Grasslands of the world
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| Sprache: | English |
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
2005
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| Schriftenreihe: | Plant production and protection series
34 |
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| adam_text | Plant Production and Protection Series No 34
GRASSLANDS
of the
WORLD
Edited by
J M Suttie, S G Reynolds and C Batello
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION
Rome, 2005
OF THE UNITED NATIONS
CONTENTS
Foreword xiii
Acknowledgements xv
Contributors xvii
Glossary of technical terms and abbreviations used in the text xviii
Chapter 1 - INTRODUCTION 1
Purpose of the book 13
Structure of the book 13
Complementary information resources 16
References 17
Chapter 2 - THE CHANGING FACE OF PASTORAL SYSTEMS IN GRASS-DOMINATED
ECOSYSTEMS OF EASTERN AFRICA 19
R S Reid, S Serneels, M Nyabenge and J Hanson
Scope 19
Mapping rangelands, livestock and pastoral peoples 21
Plant communities in grasslands and rangelands 31
Political and social systems in pastoral lands of eastern Africa 38
Integration of grasslands into smallholder farming systems 44
Case studies of the evolution of extensive range systems over the
last 40 years 45
General 45
Evolution of land use changes in the semi-arid rangelands surrounding the
Serengeti-Mara Ecosystem, straddling the Kenyan-Tanzanian border 46
Protected areas and local land use: source of conflict in Tanzania 48
Control of the tsetse fly and evolution of a subhumid-grassland in
southwestern Ethiopia: Ghibe Valley 50
Current research in pastoral systems of eastern Africa 51
Management of grasslands 51
Desertification: driven by climate or overgrazing by livestock? 54
How have pastoral ecosystems changed in response to livestock
and human-use changes? 57
Overgrazing 57
Competition between livestock and wildlife 57
Changes in rangeland burning regimes 57
Rangeland fragmentation and loss of wildlife habitat 57
Impacts of expansion of cultivation and settlement 58
Carbon sequestration 58
iv
Bush encroachment 60
Rehabilitation of grasslands 61
Priorities for research and development programmes in pastoral lands 62
Some history 62
Rapidly changing systems with changing needs 63
Focus generally on human welfare and maintaining environmental goods
and services 63
More emphasis on providing pastoral people with high quality information 63
Restoring pastoral access to key resources, increasing mobility and flexibility, and
ensuring security 64
Addressing gaps in our knowledge about how pastoral systems work in
eastern Africa 64
Addressing gaps in our knowledge about how these systems can be improved 65
References 65
Chapter 3 - GRASSLANDS OF SOUTH AFRICA 77
Anthony R Palmer and Andrew M Ainslie
Introduction 78
Physical features 81
Climate 83
Rainfall 83
Seasonality of rainfall 84
Temperatures 84
Soils 85
People 86
Livestock 87
Wildlife 88
Land tenure 89
Freehold and commercial sector 90
Communal and subsistence sector 90
Authorities responsible for management 92
Market systems 92
Landforms and agro-ecological zones 93
Biomes 93
Grassland 94
Savannah 95
Nama-karoo 97
Thicket 97
Succulent karoo 99
Fynbos 100
Forest 100
V
Pastoral and agricultural systems 100
Veldt grazing 101
Legume and fodder introduction 105
Dryland fodder 107
Irrigated fodder 107
Exceptional circumstances fodder 108
Constraints to pasture and fodder production and improvement 109
Evolution of grasslands over the last 40 years 110
Research 111
Management of grasslands 112
Development of techniques for the rehabilitation of grasslands 112
Sustainable management of the environment and maintenance of biodiversity 114
Seed production 114
Recommendations and lessons learned concerning sustainable grassland
management 114
Maintenance of production and productivity 115
Priorities for the development of programmes and research 115
References 116
Chapter 4 -GRASSLANDS OF PATAGONIA 121
Andres F Cibils and Pablo R Borrelli
Introduction 122
Political system 128
Land tenure 128
Aboriginal distribution 128
Welsh colonization 129
First settlers 129
Last settlers 129
Management authorities 130
Market systems 130
Wool market systems 130
Meat marketing 131
Dominant natural vegetation 131
Patagonian shrub steppes 133
Semi-deserts and shrub steppes 134
Shrub-grass and grass-shrub steppes 134
Grass steppes 135
Monte shrublands and Monte ecotone 135
Pastoral and agricultural systems 136
Sheep farming systems 138
vi
Grazing management 139
Sheep management 140
Sheep breeds and genetic improvement 140
Fine-wool production systems 140
Lamb and fine-crossbred-wool production systems 140
Evolution of Patagonian grasslands over the last 40 years 141
Ongoing research, management, restoration and biodiversity maintenance
activities 143
Research activities 143
Management activities 146
Restoration activities 147
Biodiversity maintenance 148
Seed production 149
Recommendations and lessons learned 149
Adaptive management - the Santa Cruz example 150
The value of simple or flexible stocking strategies 151
Conflict between short- and long-term production 153
The role of Decision Support Systems 153
Priorities for development programmes and research 154
References 155
Chapter 5 - THE SOUTH AMERICAN CAMPOS ECOSYSTEM 171
Olegario Royo Pallares (Argentina), Elbio J Berretta (Uruguay) and
Gerzy E Maraschin (Brazil)
Introduction 171
General description of the region 173
Climate 173
Livestock production 173
Wildlife 173
Floristic composition 174
Climax vegetation 174
Grassland types and production systems in Argentina 175
Growth and forage production 176
Production systems 178
Productivity of the best farms 178
Grassland types and production systems in Uruguay 178
Vegetation limitations for animal production 184
Production systems 186
Grassland production systems in Southern Brazil 190
Dry matter accumulation in natural grasslands 193
Optimizing animal production from natural grassland ecosystems 195
vii
Natural grassland dynamics 198
Fertilizing Campos grassland 199
Fertilization in Argentina 199
Fertilization of Campos Grasslands in Uruguay 200
Fertilization of natural grasslands in southeast Brazil 202
Structural changes on fertilized natural grasslands in SE Brazil 203
Improvement techniques 205
Over-seeding 205
Legume introduction 206
Sward preparation for seeding 207
Legumes for improvement 207
Stock management 209
Research and development priorities 209
Ecological grassland management for maintaining productivity 210
References 212
Chapter 6 - GRASSLANDS OF CENTRAL NORTH AMERICA 221
Rex D Pieper
Introduction 221
Location and general description of the region 222
Climate 225
Topography and soils 226
Fauna 227
Vegetation patterns 230
Primary production 234
Pastoral and Agricultural Systems 236
Crop production 236
Grazing management 237
Balancing seasonal variations of forage supply 240
Grazing systems 241
Intensification? 242
Rangeland burning 244
Development of grasslands 244
Current status of grassland research and management 246
Future of the Great Plains 251
References 251
Chapter 7 - GRAZING MANAGEMENT IN MONGOLIA 265
J M Suttie
Introduction 265
Changes in administrative systems in the twentieth century 273
viii
Grazing lands, pasture and fodder 276
Hay from natural pasture in Arkhangai 279
Grazing livestock production 283
Livestock in herding systems 284
Evolution of stock numbers 288
Intensive livestock production 291
The present grazing situation 294
The recent droughts and zuds 301
Sustainability 302
References 303
Chapter 8 - THE TIBETAN STEPPE 305
Daniel J Miller
Introduction 305
General description 307
Climate 308
Grassland biodiversity 309
Dominant natural vegetation 311
Classification of grassland types and plant communities 316
Vegetational attributes 317
Botanical composition 317
Grassland productivity 318
Nutrient content of herbage 318
Grassland degradation 319
The Tibetan Pastoral Production System 320
Historical and cultural aspects 321
Livestock management 323
Herds on the move 326
Land tenure 327
Transformation of the traditional pastoral production system 328
Snowstorms and pastoral system dynamics 331
Dilemma on the Tibetan Steppe 332
Mobility 333
Conclusion 335
References 337
Chapter 9 - AUSTRALIAN GRASSLANDS 343
John G Mclvor
Introduction 343
Location 344
Physical features 344
ix
Climate 344
Rainfall 344
Temperature and evaporation 345
Growing seasons 346
Soils 347
Livestock 347
Wildlife 347
Social aspects and institutions 348
People 348
Political system 348
Land tenure and ownership 348
Authorities responsible for land management 349
Market systems 349
Pastoral and agricultural systems 350
Natural vegetation 353
Tropical tall-grass 353
Brigalow 355
Xerophytic mid-grass 356
Temperate tall-grass 356
Temperate short-grass 356
Sub-alpine sodgrass 357
Saltbush-xerophytic mid-grass 357
Acacia shrub-short-grass 358
Xerophytic tussockgrass 359
Xerophytic hummockgrass 359
Sown pastures 359
Temperate pastures 360
Tropical pastures 362
Available species and cultivars 364
Seed production 364
Current grassland issues 364
Research 364
Management of grasslands 365
Resource issues and rehabilitation 368
Biodiversity in grasslands 369
Environmental management 369
Sustainable pasture management: learning from the past, managing for
the future 370
Importance of legumes 371
Role of native pastures 372
Environmental weeds 373
X
Future 374
References 374
Chapter 10 - THE RUSSIAN STEPPE 381
Joseph G Boonman and Sergey S Mikhalev
Introduction 381
The steppe in perspective 382
Semantics 384
Climate, vegetation and soils 384
Ecological classification 385
Ecological (site) potential 386
Ramenskii s grassland classification 387
Botanical condition (ecological monitoring) 391
Steppe dynamics in relation to botanical composition 393
Weather 393
From fallow to steppe 393
The Steppe and its types 394
Forest steppe 395
Steppe 396
Virgin steppe 396
Semi-desert 397
Meadow types 399
Liman 399
Floodplain meadows 399
Fallow 401
Mid-term to old fallow 401
Young fallow 402
Avenues of steppe improvement 402
Management interventions 403
Grazing 403
Grazing (stocking) management 405
Haymaking 405
Fire 406
Ploughing 406
Physical improvements 408
Examples of the effect of management on botanical composition 408
Fertilizer 409
Mid-term depression 410
Sown forage 410
The dilemma 411
xi
Crop-pasture rotations 411
Physical effects of grasses on the soil 412
Mixed farming based on crop-grass rotations 412
Conclusions 413
References 414
Chapter 11 - OTHER GRASSLANDS 417
Introduction 417
Africa 417
North Africa 417
West Africa 419
Madagascar 424
South America 426
The Llanos 426
The Gran Chaco 427
Pampas 430
Flooding Pampas grasslands 431
Cropland Pampas cultivated pastures 432
Monte shrubland 433
Asia 434
Central Asia 434
China 436
South Asia 443
Himalaya-Hindu Kush 443
India 448
Pakistan 449
The Near East 451
Syrian Arab Republic 451
Jordan 453
Europe 455
Turkey 455
References 459
Chapter 12 - GRASSLAND PERSPECTIVES 463
Introduction 463
Grassland systems 463
The state of the grasslands 464
Grassland development, improvement and rehabilitation 469
Grassland resources 469
Pasture development methods 471
xii
Herd management 474
Stocking rates and stock distribution 476
The lean season 477
Stratification 479
Sown pasture and fodder 480
Sown fodder 481
Social and economic factors 486
Tenure 486
Markets and trade 487
Herder organization and community participation 487
Demotic factors 488
Diversification 488
Grassland in the environment 488
Some conclusions 491
References 493
INDEX 495
|
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| id | DE-604.BV020819526 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-11-25T17:26:05Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9251053375 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-013524913 |
| oclc_num | 84148654 |
| open_access_boolean | |
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| owner_facet | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-703 DE-634 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-188 DE-384 |
| physical | XXII, 514 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2005 |
| publishDateSearch | 2005 |
| publishDateSort | 2005 |
| publisher | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Plant production and protection series |
| series2 | Plant production and protection series |
| spellingShingle | Grasslands of the world Plant production and protection series Landwirtschaft Agriculture Grasslands Grasslands Management Weidewirtschaft (DE-588)4135837-5 gnd Grünland (DE-588)4158359-0 gnd Grünlandnutzung (DE-588)4158361-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4135837-5 (DE-588)4158359-0 (DE-588)4158361-9 |
| title | Grasslands of the world |
| title_auth | Grasslands of the world |
| title_exact_search | Grasslands of the world |
| title_full | Grasslands of the world ed. by J. M. Suttie ... |
| title_fullStr | Grasslands of the world ed. by J. M. Suttie ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Grasslands of the world ed. by J. M. Suttie ... |
| title_short | Grasslands of the world |
| title_sort | grasslands of the world |
| topic | Landwirtschaft Agriculture Grasslands Grasslands Management Weidewirtschaft (DE-588)4135837-5 gnd Grünland (DE-588)4158359-0 gnd Grünlandnutzung (DE-588)4158361-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Landwirtschaft Agriculture Grasslands Grasslands Management Weidewirtschaft Grünland Grünlandnutzung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013524913&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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