Ped Pedalfer Pedocal Pedogenic Grid Pedology and Pedogenesis Richard W. Arnold Pedon Pedosphere Pedoturbation Randall J. Schaetzl Peneplain, Pediplain, Etchplain Penetrability Peptization Percolation F. Stagn itti, J. -Y. Par/ange, and T. S. Steenhuis Periglacial Periodic Table in Soil Science Ward Chesworth Pennafrost Permeability Y. Muaient and H. J. Morel-Seytoux Permeameter Petrocalcic Petrogypsic pH Phaeozems Otto Spaargaren Phase Rule and Phase Diagrams Ward Chesworth Phi Scale Phosphorus Cycle Yoong K. Soon 504 504 505 510 510 512 512 512 512 512 516 516 516 522 522 522 522 525 525 530 531 538 538 538 538 538 539 547 547 Phreatic 555 Physical Chemistry 555 D. S. Orlov Physical Properties 559 Physical Weathering 559 Phytolith 559 Pingo 559 Planosols 559 Otto Spaargaren Plant Nutrients 560 J. J. Oertli Plant Roots and Soil Physical Factors 571 Jan Gliński, Jerzv Lipiec, and Witold Stępniewski Plasma 578 Plastic 578 Playa 578 Plinthite 578 Plinthosols 579 Otto Spaargaren Plow 580 Plow Layer 580 Podzols 580 Otto Spaargaren Point of Zero Net Charge 582 Pollution 582 Polycyclic 582 Polygenetic 582 Polygonal 582 Polypedon 583 Pore 583 Pore Size Distribution 583 Pore Space, Drainable 583 Porosity 583 Potassium Cycle 583 Ward Chesworth Prairie 587 Primary Mineral 587 Primary Productivity 588 Prismatic 588 CONTENTS Profile Carmela Monterroso Martinez Profile, Physical Modification Keith D. Cassei and David Hammer Pseudogley Puddling Pedro A. Sanchez Pugging Quality Ward Chesworth Radiocarbon Dating Radioisotopes Rangeland Reaction Redoximorphic Features Redox Reactions and Diagrams in Soil Burl D. Meek and Ward Chesworth Regolith Regosols Otto Spaargaren Relief Rendzina Residence Time Residua System of U eathering Residual Soil Reverse Weathering Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) Rhizosphere Michael Herí thy Ria Ridge Rockland Rolling Rotation Rubifaction or Rubéfaction Runoff Sabkha Saline Salt Affected Soils 588 Salt Leaching Raj K. Gupta and 1. P. Ahrol 589 Sand Sandur, Sandr 593 Saprai ite 593 Saprolite, Regolith and Soil Charles W. Finki 596 Saturation 597 Savanna 599 Scalping 599 Scarify 599 Scrub 599 Secondary Mineral 599 Sedimentary 600 Seepage 605 Self-Mulching 605 Semi-Arid Series 606 Sesquan 606 Sesquioxide 606 Shear 607 Shield 607 607 Shrinkage 607 Silicates 608 Silt Simulation of Soil Systems 608 Skeletan 609 Skeleton Grains 609 Slickensides 609 Slope Classes 609 Sludge 609 Sludge Disposal 609 M. B. Kirkham 61! S-Matri.x 611 Sod 611 Sodicitv 611 613 614 614 614 622 622 622 622 622 622 622 622 622 623 623 623 623 623 623 623 623 623 623 624 624 624 624 624 624 629 629 629 Entries without author names are eiossarv tenns CONTENTS Soil Marta Camps Arbestain, Felipe Macias Vazquez, and Ward Chesworth Soil Biology James J. Germida Soil Chemistry Richard H. Loeppert Soil Color Maurice G. Cook Soil Components, Organic Soil Conservation Service Soil Drainage G. O. Schwab Soil Engineering Kiystyna Konstankiewicz and Jarosław Pytka Soil Fertility J. J. Oertli Soil Health Soil Horizon Designations in the WRB Soil classification system A rieh Singer Soil Mapping and Survey William J. Edmonds Soil Mechanics Soil Microbiology Yucheng Feng Soil Mineralogy Steven B. Feldman, C. Slicing, and Lucian W. Zelaznv Soil Organic Matter Soil Physics P. W. Ford Soil Pores Brent E. Clothier Soil Probe Soil Quality Soil Reaction Soil Salinity and Salinization M. A. Arsluul Soil Science Soil Seperates Soil Solution Bryan W. Bache Soil Stabilization 629 Soil Survey 634 637 641 643 643 643 646 656 668 668 670 673 673 678 686 686 693 699 699 699 699 704 704 704 705 Soil Variation Inakwu O. A. Odeh Soil Water Soil Water and its Management Paul W. Linger Soil-Root Interface Carlo Gessa Soils of the Coastal Zone Charles W. Finki Soils, Non-Agricultural Uses Fred P. Miller Soil-Solvent Interactions Solifluction Solonchaks Otto Spaargaren Solonetz Otto Spaargaren Solum Solute Sorption-Desorption Kinetics H. Magdi Selim Sorption Phenomena ^V. J. Barrow Spheroidal Stagnosols Otto Spaargaren Stony Stratification Structure Subsoil Sulfur Transformations and Fluxes Myron J. Mitchell and Christine Alewell Supergene Surface Soil Water Content Surficial Sustainable Agriculture Swamp Tableland Taiga Tailings Technosols Ward Clwsworth and Otto Spaargaren 705 705 707 707 709 711 734 736 736 737 738 739 739 745 756 756 757 757 757 757 757 764 764 764 764 764 765 765 765 765 CONTENTS Temperature Regime Tensiometer Terrace Terrain Terri с Texture Thermal Regime Amos Hadas Thermodynamics of Soil Water Pieter H. G roen eve! t Thermogenic Thermosequence Thionic or Sulfidic Soils Xosé L. Otero, Tiago O. Ferreira, Pablo Vidal-Torrado, Felipe Macias Vázquez, and Ward Chesworth Thixotropy, Thixotropism Charles W. Finki, Jr. Till Tillage John W. Doran and Llovd N. Mietku Topography Toposequence Topsoil Trace Elements M. B. Kirkham Transport Transport Processes Pieter H. Groenevelt Tropical Soils Charles W. Finki Truncated Soil Tundra Turf Type Umbrisols Otto Spaargaren Undifferentiated Map Unit Universal Soil Loss Equation Unsaturated Flow Vadose Ventifacts Rhodes li . Fairbridge 766 Vertisols 767 Otto Spaargaren Void 767 767 Vugh 767 Wasteland 767 Water Budget in Soil Gary W. Parkin 767 Water Content 772 Water Content and Retention Walter H. Gardner 776 Water Erosion 777 K. Auerswald 777 Water Fluxes Water Holding Capacity Water Movement 781 Johannes Bouma 7«-) Water Potential / О*- 782 Water Table Waterlogged 785 Watershed 785 Weathering Systems in Soil Science 785 Ward Chcswortli 785 Wentworth Scale Wetland 790 -7ЃЛ 1 Wettability 791 Wetting Front //. J. Morel-Seytoux 793 Wilting Point 803 Wind Erosion Michael Brookfield 804 804 Wind Erosion Equation 804 Windthrow 805 Woodland Yield 806 Zeta Potential 806 R. J. Zasoski 806 Zonal Soil Zone 807 Author Index 807 Subject Index 807 809 809 811 811 813 814 817 822 822 822 825 825 825 825 825 830 830 830 830 835 835 838 838 838 839 841 845 845 847 849 Entries without author names are glossary terms
adam_txt	Contents List of Contributors Preface A Horizon Abiotic Abrasion Abrupt Textural Change Absorption Acid Deposition Effects on Soils Randy A. Dahlgren Acid Soils Felipe Macias Vazquez, Marta Camps Arbestain, and Ward Chesworth Acid Sulfate Soils Acidity Wayne P. Robarge Acids, Alkalis, Bases and pH Acrisols Felipe Macias Vazquez Activity Ratios Bryon W. Bache Adobe Adsorption Aggregate Aggregate Stability to Drying and Wetting W. W. Emerson Aggregation Roger Hartmann Agrichemical xvii Agroecology 33 xxv Agroecosystem 33 1 Agrogeology Nikola Kostic 33 Agronomy 35 Albeluvisols ' Otto Spaargaren 35 1 Alisols Otto Spaargaren 35 Alkali 37 7 Alkaline Soils Ward Chesworth, Felipe Macias Vázquez, and Marta Camps Arbestain 37 10 Alkalization 39 10 Allitization 39 Allogenic 39 Alluvium 22 Andosols Olafur Amalds 24 39 39 Anthropogenic 46 27 Anthrosols 47 27 28 28 30 33 Otto Spaargaren Arenosols Otto Spaargaren Argillaceous Argüían Arid Arrhenius' Equation 48 49 49 49 49 Entries without author names are glossary terms CONTENTS Association Auger Authigenic Azonal Soil В Horizon Background Badlands Barchan Barrens Base Base Level Base Saturation Bryon W. Bache Basement Basic Basin Beach Bed Bedrock Bench Berm Biodegradation Biodiversity Biogeochemical Cycles Ward Chcsworth Biomass Biome Biomes and their Soils Ward Chesworth Bioremediation Biosequence Biospheric Role of Soil Biostasis Biotte Bisiallitizatkm Black Cotton Soil Black Earth 50 50 50 50 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 52 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 56 60 60 61 68 68 68 69 69 69 69 69 Blanket 69 Blowout 69 Bog 69 Boreal Forest 69 Boulder 69 Brunification 69 Buffers, Buffering 70 Carlo Gessa Bulk Density 74 David T. Lewis Buried Soil 75 С Horizon 77 Calcareous Soils 77 Ward Chesworth, Marta Camps Arbestain, and Felipe Macias Vazquez Calcisols 79 Otto Spaargaren Cambisols 80 Otto Spaargaren Capability 81 Capillary Pressure 81 Y. Mualem and H. J. Morel-Seytoux Carbon Cycling and Formation of Soil Organic 91 Matter William R. Horwath Carbon Sequestration in Soil 97 Gonzalo Almendros Carbonates 99 Ward Chesworth Catchment 101 Catena 101 Cation Exchange 102 Cement 102 Cheluviation 102 Chemical Analyses 102 Paid R. Grossi and Donald L. Sparks Chemical Composition 108 Chemisorption 108 Chernozems 108 Otto Spaargaren Chronology of Soils 109 Rhodes W. Fairbridge CONTENTS Chronosequence Classification of Soils: FAO A rieh Singer Classification of Soils: Soil Taxonomy Hari Eswaran Classification of Soils: World Reference Base (WRB) for Soil Resources Erika Micheli Classification of Soils: World Reference Base (WRB) Soil Profiles Otto Spaargaren Clastic Clay Mineral Alteration in Soils P. M. Huang Clay Mineral Formation Arieh Singer Clay Mineral Structures Clay Minerals: Silicates Charles E. Weaver Clay-Organic Interactions B. K. G. Theng Climate Climosequence Coastal Soils Colloid Colluvium Comminution Compaction Iain M. Young Complex Soil Compost Computer Modeling Keith Paustian Computerized Tomography Richard! Heck Concretion Conductivity, Electrical Charles W. Finki Conductivity. Hydraulic Herman Bouwer Conductivity. Thermal Amos Hadas 111 Conservation Ward Chesworth and David M. Lavigne 111 168 111 Consistence 170 113 Consolidation 170 Contour 120 Cordillera 170 171 Corrasion 171 122 „ Corrosion 171 Craton 171 122 Creep 171 122 Critical Load 171 ., Crotovina 171 Crusts, Crusting ,,, Marcello Pagliai 171 141 Cryopedology 179 Cryosols 144 Otto Spaargaren 179 Cryoturbation 150 Cuesta 181 181 150 Cultivation 182 Cumulization 151 „ t Cutan 182 182 Datum Level 151 _ , . Debris 183 183 151 _ Degradation 183 j 5 -t Delta 183 153 Denitrification 183 153 Desalinization 184 Desert 184 159 Desertification 184 160 Desiccation 184 161 Desilication 184 Detritus 162 Diffusion 185 185 165 Diffusion Processes Siobhån Staunton 185 Entries without author names are glossar}.' terms CONTENTS Dispersion Dissection Dissolved Material Divide Doline Drainage Drumlin Dry Deposition Dune Duricrusts and Induration Rhodes W. Fairhridge Durisols Otto Spaargaren Dust E Horizon Earth Cycles Rhodes W. Fairhridge Ecology Edaphic Edaphic Constraints on Food Production Friedrich II. Beinroth. Ilari Eswaran. and Paul F. Reich Edaphology Effective Effluent Electrical Double Layer Electrochemistry Electro-Osmosis Elutriation Eluviation Endogenous Energy Balance Garlón S. Campbell Envelope-Pressure Potential Pieter H. G menerei t Environment Enzyme Activity Enzymes and Proteins. Interactions with Soil-Constituent Surfaces Herré Quìquampoìx Eolian 191 Epigenous 216 191 Erosion 216 Rhodes W. Fairbridge 191 Erratic 221 . „. Escarpment 221 222 , Q2 Eutrophication 222 1 no Evaporation 222 R. J. Hanks and G. E. Cardon 192 . Evapo transpiration 224 Evolution 224 ¡cg Exchange Complex 224 Exchange Phenomena 224 19« Robert G Gast j 99 Exfoliation 227 199 Exogene 227 Extract 227 202 F Horizon 229 202 Fabric 229 ~ " Factors of Soil Formation 229 Carlota Garcia Pa: and Teresa Taboada Rodriguez 207 Fallout 231 207 Fallow 231 207 c ·, Family 231 207 c Fan 231 207 „ Fauna 231 207 Valerie M. Behan-Pelletier and Stuart B. Hill 207 Fen 237 207 Ferralitic 237 207 Ferralitization 237 20S Ferralsols 237 Pablo lîdal-Torrado and Miguel Cooper 210 Ferran 240 Ferri-Araillan 210 240 210 Ferr0ds 241 OJ0 Ferrolysis 241 Fersiallitization 241' Fertilizer Raw Materials 241 216 Peter ran Straaten CONTENTS Fertilizers, Inorganic J. J. Oertli Fertilizers, Organic C. Wesley Wood Fibric, Hemic and Sapric Field Capacity Field pH L. R. Hossner Field Water Cycle William O. Rasmussen Flocculation W. O. Williamson Flood Plain Flow Theory H. Magdi Selim Fluvial Fluviolacustrine Fluvisols Otto Spaargaren Folie Fragipan Frigid Frost Action Fulvic Acid Furrow Gabion Gelifluction Geochemistry in Soil Science Garrison Sposito Geography of Soils Ward Chesworth and L. J. Evans Geology and Soils Hard Chesworth Gilgai Glacial Glaciation Glaciofluvial Glaciolacustrine Glev 247 263 270 270 271 272 275 278 278 280 281 281 282 282 282 282 282 282 283 283 283 289 292 298 298 298 299 299 299 Gleysols Otto Spaargaren Gossan Groundwater Guano Gully Gypsan Gypsisols Otto Spaargaren H Horizon Halomorphic Hardening Hardpan Harrow Health Health Problems and Soil ./. Lug Heat Capacity Amos Hadas Heath History of Soil Science Rhodes W. Fairhridge Histosols ./. С S'övoa Muñoz, X. Pontevedra Pombal, and A. Martinez Conizas Hoodoo Horizon Horizon Designations in the Wrb Humic Substances Gonzalo M. Almendros Humid Hummock Hydrie Soils W. Chesworth. M. Camps Arhestain, F. Macias. and A. Martinez Conizas Hydrological Cycle Ward Chesworth Hydromorphie Hydrophilicity. Hydrophobicity William F. Javnes 299 300 301 301 301 301 301 303 303 303 303 303 303 304 305 307 307 312 314 314 314 315 323 323 323 325 328 328 Entries without author names are slossarv tenns CONTENTS Hygroscopicity. Hygroscopic Constant 330 Kroto vinas Hans F. Winterkorn Kubiena Box Hypogene 331 L Horizon Ice Erosion 333 Ward Chesworth, Augusto Ρ erez- Alberti, and Labile Pool Emmanuelle Arnaud S. A. Ebelhar Ice Wedge and Polygon 338 Lacustrine Igneous 339 Lagoon Illuviation 339 Land Imbibition 339 Landfill H. J. Morel-Seytoux Landscape Imogolite 350 Landscape and Soils Impermeable 350 Ward Chesworth Impervious 350 Laterite Induration 350 Law of the Minimum Quirino Paris Infiltration 350 H. J. Morel-Seytoux Leaching Inheritance 362 Leptosols Otto Spaargaren Inorganic Fertilizers 362 Lessivage Inorganic Soil 362 LFH Horizon Insolation 362 Light Fraction Intensive Agriculture 362 Lime Interfluve 362 Liquefaction Intergrade 362 Lithic Ion 362 Lithosequence Ion Exchange 363 Litter Ionic Activities 363 Lixisols Iron Oxides 363 otto Spaargaren Udo Schwertmann Iron Pan Irrigation Ernest Rawitz Journals Charles W. Finki Kame Karst Kastanozems Otto Spaargaren Koppen 369 369 Loading Loam Loess 381 Luvisols Otto Spaargaren 421 421 421 Macronutrients L. R. Hossner Mangan Manure 423 Marginal Land 423 423 425 425 426 426 427 427 427 427 431 431 437 437 438 438 439 439 439 439 439 439 439 440 440 440 440 443 445 445 445 CONTENTS Marl Marsh Mass Movement Matran Matric Potential Matrix Meadow Mechanical Weathering Eiju Yatsu Melanization Metal Complexing Metamorphic Microbial Ecology and Clay Minerals Microhabitats Iain M. Young Micrometeorology Jon S. Warland Micromorphology Georges Stoops Micronutrients Ward Chesworth Microstructure, Engineering Aspects Peter Smart Midden Mineral Analysis Mineral Soil Mineralization Minesoil Mire A. Martinez Cortizas, X. Pontevedra Pombal, and J. C. Nóvoa Muñoz Moisture Regimes Monadnock Mor Moraine Morphology Mottle Muck Mulch 446 446 446 446 446 447 447 447 449 449 449 450 450 453 457 466 475 481 482 482 482 482 482 485 485 485 485 485 485 485 486 Mull 486 Munsell Chart 486 Muskeg 486 Near-Neutral Soils 487 Marta Camps Arbestain, Felipe Macias Vazquez, and Ward Chesworth Neoformation 488 Neolithic Revolution 488 Ward Chesworth Net Primary Productivity 489 Nitisols 490 Otto Spaargaren Nitrification 491 Nitrogen Cycle 491 Johnson Semoka Nitrogen Fixation 494 Nodule 494 Nutrient 494 Nutrient Cycling 494 Nutrient Potentials 494 Konrad Mengel О Horizon 501 Order 501 Organan 501 Organic Fertilizers 501 Organic Matter 501 Organic Soil 501 Organic Weathering 501 Ortstein 502 Osmosis 502 Outwash 502 Overburden 502 Paddy Soils 503 Paleosol 503 Pallid Zone 503 Paludification 503 Pan 504 Paralithic 504 Parent Material 504 Entries without author names are glossary terms xii CONTENTS Parent Rock Particle Density George R. Blake Particle-Size Distribution Gmy С Steinhardt Pasture Peat X. Pontevedra Pombal, J. C. Νόνοα Muñoz, and A. Martinez Cortizas Ped Pedalfer Pedocal Pedogenic Grid Pedology and Pedogenesis Richard W. Arnold Pedon Pedosphere Pedoturbation Randall J. Schaetzl Peneplain, Pediplain, Etchplain Penetrability Peptization Percolation F. Stagn itti, J. -Y. Par/ange, and T. S. Steenhuis Periglacial Periodic Table in Soil Science Ward Chesworth Pennafrost Permeability Y. Muaient and H. J. Morel-Seytoux Permeameter Petrocalcic Petrogypsic pH Phaeozems Otto Spaargaren Phase Rule and Phase Diagrams Ward Chesworth Phi Scale Phosphorus Cycle Yoong K. Soon 504 504 505 510 510 512 512 512 512 512 516 516 516 522 522 522 522 525 525 530 531 538 538 538 538 538 539 547 547 Phreatic 555 Physical Chemistry 555 D. S. Orlov Physical Properties 559 Physical Weathering 559 Phytolith 559 Pingo 559 Planosols 559 Otto Spaargaren Plant Nutrients 560 J. J. Oertli Plant Roots and Soil Physical Factors 571 Jan Gliński, Jerzv Lipiec, and Witold Stępniewski Plasma 578 Plastic 578 Playa 578 Plinthite 578 Plinthosols 579 Otto Spaargaren Plow 580 Plow Layer 580 Podzols 580 Otto Spaargaren Point of Zero Net Charge 582 Pollution 582 Polycyclic 582 Polygenetic 582 Polygonal 582 Polypedon 583 Pore 583 Pore Size Distribution 583 Pore Space, Drainable 583 Porosity 583 Potassium Cycle 583 Ward Chesworth Prairie 587 Primary Mineral 587 Primary Productivity 588 Prismatic 588 CONTENTS Profile Carmela Monterroso Martinez Profile, Physical Modification Keith D. Cassei and David Hammer Pseudogley Puddling Pedro A. Sanchez Pugging Quality Ward Chesworth Radiocarbon Dating Radioisotopes Rangeland Reaction Redoximorphic Features Redox Reactions and Diagrams in Soil Burl D. Meek and Ward Chesworth Regolith Regosols Otto Spaargaren Relief Rendzina Residence Time Residua System of U'eathering Residual Soil Reverse Weathering Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) Rhizosphere Michael Herí thy Ria Ridge Rockland Rolling Rotation Rubifaction or Rubéfaction Runoff Sabkha Saline Salt Affected Soils 588 Salt Leaching Raj K. Gupta and 1. P. Ahrol 589 Sand Sandur, Sandr 593 Saprai ite 593 Saprolite, Regolith and Soil Charles W. Finki 596 Saturation 597 Savanna 599 Scalping 599 Scarify 599 Scrub 599 Secondary Mineral 599 Sedimentary 600 Seepage 605 Self-Mulching 605 Semi-Arid Series 606 Sesquan 606 Sesquioxide 606 Shear 607 Shield 607 607 Shrinkage 607 Silicates 608 Silt Simulation of Soil Systems 608 Skeletan 609 Skeleton Grains 609 Slickensides 609 Slope Classes 609 Sludge 609 Sludge Disposal 609 M. B. Kirkham 61! S-Matri.x 611 Sod 611 Sodicitv 611 613 614 614 614 622 622 622 622 622 622 622 622 622 623 623 623 623 623 623 623 623 623 623 624 624 624 624 624 624 629 629 629 Entries without author names are eiossarv tenns CONTENTS Soil Marta Camps Arbestain, Felipe Macias Vazquez, and Ward Chesworth Soil Biology James J. Germida Soil Chemistry Richard H. Loeppert Soil Color Maurice G. Cook Soil Components, Organic Soil Conservation Service Soil Drainage G. O. Schwab Soil Engineering Kiystyna Konstankiewicz and Jarosław Pytka Soil Fertility J. J. Oertli Soil Health Soil Horizon Designations in the WRB Soil classification system A rieh Singer Soil Mapping and Survey William J. Edmonds Soil Mechanics Soil Microbiology Yucheng Feng Soil Mineralogy Steven B. Feldman, C. Slicing, and Lucian W. Zelaznv Soil Organic Matter Soil Physics P. W. Ford Soil Pores Brent E. Clothier Soil Probe Soil Quality Soil Reaction Soil Salinity and Salinization M. A. Arsluul Soil Science Soil Seperates Soil Solution Bryan W. Bache Soil Stabilization 629 Soil Survey 634 637 641 643 643 643 646 656 668 668 670 673 673 678 686 686 693 699 699 699 699 704 704 704 705 Soil Variation Inakwu O. A. Odeh Soil Water Soil Water and its Management Paul W. Linger Soil-Root Interface Carlo Gessa Soils of the Coastal Zone Charles W. Finki Soils, Non-Agricultural Uses Fred P. Miller Soil-Solvent Interactions Solifluction Solonchaks Otto Spaargaren Solonetz Otto Spaargaren Solum Solute Sorption-Desorption Kinetics H. Magdi Selim Sorption Phenomena ^V. J. Barrow Spheroidal Stagnosols Otto Spaargaren Stony Stratification Structure Subsoil Sulfur Transformations and Fluxes Myron J. Mitchell and Christine Alewell Supergene Surface Soil Water Content Surficial Sustainable Agriculture Swamp Tableland Taiga Tailings Technosols Ward Clwsworth and Otto Spaargaren 705 705 707 707 709 711 734 736 736 737 738 739 739 745 756 756 757 757 757 757 757 764 764 764 764 764 765 765 765 765 CONTENTS Temperature Regime Tensiometer Terrace Terrain Terri с Texture Thermal Regime Amos Hadas Thermodynamics of Soil Water Pieter H. G roen eve! t Thermogenic Thermosequence Thionic or Sulfidic Soils Xosé L. Otero, Tiago O. Ferreira, Pablo Vidal-Torrado, Felipe Macias Vázquez, and Ward Chesworth Thixotropy, Thixotropism Charles W. Finki, Jr. Till Tillage John W. Doran and Llovd N. Mietku Topography Toposequence Topsoil Trace Elements M. B. Kirkham Transport Transport Processes Pieter H. Groenevelt Tropical Soils Charles W. Finki Truncated Soil Tundra Turf Type Umbrisols Otto Spaargaren Undifferentiated Map Unit Universal Soil Loss Equation Unsaturated Flow Vadose Ventifacts Rhodes li'. Fairbridge 766 Vertisols 767 Otto Spaargaren Void 767 767 Vugh 767 Wasteland 767 Water Budget in Soil Gary W. Parkin 767 Water Content 772 Water Content and Retention Walter H. Gardner 776 Water Erosion 777 K. Auerswald 777 Water Fluxes Water Holding Capacity Water Movement 781 Johannes Bouma 7«-) Water Potential / О*- 782 Water Table Waterlogged 785 Watershed 785 Weathering Systems in Soil Science 785 Ward Chcswortli 785 Wentworth Scale Wetland 790 -7ЃЛ 1 Wettability 791 Wetting Front //. J. Morel-Seytoux 793 Wilting Point 803 Wind Erosion Michael Brookfield 804 804 Wind Erosion Equation 804 Windthrow 805 Woodland Yield 806 Zeta Potential 806 R. J. Zasoski 806 Zonal Soil Zone 807 Author Index 807 Subject Index 807 809 809 811 811 813 814 817 822 822 822 825 825 825 825 825 830 830 830 830 835 835 838 838 838 839 841 845 845 847 849 Entries without author names are glossary terms
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spellingShingle	Encyclopedia of soil science Soil science Encyclopedias Bodenkunde (DE-588)4007379-8 gnd
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title	Encyclopedia of soil science
title_auth	Encyclopedia of soil science
title_exact_search	Encyclopedia of soil science
title_exact_search_txtP	Encyclopedia of soil science
title_full	Encyclopedia of soil science ed. by Ward Chesworth
title_fullStr	Encyclopedia of soil science ed. by Ward Chesworth
title_full_unstemmed	Encyclopedia of soil science ed. by Ward Chesworth
title_short	Encyclopedia of soil science
title_sort	encyclopedia of soil science
topic	Soil science Encyclopedias Bodenkunde (DE-588)4007379-8 gnd
topic_facet	Soil science Encyclopedias Bodenkunde Wörterbuch
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work_keys_str_mv	AT chesworthward encyclopediaofsoilscience

Encyclopedia of soil science

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