Judicial lawmaking and administrative law

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Veröffentlicht: Antwerpen [u.a.] Intersentia [u.a.] 2005
Schriftenreihe:Ius commune europaeum 52
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adam_text EDITORS: FRITS STROINK EVELINE VAN DER LINDEN JUDICIAL LAWMAKING AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW INTERSENTIA METRO TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS V FRITS STROINK INTRODUCTION XIII 1. THETHEME XIII 2. THE DUTCH SITUATION XV 3. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ESSAYS XIX LIST OF AUTHORS XXVII PART I: INFLUENCE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW ROB WIDDERSHOVEN THE PRINCIPLE OF LOYAL COOPERATION. LAWMAKING BY THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE AND THE DUTCH COURTS 3 1. INTRODUCTION 3 2. THE PRINCIPLE OF LOYAL COOPERATION 5 3. DIRECT EFFECT AND CONSISTENT INTERPRETATION 8 3.1. INTRODUCTION 8 3.2. DIRECT EFFECT AND CONSISTENT INTERPRETATION: POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITS 8 3.3. LAWMAKING BY THE ECJ . 11 3.4. THE NATIONAL COURTS 12 4. LEGAL PROTECTION IN EC CASES BEFORE THE NATIONAL COURTS 16 4.1. GENERAL ASPECTS 16 4.2. THE ECJ S CREATION OF NATIONAL MEANS OF LEGAL REDRESS 17 4.3. LAWMAKING BY THE ECJ 21 4.4. THE NATIONAL COURTS 23 5. LOYAL COOPERATION IN THE COMMUNITY LEGAL ORDER 27 5.1. INTRODUCTION 27 5.2. LOYAL COOPERATION BETWEEN THE MEMBER STATES AND THE COMMUNITY 27 5.3. LOYAL COOPERATION BETWEEN THE MEMBER STATES 29 TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.4. LAWMAKING BY THE ECJ AND THE NATIONAL COURTS 33 6. CONCLUSION 34 SANDER JANSEN TOWARDS AN ADJUSTMENT OF THE TRIAS POLITICA: THE ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS AS (PROCEDURAL) LAWMAKER; A STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE EUROPEAN HUMAN RIGHTS CONVENTION AND THE CASE LAW BY THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS ON THE TRJAS POLITICA, IN PARTICULAR THE POSITION OF DUTCH ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS IN RELATION TO THE ADMINISTRATION 37 1. INTRODUCTION 37 2. REASONS FOR THE STUDY 38 3. BACKGROUND 38 4. BOTTLENECKS 39 4.1. EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 39 4.1.1. THE CONVENTION AND THE TRIAS 39 4.1.2. RELEVANT JUDGMENTS 41 4.2. WHAT CHANGES ARE NEEDED AT NATIONAL LEVEL? 47 5. CONCLUSIONS 52 MARJAN PEETERS THE CONCEPT OF PRECAUTION AS SHAPED BY THE COURTS 57 1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES 57 2. THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE 61 3. DUTCH ADMINISTRATIVE JUSTICE IN RELATION TO THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE.. 63 3.1. THE IMPACT OF THE EUROPEAN PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE ON THE DUTCH LEGAL ORDER 63 3.2. CASES DECIDED BY THE DUTCH ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS 65 3.2.1. PRECAUTION IN POLICY LEADS TO JUDICIAL REVIEW 65 3.2.2. UNCERTAIN RISK AND REVIEW CRITERIA 67 3.2.3. THE ABSENCE OF INSIGHT INTO THE EFFECTS BARS THE GRANTING OF A LICENCE 67 3.3. ANALYSIS 73 4. PRECAUTION IN EUROPEAN COMMUNITY LAW 74 4.1. INTRODUCTION 74 4.2. CASE LAW 75 4.3. ANALYSIS 79 5. FINAL OBSERVATIONS 79 ALEIDUS WOLTJER FREE MOVEMENT OF PERSONS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION - THE EVOLUTIVE APPROACH OF THE COURT OF JUSTICE EC 81 1. INTRODUCTION 81 2. LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK 81 3. FREE MOVEMENT OF PERSONS: THE COURT OF JUSTICE S APPROACH 83 3.1. WORKE/ 83 VT TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.2. PUBLIC POLICY 84 3.3. EFFET UTILE ( PRINCIPLE OF EFFECTIVENESS ) 84 3.4. UNION CITIZENSHIP 90 3.5. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 8 EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 93 4. EPILOGUE 95 PART II: SEPARATION OF POWERS AALT-WILLEM HERINGA JUDICIAL LAWMAKING (UN)LIMITED 99 1. INTRODUCTION 99 2. TRIAS POLITICA 100 3. CONSTITUTIONAL JUDICIAL MANDATE: A RIGHT TO REVIEW? 101 4. CONSTITUTIONAL DIALOGUE 104 5. CONSENSUS 106 6. TYPE OF COURT 107 7. THIRD PARTIES: INTERPRETATION AND THE GENERAL PUBLIC 109 8. CONFLICTING PRINCIPLES 114 9. CASE LAW AND JUDICIAL LAWMAKING: A STEP-BY-STEP APPROACH 115 10. THE INFLUENCE OF THE EUROPEAN COURTS: THE ECJ AND THE ECHR AS LEGITIMISATION FOR THE NATIONAL COURTS 116 11. OTHER VARIABLES 117 12. IN CONCLUSION 118 LUC VERHEY PROTECTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RLGHTS: INTERACTION BETWEEN THE LEGISLATURE AND THE JUDICIARY. JUDICIAL CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW IN THE UNITED KLNGDOM AND THE NETHERLANDS 121 1. INTRODUCTION 121 2. CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW IN THE UNITED KINGDOM 122 2.1. THE SITUATION PRIOR TO THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1998 122 2.2. THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1998 125 2.3. DEVELOPMENTS FOLLOWING THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 131 3. THE NETHERLANDS 137 3.1. CONSTITUTIONAL FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 137 3.2. JUDICIAL REVIEW ON THE BASIS OF TREATY RIGHTS 140 3.3. THE PROHIBITION AGAINST CONSTITUTIONAL JUDICIAL REVIEW 144 4. COMPARATIVE REFLECTIONS 146 5. CONCLUSION 150 TABLE OF CONTENTS ARIE JANSSE BOK JUDICIAL REVIEW OF ADMINISTRATIVE DECISIONS BY THE DUTCH ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS: RECOURS OBJECTIF OR RECOURS SUBJECTIF? A SURVEY INCLUDING FRENCH ANDGERMANLAW 153 1. INTRODUCTION 153 2. FRANCE 154 2.1. TWO MAIN FORMS OF JUDICIAL REVIEW 154 2.2. PERSONS ENTITLED TO JUDICIAL REVIEW 156 2.3. PRELIMINARY ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS 157 2.4. JUDGE-DIRECTED OR PARTY-DIRECTED PROCEEDINGS? 158 2.5. JUDGMENTS 159 2.6. INTERIM MEASURES 161 RAYMOND SCHLOESSEIS LLABILITY FOR LAWFUL ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION. OBSERVATIONS ON COMMON PRINCIPLES OF LAW, JUDICIAL LAWMAKING AND NATIONAL COURTS 163 1. INTRODUCTION 163 2. THE NETHERLANDS: THE MAGICAL TIGHTROPE 164 2.1. HISTORICAL OUTLINE 164 2.2. DEVELOPMENTS FROM 1990 UNTIL THE PRESENT 166 3. FRANCE: BIRTHPLACE OF EGALITE 167 3.1. APPLICATION CRITERIA: PROPORTIONALITY AND EQUALITY 168 3.2. LEGISLATION 169 4. GERMANY: THEORY AND DOGMA 170 4.1. THE CIVIL COURT S MOVE: 1794-1981 170 4.2. THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT S MOVE: 1981-PRESENT 171 5. ENGLAND: THE RULE OF LAW? 172 5.1. THE LEGISLATURE S PRIMACY 172 5.2. EQUALITY BEFORE PUBLIC BUERDEN NONETHELESS? 173 6. STRASBOURG AND EQUALITY BEFORE PUBLIC BURDENS 174 7. IN CONCLUSION: LAWFUL ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION AND JUDICIAL LAWMAKING 175 7.1. JUDICIAL LAWMAKING: INTERMEZZO 176 7.2. JUDICIAL LAWMAKING AND ADMINISTRATIVE LIABILITY 178 7.3. EGALITE DEVANT LES CHARGES PUBLIQUES: LAWMAKING AND IUS COMMUNE ? 179 EVELINE VAN DER LINDEN THE WILL OF THE JUDICIARY. THE ALIENS COURTS ROOM FOR MANOEUVRE 183 1. LAWMAKING AND THE LAW RELATING TO ALIENS 183 2. CHARACTERISTICS OF LAWMAKING IN THE AREA OF ALIENS LAW 184 3. THE ALIENS COURTS ROOM FOR MANOEUVRE AND LEGAL PROTECTION BY THE ALIENS COURTS 187 4. THE LEGITIMACY OF THE ALIENS COURTS ROOM FOR MANOEUVRE 191 4.1. THE REMIT OF THE GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS 191 4.2. THE REMIT OF THE APPELLATE ALIENS COURT 193 VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.3. COMPARISON BETWEEN JUDICIAL APPEAL IN ALIENS CASES AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE JUDICIAL APPEAL 198 5. THE DESIGN OF THE ALIENS COURTS ROOM FOR MANOEUVRE 202 6. CONCLUSION 205 TON DUIJKERSLOOT DO COURTS ENGAGE IN LAWMAKING IN RELATION TO SUPERVISION OF THE INSURANCE INDUSTRY? REFLECTIONS ON SUPERVISION IN THE NETHERLANDS AND GERMANY 207 1. INTRODUCTION 207 2. INSURANCE SUPERVISION IN THE NETHERLANDS AND GERMANY: A BRIEF ORIENTATION 208 3. VAGUE NORMS IN INSURANCE SUPERVISION 209 4. JUDICIAL REVIEW 211 5. CONCLUSION 216 KARIANNE ALBERS THE FUNDAMENTAL DUTY TO ENFORCE. JUDICIAL LAWMAKING OR A GENERAL RECHTSSTAAT PRINCIPLE? 217 1. INTRODUCTION 217 2. THE FUNDAMENTAL DUTY TO ENFORCE UNDER THE DUTCH LEGAL SYSTEM 219 2.1. GENERAL PART: RESTORATION SANCTIONS AS ENFORCEMENT POWERS 219 2.2. A FUNDAMENTAL DUTY TO ENFORCE 219 2.2.1. CONDONING AS OPPOSED TO ENFORCING 219 2.2.2. THE EMERGENCE OF CASE LAW ON A FUNDAMENTAL ENFORCEMENT DUTY - GENERAL PART 224 2.2.3. FURTHER REFINEMENT 227 2.2.4. IN CONCLUSION 229 2.3. VIEWS OF SCHOLARLY WRITERS 229 3. THE FUNDAMENTAL DUTY TO ENFORCE IN THE GERMAN LEGAL SYSTEM 231 4. JUDICIAL LAWMAKING? 233 GIO TEN BERGE AND PHILIP LANGBROEK TOWARDSINTEGRATED LAWMAKING BY ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS AND PUBLIC AUTHORITIES. ON INSTRUMENTS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR CONSTRUCTIVE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE ADMINISTRATION AND THE ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS IN RELATION TO ADMINISTRATIVE DECISION MAKING, ADMINISTRATIVE OBJECTION AND APPEAL 237 1. INTRODUCTION 237 2. FROM THE JURIDIFICATION DEBATE TOWARDS A DIALOGUE ON LAWMAKING 238 3. INSTRUMENTS FOR PROPER INTERACTION ON THE PART OF THE ADMINISTRATION .... 241 3.1. WELL-REASONED AND KNOWABLE POLITICAL LAWMAKING BY THE ADMINISTRATION 241 3.2. THE ORGANISATION OF THE ADMINISTRATION 242 4. POSSIBILITIES OF PROPER INTERACTION ON THE PART OF JUDGES AND THE COURTS. 244 4.1. FORMAL COMPONENTS OF ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE 244 IX TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.2. SUBSTANTIVE COMPONENTS OF PROCEDURAL LAW 245 4.3. ORGANISATIONAL MEASURES IN RELATION TO THE JUDICIARY 247 5. IN CONCLUSION 248 PART III: OMBUDSMEN HENK ADDINK THE OMBUDSMAN AS THE FOURTH POWER. ON THE FOUNDATIONS OF OMBUDSMAN LAW FROM A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE 251 1. INTRODUCTION: REASONS FOR THE ARTICLE AND CENTRAL QUESTIONS 251 2. THE CONCEPT OF FOURTH POWER , THE OMBUDSMAN AS PART OF THE FOURTH POWER AND THE RELATION TO THE OTHER THREE POWERS 255 3. FOUNDATIONS OF OMBUDSMAN LAW: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE OF DUTIES AND POWERS, ASSESSMENT CRITERIA AND IMPLEMENTATION AND ENFORCEMENT OF RECOMMENDATIONS 259 4. COMPARATIVE APPROACH: BOTH HORIZONTALLY AND VERTICALLY, WITHIN AND WITHOUT EUROPE 260 5. THE POSITION OF THE OMBUDSMAN AND THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF HIS COMPETENCE 262 5.1. THE OMBUDSMAN S POSITION AND THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF HIS POWERS.... 262 5.2. SWEDEN AND DENMARK 263 5.3. PORTUGAL AND SPAIN 264 5.4. THE NETHERLANDS: AT PRESENT AND IN THE FUTURE 265 6. THE OMBUDSMAN S ASSESSMENT CRITERIA 266 6.1. SUBSTANCE AND EXTENT OF ASSESSMENT BY THE OMBUDSMAN 266 6.2. ASSESSMENT CRITERIA OF THE OMBUDSMAN INSTITUTIONS IN SWEDEN, DENMARK AND GREAT BRITAIN 267 6.3. ASSESSMENT CRITERIA EMPLOYED BY THE EUROPEAN OMBUDSMAN 268 6.4. THE NETHERLANDS: AT PRESENT AND IN THE FUTURE 271 7. COMPLIANCE WITH AND ENFORCEMENT OF THE OMBUDSMAN S REPORTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 271 7.1. ASPECTS OF COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT 271 7.2. ASPECTS OF COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT IN EUROPEAN AND NON- EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 272 7.3. THE NETHERLANDS: AT PRESENT AND IN THE FUTURE 273 8. CONCLUSIONS 273 NICOLE NIESSEN LAWMAKING BY THE NATIONAL OMBUDSMAN? 285 1. INTRODUCTION 285 2. THESIS 286 3. ACCESS TO THE OMBUDSMAN 286 4. THE CRITERIA ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITY AND ADMINISTRATIVE ACT 287 X TABLE OF CONTENTS 5. ADDITIONAL LEGAL PROTECTION 288 6. AUTHORITATIVE OPINION 289 7. THE PROPRIETY TEST 290 8. THE RELATION CITIZEN-ADMINISTRATION: TWO PERSPECTIVES 292 8.1. LEGAL RELATION 292 8.2. SOCIAL RELATION 294 9. IS THE PROPRIETY ASSESSMENT OF THE OMBUDSMAN OF A LAWMAKING NATURE? 295 10. LAWMAKING METHODS 298 10.1. THE PROPRIETY STANDARD AND THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PROPER ADMINISTRATION 298 10.2. THE PROPRIETY STANDARD AND IMPLEMENTATION PRACTICE 300 10.3. TRANSLATING THE PROPRIETY STANDARD INTO LEGISLATION? 302 11. LAWMAKING IN PRACTICE 303 11.1. PROMPTNESS 303 11.2. THE OMBUDSMAN AS SUPERVISOR OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERNAL COMPLAINT PROCEDURE 306 12. CONCLUSION 309 XI
adam_txt EDITORS: FRITS STROINK EVELINE VAN DER LINDEN JUDICIAL LAWMAKING AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW INTERSENTIA METRO TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS V FRITS STROINK INTRODUCTION XIII 1. THETHEME XIII 2. THE DUTCH SITUATION XV 3. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ESSAYS XIX LIST OF AUTHORS XXVII PART I: INFLUENCE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW ROB WIDDERSHOVEN THE PRINCIPLE OF LOYAL COOPERATION. LAWMAKING BY THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE AND THE DUTCH COURTS 3 1. INTRODUCTION 3 2. THE PRINCIPLE OF LOYAL COOPERATION 5 3. DIRECT EFFECT AND CONSISTENT INTERPRETATION 8 3.1. INTRODUCTION 8 3.2. DIRECT EFFECT AND CONSISTENT INTERPRETATION: POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITS 8 3.3. LAWMAKING BY THE ECJ '. 11 3.4. THE NATIONAL COURTS 12 4. LEGAL PROTECTION IN EC CASES BEFORE THE NATIONAL COURTS 16 4.1. GENERAL ASPECTS 16 4.2. THE ECJ'S CREATION OF NATIONAL MEANS OF LEGAL REDRESS 17 4.3. LAWMAKING BY THE ECJ 21 4.4. THE NATIONAL COURTS 23 5. LOYAL COOPERATION IN THE COMMUNITY LEGAL ORDER 27 5.1. INTRODUCTION 27 5.2. LOYAL COOPERATION BETWEEN THE MEMBER STATES AND THE COMMUNITY 27 5.3. LOYAL COOPERATION BETWEEN THE MEMBER STATES 29 TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.4. LAWMAKING BY THE ECJ AND THE NATIONAL COURTS 33 6. CONCLUSION 34 SANDER JANSEN TOWARDS AN ADJUSTMENT OF THE TRIAS POLITICA: THE ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS AS (PROCEDURAL) LAWMAKER; A STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE EUROPEAN HUMAN RIGHTS CONVENTION AND THE CASE LAW BY THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS ON THE TRJAS POLITICA, IN PARTICULAR THE POSITION OF DUTCH ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS IN RELATION TO THE ADMINISTRATION 37 1. INTRODUCTION 37 2. REASONS FOR THE STUDY 38 3. BACKGROUND 38 4. BOTTLENECKS 39 4.1. EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 39 4.1.1. THE CONVENTION AND THE TRIAS 39 4.1.2. RELEVANT JUDGMENTS 41 4.2. WHAT CHANGES ARE NEEDED AT NATIONAL LEVEL? 47 5. CONCLUSIONS 52 MARJAN PEETERS THE CONCEPT OF PRECAUTION AS SHAPED BY THE COURTS 57 1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES 57 2. THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE 61 3. DUTCH ADMINISTRATIVE JUSTICE IN RELATION TO THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE. 63 3.1. THE IMPACT OF THE EUROPEAN PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE ON THE DUTCH LEGAL ORDER 63 3.2. CASES DECIDED BY THE DUTCH ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS 65 3.2.1. PRECAUTION IN POLICY LEADS TO JUDICIAL REVIEW 65 3.2.2. UNCERTAIN RISK AND REVIEW CRITERIA 67 3.2.3. THE ABSENCE OF INSIGHT INTO THE EFFECTS BARS THE GRANTING OF A LICENCE 67 3.3. ANALYSIS 73 4. PRECAUTION IN EUROPEAN COMMUNITY LAW 74 4.1. INTRODUCTION 74 4.2. CASE LAW 75 4.3. ANALYSIS 79 5. FINAL OBSERVATIONS 79 ALEIDUS WOLTJER FREE MOVEMENT OF PERSONS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION - THE EVOLUTIVE APPROACH OF THE COURT OF JUSTICE EC 81 1. INTRODUCTION 81 2. LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK 81 3. FREE MOVEMENT OF PERSONS: THE COURT OF JUSTICE'S APPROACH 83 3.1. 'WORKE/ 83 VT TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.2. 'PUBLIC POLICY' 84 3.3. 'EFFET UTILE' ('PRINCIPLE OF EFFECTIVENESS') 84 3.4. 'UNION CITIZENSHIP' 90 3.5. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 8 EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 93 4. EPILOGUE 95 PART II: SEPARATION OF POWERS AALT-WILLEM HERINGA JUDICIAL LAWMAKING (UN)LIMITED 99 1. INTRODUCTION 99 2. TRIAS POLITICA 100 3. CONSTITUTIONAL JUDICIAL MANDATE: A RIGHT TO REVIEW? 101 4. CONSTITUTIONAL DIALOGUE 104 5. CONSENSUS 106 6. 'TYPE' OF COURT 107 7. THIRD PARTIES: INTERPRETATION AND THE GENERAL PUBLIC 109 8. CONFLICTING PRINCIPLES 114 9. CASE LAW AND JUDICIAL LAWMAKING: A STEP-BY-STEP APPROACH 115 10. THE INFLUENCE OF THE EUROPEAN COURTS: THE ECJ AND THE ECHR AS LEGITIMISATION FOR THE NATIONAL COURTS 116 11. OTHER VARIABLES 117 12. IN CONCLUSION 118 LUC VERHEY PROTECTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RLGHTS: INTERACTION BETWEEN THE LEGISLATURE AND THE JUDICIARY. JUDICIAL CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW IN THE UNITED KLNGDOM AND THE NETHERLANDS 121 1. INTRODUCTION 121 2. CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW IN THE UNITED KINGDOM 122 2.1. THE SITUATION PRIOR TO THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1998 122 2.2. THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1998 125 2.3. DEVELOPMENTS FOLLOWING THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 131 3. THE NETHERLANDS 137 3.1. CONSTITUTIONAL FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 137 3.2. JUDICIAL REVIEW ON THE BASIS OF TREATY RIGHTS 140 3.3. THE PROHIBITION AGAINST CONSTITUTIONAL JUDICIAL REVIEW 144 4. COMPARATIVE REFLECTIONS 146 5. CONCLUSION 150 TABLE OF CONTENTS ARIE JANSSE BOK JUDICIAL REVIEW OF ADMINISTRATIVE DECISIONS BY THE DUTCH ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS: RECOURS OBJECTIF OR RECOURS SUBJECTIF? A SURVEY INCLUDING FRENCH ANDGERMANLAW 153 1. INTRODUCTION 153 2. FRANCE 154 2.1. TWO MAIN FORMS OF JUDICIAL REVIEW 154 2.2. PERSONS ENTITLED TO JUDICIAL REVIEW 156 2.3. PRELIMINARY ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS 157 2.4. JUDGE-DIRECTED OR PARTY-DIRECTED PROCEEDINGS? 158 2.5. JUDGMENTS 159 2.6. INTERIM MEASURES 161 RAYMOND SCHLOESSEIS LLABILITY FOR LAWFUL ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION. OBSERVATIONS ON COMMON PRINCIPLES OF LAW, JUDICIAL LAWMAKING AND NATIONAL COURTS 163 1. INTRODUCTION 163 2. THE NETHERLANDS: THE MAGICAL TIGHTROPE 164 2.1. HISTORICAL OUTLINE 164 2.2. DEVELOPMENTS FROM 1990 UNTIL THE PRESENT 166 3. FRANCE: BIRTHPLACE OF EGALITE 167 3.1. APPLICATION CRITERIA: PROPORTIONALITY AND EQUALITY 168 3.2. LEGISLATION 169 4. GERMANY: THEORY AND DOGMA 170 4.1. THE CIVIL COURT'S MOVE: 1794-1981 170 4.2. THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT'S MOVE: 1981-PRESENT 171 5. ENGLAND: THE RULE OF LAW? 172 5.1. THE LEGISLATURE'S PRIMACY 172 5.2. 'EQUALITY BEFORE PUBLIC BUERDEN' NONETHELESS? 173 6. STRASBOURG AND 'EQUALITY BEFORE PUBLIC BURDENS' 174 7. IN CONCLUSION: LAWFUL ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION AND JUDICIAL LAWMAKING 175 7.1. JUDICIAL LAWMAKING: INTERMEZZO 176 7.2. JUDICIAL LAWMAKING AND ADMINISTRATIVE LIABILITY 178 7.3. EGALITE DEVANT LES CHARGES PUBLIQUES: LAWMAKING AND 'IUS COMMUNE'? 179 EVELINE VAN DER LINDEN THE WILL OF THE JUDICIARY. THE ALIENS COURTS' ROOM FOR MANOEUVRE 183 1. LAWMAKING AND THE LAW RELATING TO ALIENS 183 2. CHARACTERISTICS OF LAWMAKING IN THE AREA OF ALIENS LAW 184 3. THE ALIENS COURTS' ROOM FOR MANOEUVRE AND LEGAL PROTECTION BY THE ALIENS COURTS 187 4. THE LEGITIMACY OF THE ALIENS COURTS' ROOM FOR MANOEUVRE 191 4.1. THE REMIT OF THE GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS 191 4.2. THE REMIT OF THE APPELLATE ALIENS COURT 193 VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.3. COMPARISON BETWEEN JUDICIAL APPEAL IN ALIENS CASES AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE JUDICIAL APPEAL 198 5. THE DESIGN OF THE ALIENS COURTS' ROOM FOR MANOEUVRE 202 6. CONCLUSION 205 TON DUIJKERSLOOT DO COURTS ENGAGE IN LAWMAKING IN RELATION TO SUPERVISION OF THE INSURANCE INDUSTRY? REFLECTIONS ON SUPERVISION IN THE NETHERLANDS AND GERMANY 207 1. INTRODUCTION 207 2. INSURANCE SUPERVISION IN THE NETHERLANDS AND GERMANY: A BRIEF ORIENTATION 208 3. VAGUE NORMS IN INSURANCE SUPERVISION 209 4. JUDICIAL REVIEW 211 5. CONCLUSION 216 KARIANNE ALBERS THE FUNDAMENTAL DUTY TO ENFORCE. JUDICIAL LAWMAKING OR A GENERAL RECHTSSTAAT PRINCIPLE? 217 1. INTRODUCTION 217 2. THE FUNDAMENTAL DUTY TO ENFORCE UNDER THE DUTCH LEGAL SYSTEM 219 2.1. GENERAL PART: RESTORATION SANCTIONS AS ENFORCEMENT POWERS 219 2.2. A FUNDAMENTAL DUTY TO ENFORCE 219 2.2.1. CONDONING AS OPPOSED TO ENFORCING 219 2.2.2. THE 'EMERGENCE' OF CASE LAW ON A FUNDAMENTAL ENFORCEMENT DUTY - GENERAL PART 224 2.2.3. FURTHER REFINEMENT 227 2.2.4. IN CONCLUSION 229 2.3. VIEWS OF SCHOLARLY WRITERS 229 3. THE FUNDAMENTAL DUTY TO ENFORCE IN THE GERMAN LEGAL SYSTEM 231 4. JUDICIAL LAWMAKING? 233 GIO TEN BERGE AND PHILIP LANGBROEK TOWARDSINTEGRATED LAWMAKING BY ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS AND PUBLIC AUTHORITIES. ON INSTRUMENTS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR CONSTRUCTIVE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE ADMINISTRATION AND THE ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS IN RELATION TO ADMINISTRATIVE DECISION MAKING, ADMINISTRATIVE OBJECTION AND APPEAL 237 1. INTRODUCTION 237 2. FROM THE JURIDIFICATION DEBATE TOWARDS A DIALOGUE ON LAWMAKING 238 3. INSTRUMENTS FOR PROPER INTERACTION ON THE PART OF THE ADMINISTRATION . 241 3.1. WELL-REASONED AND KNOWABLE POLITICAL LAWMAKING BY THE ADMINISTRATION 241 3.2. THE ORGANISATION OF THE ADMINISTRATION 242 4. POSSIBILITIES OF PROPER INTERACTION ON THE PART OF JUDGES AND THE COURTS. 244 4.1. FORMAL COMPONENTS OF ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE 244 IX TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.2. SUBSTANTIVE COMPONENTS OF PROCEDURAL LAW 245 4.3. ORGANISATIONAL MEASURES IN RELATION TO THE JUDICIARY 247 5. IN CONCLUSION 248 PART III: OMBUDSMEN HENK ADDINK THE OMBUDSMAN AS THE FOURTH POWER. ON THE FOUNDATIONS OF OMBUDSMAN LAW FROM A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE 251 1. INTRODUCTION: REASONS FOR THE ARTICLE AND CENTRAL QUESTIONS 251 2. THE CONCEPT OF 'FOURTH POWER', THE OMBUDSMAN AS PART OF THE FOURTH POWER AND THE RELATION TO THE OTHER THREE POWERS 255 3. FOUNDATIONS OF OMBUDSMAN LAW: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE OF DUTIES AND POWERS, ASSESSMENT CRITERIA AND IMPLEMENTATION AND ENFORCEMENT OF RECOMMENDATIONS 259 4. COMPARATIVE APPROACH: BOTH HORIZONTALLY AND VERTICALLY, WITHIN AND WITHOUT EUROPE 260 5. THE POSITION OF THE OMBUDSMAN AND THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF HIS COMPETENCE 262 5.1. THE OMBUDSMAN'S POSITION AND THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF HIS POWERS. 262 5.2. SWEDEN AND DENMARK 263 5.3. PORTUGAL AND SPAIN 264 5.4. THE NETHERLANDS: AT PRESENT AND IN THE FUTURE 265 6. THE OMBUDSMAN'S ASSESSMENT CRITERIA 266 6.1. SUBSTANCE AND EXTENT OF ASSESSMENT BY THE OMBUDSMAN 266 6.2. ASSESSMENT CRITERIA OF THE OMBUDSMAN INSTITUTIONS IN SWEDEN, DENMARK AND GREAT BRITAIN 267 6.3. ASSESSMENT CRITERIA EMPLOYED BY THE EUROPEAN OMBUDSMAN 268 6.4. THE NETHERLANDS: AT PRESENT AND IN THE FUTURE 271 7. COMPLIANCE WITH AND ENFORCEMENT OF THE OMBUDSMAN'S REPORTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 271 7.1. ASPECTS OF COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT 271 7.2. ASPECTS OF COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT IN EUROPEAN AND NON- EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 272 7.3. THE NETHERLANDS: AT PRESENT AND IN THE FUTURE 273 8. CONCLUSIONS 273 NICOLE NIESSEN LAWMAKING BY THE NATIONAL OMBUDSMAN? 285 1. INTRODUCTION 285 2. THESIS 286 3. ACCESS TO THE OMBUDSMAN 286 4. THE CRITERIA 'ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITY' AND 'ADMINISTRATIVE ACT' 287 X TABLE OF CONTENTS 5. ADDITIONAL LEGAL PROTECTION 288 6. AUTHORITATIVE OPINION 289 7. THE PROPRIETY TEST 290 8. THE RELATION CITIZEN-ADMINISTRATION: TWO PERSPECTIVES 292 8.1. LEGAL RELATION 292 8.2. SOCIAL RELATION 294 9. IS THE PROPRIETY ASSESSMENT OF THE OMBUDSMAN OF A LAWMAKING NATURE? 295 10. LAWMAKING 'METHODS' 298 10.1. THE PROPRIETY STANDARD AND THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PROPER ADMINISTRATION 298 10.2. THE PROPRIETY STANDARD AND IMPLEMENTATION PRACTICE 300 10.3. TRANSLATING THE PROPRIETY STANDARD INTO LEGISLATION? 302 11. LAWMAKING IN PRACTICE 303 11.1. PROMPTNESS 303 11.2. THE OMBUDSMAN AS SUPERVISOR OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERNAL COMPLAINT PROCEDURE 306 12. CONCLUSION 309 XI
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publishDate 2005
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series Ius commune europaeum
series2 Ius commune europaeum
spellingShingle Judicial lawmaking and administrative law
Ius commune europaeum
Recht
Administrative courts Netherlands
Judge-made law Netherlands
Law Netherlands Interpretation and construction
Richterrecht (DE-588)4125213-5 gnd
Verwaltungsrecht (DE-588)4063351-2 gnd
subject_GND (DE-588)4125213-5
(DE-588)4063351-2
title Judicial lawmaking and administrative law
title_auth Judicial lawmaking and administrative law
title_exact_search Judicial lawmaking and administrative law
title_exact_search_txtP Judicial lawmaking and administrative law
title_full Judicial lawmaking and administrative law eds: Frits Stroink ...
title_fullStr Judicial lawmaking and administrative law eds: Frits Stroink ...
title_full_unstemmed Judicial lawmaking and administrative law eds: Frits Stroink ...
title_short Judicial lawmaking and administrative law
title_sort judicial lawmaking and administrative law
topic Recht
Administrative courts Netherlands
Judge-made law Netherlands
Law Netherlands Interpretation and construction
Richterrecht (DE-588)4125213-5 gnd
Verwaltungsrecht (DE-588)4063351-2 gnd
topic_facet Recht
Administrative courts Netherlands
Judge-made law Netherlands
Law Netherlands Interpretation and construction
Richterrecht
Verwaltungsrecht
Niederlande
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